高分子英語(yǔ)課文翻譯

1、unit11.Not all polymers are built up from bonding together a single kind of repeating unit. At the other extreme ,protein molecules are polyamides in which n amino acide repeat units are bonded together. Although we might still call n the degree of polymerization in this case, it is less usefull,sin

2、ce an amino acid unit might be any one of some 20-odd molecules that are found in proteins. In this case the molecular weight itself,rather than the degree of the polymerization ,is generally used to describe the molecule. When the actual content of individual amino acids is known,it is their sequen

3、ce that is of special interest to biochemists and molecular biologists.并不是所有的聚合物都是由一個(gè)重復(fù)單元鏈接在一起而形成的。在另一個(gè)極端的情形中，蛋白質(zhì)分子是由n個(gè)氨基酸重復(fù)單元鏈接在一起形成的聚酰胺。盡管在這個(gè)例子中，我們也許仍然把n稱為聚合度，但是沒(méi)有意義，因?yàn)橐粋€(gè)氨基酸單元也許是在蛋白質(zhì)中找到的20多個(gè)分子中的任意一個(gè)。在這種情況下，一般是分子量本身而不是聚合度被用來(lái)描述這個(gè)分子。當(dāng)知道了特定的氨基酸分子的實(shí)際含量，它們的序列正是生物化學(xué)家和分子生物學(xué)家特別感興趣的地方。1,題目：Another striking

4、.答案：.that quantity low saturation bottom much absorb2. 乙烯分子帶有一個(gè)雙鍵，為一種烯烴，它可以通過(guò)連鎖聚合大量地制造聚乙烯，目前，聚乙烯已經(jīng)廣泛應(yīng)用于許多技術(shù)領(lǐng)域和人們的日常生活中，成為一種不可缺少的材料。 Ethylene molecule with a double bond, as a kind of olefins, it can make chain polymerization polyethylene, at present, polyethylene has been widely used in many fields

5、of technology and People's Daily life, become a kind of indispensable materials.Unit31 The polymerization rate may be experimentally followed by measuring the changes in any of several properties of the system such as density,refractive index,viscosity, or light absorption. Density measurements

6、are among the most accurate and sensitive of the techniques. The density increases by 20-25 percent on polymerization for many monomers. In actual practice the volume of the polymerizing system is measured by carrying out the reaction in a dilatometer. This is specially constructed vessel with a cap

7、illary tube which allows a highly accurate measurement of small volume changes. It is not uncommon to be able to detect a few hundredths of a percent polymerization by the dilatometer technique. 聚合速率在實(shí)驗(yàn)上可以通過(guò)測(cè)定體系的任一性質(zhì)的變化而確定，如密度、折射率、黏度、或者吸光性能。密度的測(cè)量是這些技術(shù)中最準(zhǔn)確最敏感的。對(duì)許多單體的聚合來(lái)說(shuō)，密度增加了20%-25%。在實(shí)際操作中，聚合體系的體積是通

8、過(guò)在膨脹計(jì)中進(jìn)行反應(yīng)測(cè)定的。它被專門設(shè)計(jì)構(gòu)造了毛細(xì)導(dǎo)管，在里面可以對(duì)微小體積變化進(jìn)行高精確度測(cè)量。通過(guò)膨脹計(jì)技術(shù)探測(cè)聚合過(guò)程中萬(wàn)分之幾的變化是很常見(jiàn)的。Unti42 合成聚合物在各個(gè)領(lǐng)域中起著與日俱增的重要作用，聚合物通常是由單體通過(guò)加成聚合與縮合聚合制成的。就世界上的消耗量而論，聚烯烴和乙烯基聚合物居領(lǐng)先地位，聚乙烯、聚丙烯等屬聚烯烴，而聚氯乙烯、聚苯乙烯等則為乙烯基聚合物。聚合物可廣泛地用作塑料、橡膠、纖維、涂料、粘合劑等The synthetic polymers play an increasingly important role on a range of domains, whi

9、ch are synthesized by monomers through addition polymerization or condensation polymerization. Polyolefin and vinyl polymer have taken the lead in terms of the world consumption. PE, PP, etc. belong to the polyolefin, while PS, PVC etc. belong to the vinyl polymer. Polymers can be widely applied in

10、plastics, rubbers, fibers, coatings, glues and so on.Unit7Ring-opening polymerizations proceed only by ionic mechanisms, the polymerization of cyclic ethers mainly by cationic mechanisms, and the polymerization of lactones and lactones by either a cationic or anionic mechanism. Important initiators

11、for cyclic ethers and lactone polymerization are those derived from aluminum alkyl and zinc alkyl/water systems. It should be pointed out that substitution near the reactive group of the monomer is essential for the individual mechanism that operates effectively in specific cases; for example, epoxi

12、des polymerize readily with cationic and anionic initiators, while fluorocarbon epoxides polymerize exclusively by anionic mechanisms.開(kāi)環(huán)聚合反應(yīng)只能通過(guò)離子機(jī)理進(jìn)行，環(huán)醚（的開(kāi)環(huán)）聚合主要通過(guò)陽(yáng)離子機(jī)理，而內(nèi)酯和內(nèi)酰胺的聚合物是通過(guò)陽(yáng)離子或陰離子機(jī)理。對(duì)于環(huán)醚和內(nèi)酯型聚合物很重要的引發(fā)劑是那些來(lái)自于烷基鋁和烷基鋅/水的體系。應(yīng)該指出的是（對(duì)于）在活性基團(tuán)附近有取代的單體，只能由單一機(jī)理，（這一機(jī)理）是在特定條件下的有效操作，例如環(huán)氧聚合能用陽(yáng)離子和陰離子引發(fā)劑

13、，然而碳氟環(huán)氧化物的聚合只能是陰離子機(jī)理。ChineseEnglishMolecular Structure聚丁二烯polybutadiene聚苯乙烯Polystyrene三氯化鈦titanium trichloride四氫呋喃Tetrahydrofuran丁基鋰butyl lithiumCH3CH2CH2CH2Li異丁烯isobutylene酚鈉Phenol sodium氯化鈉sodium chlorideNaCl烯丙基AllylCH2=CHCH2光氣，碳酰氯phosgeneUnti81 Polymers can be classified into two main groups, add

14、ition polymers and _condensation_ polymers. This classification is based on whether or not the repeating unit of the polymer contains the same atoms _as_ the monomer. The repeating unit of an addition polymer is identical _with/to_ the monomer, while condensation polymers contain _different/less_ be

15、cause of formation of _compound/byproduct_ during the polymerization process. The corresponding polymerization processed would then be called addition polymerization and condensation polymerization. As was mentioned earlier, this classification can result _in_ confusion, since it has been shown in l

16、ater years that many important types of polymers can be _prepared by both addition and condensation processes. For example, polyesters, polyamides and polyurethanes are usually considered to be _condensation_ polymers, but they can be prepared by addition as well as by condensation reaction. Similar

17、ly, polyethylene normally considered an _addition_ polymer, can also be prepared by _condensation_ reaction.2. Answer the following questions in English (1) What is chain polymerization? Many olefinic and vinyl unsaturated compounds are able to form 

18、chain-like macromolecules through elimination of double bond.(2) Which kinds of monomers can carry out step-growth polymerization process?There are two kinds of monomers could carry out step-growth polymerization process. One is polyfunctional monomers and the

19、 other is a single monomer containing both types of functional groups.(3) What properties of polymers can be based on for measuring the molecular weight?The molecular weight of polymer could be measured based on colligative properties, light scatteri

20、ng, viscosity, ultracentrifugation sedimentation.3. Please write out at least 10 kinds of polymers both in English and in ChinesePolyester聚酯polystyrene,聚苯乙烯polyamide聚酰胺polypropylene聚丙稀polyethylene聚乙烯polyurethane聚氨酯polyvinyl alcohol聚乙烯醇Polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯polybutene聚丁烯polyether聚醚（1） Please write out

21、 at least 10 kinds of monomers both in English and in Chinese and the corresponging chemical structure5 In general，head-to-tail addition is considered to be the predominant mode of propagation in all polymerizations。However，when the substitutes on the monomer are small (and do not offer appreciable

22、steric hindrance to the approaching radical) or do not have a large resonance stabilizing effect，as in the case of fluorine atoms，sizable amounts of head-to-head propagation may occur. The effect of increasing polymerization temperature is to increase the amount of head-to-head placement。Increased t

23、emperature leads to less selective (more random) propagation but the effect is not large. Thus，the head-to-head content in poly (vinyl acetate) only increases from 1.30 to 1.98 percent when the polymerization temperature in increased from 30 to 90 .通常在所有聚合物的鏈增長(zhǎng)中，頭-尾加成是主要方式。然而，當(dāng)單體中的取代基很?。▽?duì)接近的自由基沒(méi)有空間阻

24、礙）或沒(méi)有較大的共振穩(wěn)定作用，如氟原子，則有相當(dāng)量的頭頭增長(zhǎng)發(fā)生。提高聚合溫度的影響是提高頭-頭排列的量。溫度的提高導(dǎo)致較少的選擇（更多的無(wú)規(guī)）增長(zhǎng)，但影響不大。因而，在聚乙酸乙烯酯中，當(dāng)聚合溫度由30C提高到90C，頭-頭含量?jī)H由1.3%提高到1.98%。 2Write out an abstract in English for the text in this unitPolymers with different structures present various properties. Usually, polymers are divided into three categor

25、ies, i.e. plastic, elastomer, fiber with different initial modulus range respectively. Polymers show quite different behaviors due to the different interchain forces in elastomer and fiber. However, with the advent of new techniques and mechanisms to improve the structure of polymers, polymers may b

26、e classified and named according to the mechanism, and their properties will largely depend on the structure. 3Put the following words into Chinese entanglement 糾纏 irregularity 無(wú)規(guī) sodium isopropylate異丙醇鈉 permeability滲透性 crystallite 微晶 stoichiomertric balance 當(dāng)量平衡 fractionation分餾法 light scattering光散射

27、 matrix 基體 diffraction衍射 4Put the following words into English形態(tài) morphology 酯化 esterification 異氰酸酯isocyanate雜質(zhì)impurity 二元胺 diamine 轉(zhuǎn)化率change ratio 多分散性polydispersity 力學(xué)性能mechanical property 構(gòu)象conformation 紅外光譜法infrared spectroscopy常見(jiàn)聚合物命名（1）常見(jiàn)雜鏈和元素有機(jī)聚合物類型Polyamide -聚酰胺. Polyester-聚酯 Polyurethane -聚氨

28、酯 Polysiloxane -聚硅氧烷Phenol-formaldehyde-酚醛 .Urea-formaldehyde-脲醛 Polyureas-聚脲 Polysulfide -聚硫Polyacetal-聚縮醛 Polysulfone (polysulphone)-聚砜 Polyether-聚醚 第五單元Traditional methods of living polymerization are based on ionic, coordination or group transfer mechanisms.活性聚合的傳統(tǒng)方法是基于離子，配位或基團(tuán)轉(zhuǎn)移機(jī)理。Ideally, the

29、mechanism of living polymerization involves only initiation and propagation steps.理論上活性聚合的機(jī)理只包括引發(fā)和增長(zhǎng)反應(yīng)步驟。All chains are initiated at the commencement of polymerization and propagation continues until all monomer is consumed.在聚合反應(yīng)初期所有的鏈都被引發(fā)，然后增長(zhǎng)反應(yīng)繼續(xù)下去直到所有的單體都被消耗殆盡。A type of novel techniques for livin

30、g polymerization, known as living (possibly use “controlled” or “mediated”) radical polymerization, is developed recently. 最近開(kāi)發(fā)了一種叫做活性自由基聚合的活性聚合新技術(shù)。The first demonstration of living radical polymerization and the current definition of the processes can be attributed to Szwarc.第一個(gè)活性自由基聚合的證實(shí)及目前對(duì)這一過(guò)程的解

31、釋或定義，應(yīng)該歸功于Szwarc。Up to now, several living radical polymerization processes, including atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT), nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), etc., have been reported one after another.到目前為止，一些活性自由

32、基聚合過(guò)程，包括原子轉(zhuǎn)移自由基聚合，可逆加成-斷裂鏈轉(zhuǎn)移聚合，硝基氧介導(dǎo)聚合等聚合過(guò)程一個(gè)接一個(gè)被報(bào)道。The mechanism of living radical polymerization is quite different not only from that of common radical polymerization but also from that of traditional living polymerization.活性自由基聚合的機(jī)理不僅完全不同于普通自由基聚合機(jī)理，也不同于傳統(tǒng)的活性聚合機(jī)理。It relies on the introduction of

33、a reagent that undergoes reversible termination with the propagating radicals thereby converting them to a following dormant form： 活性自由基聚合依賴于向體系中引入一種可以和增長(zhǎng)自由基進(jìn)行可逆終止的試劑，形成休眠種：The specificity in the reversible initiation-termination step is of critical importance in achieving living characteristics.這種特

34、殊的可逆引發(fā)-終止反應(yīng)對(duì)于獲得分子鏈活性來(lái)說(shuō)具有決定性的重要意義。This enables the active species concentration to be controlled and thus allows such a condition to be chosen that all chains are able to grow at a similar rate (if not simultaneously) throughout the polymrization.可逆引發(fā)終止使活性中心的濃度能夠得以控制。這樣就可以來(lái)選擇適宜的反應(yīng)條件，使得在整個(gè)聚合反應(yīng)過(guò)程中(只要沒(méi)有

35、平行反應(yīng))所有的分子鏈都能夠以相同的速度增長(zhǎng)。This has, in turn, enabled the synthesis of polymers with controlled composition, architecture and molecular weight distribution.這樣就可以合成具有可控組成，結(jié)構(gòu)和分子量分布的聚合物。They also provide routes to narrow dispersity end-functional polymers, to high purity block copolymers, and to stars and

36、other more complex architecture.這些還可以提供獲得狹窄分布末端功能化聚合物，高純嵌段共聚物，星型及更復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)高分子的合成方法。The first step towards living radical polymerization was taken by Ostu and his colleagues in 1982.活性自由基聚合是Ostu和他的同事于1982年率先開(kāi)展的。In 1985, this was taken one step further with the development by Solomon et al. of nitroxide-m

37、ediated polymerization (NMP).1985年，Solomon等對(duì)氮氧化物穩(wěn)定自由基聚合的研究使活性自由基聚合進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。This work was first reported in the patent literature and in conference papers but was not widely recognized until 1993 when Georges et al. applied the method in the synthesis of narrow polydispersity polystyrene.這種方法首先在專利文獻(xiàn)和會(huì)議論

38、文中報(bào)道，但是直到1993年Georges等把這種方法應(yīng)用在窄分子量分布聚苯乙烯之后，才得以廣泛認(rèn)知。The scope of NMP has been greatly expended and new, more versatile, methods have appeared.NMP的領(lǐng)域已經(jīng)得到很大的延展，出現(xiàn)了新的更多樣化的方法。The most notable methods are atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and polymerization with reversible addition fragmentation

39、 (RAFT).最引人注目的方法是原子轉(zhuǎn)移自由基聚合和可逆加成斷裂聚合。Up to 2000, this area already accounted for one third of all papers in the field of radical polymerization, as shown in Fig.5.1.到2000年，這個(gè)領(lǐng)域的論文已經(jīng)占所有自由基聚合領(lǐng)域論文的三分之一。如圖5.1所示。Naturally, the rapid growth of the number of the papers in the field since 1995 ought to be al

40、most totally attributable to development in this area. 、 自然地，紙的數(shù)量的迅速增長(zhǎng)在領(lǐng)域，因?yàn)?995在這個(gè)區(qū)域應(yīng)該是幾乎完全可歸屬的到發(fā)展。UNIT9 Structure and Properties of Polymers 聚合物的結(jié)構(gòu)和性質(zhì)Most conveniently, polymers are generally subdivided in three categories, namelyviz., plastics, rubbers and fibers. 很方便地，聚合物一般細(xì)分為三種類型，就是塑料，橡膠和纖維。In

41、terms of initial elastic modules, rubbers ranging generally between 106 to 107dynes/cm2, represent the lower end of the scale, while fibers with high initial modjulai, of 1010 to 1011dynes/cm2 are situated on the upper end of the scale; plastics, having generally an initial elastic modulus of 108 to

42、 109dynes/cm2, lie in-between. 就初始彈性模量而言，橡膠一般在 6到107達(dá)因 平方厘米，在尺度的低端， 10到1011達(dá)因 平方厘米，尺度的高端，而纖維具有高的初始模量， 達(dá)到10到1011達(dá)因 平方厘米，尺度的高端，塑料的彈性模量一般在 8到109達(dá)因 平方厘米，在尺度的中間As is found in all phases of polymer chemistry, there are many exceptions to this categorization. （正如高分子化學(xué)的各個(gè)部分都可以看到的那樣），在高分子化學(xué)的所有階段，我們都可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，這種分類

43、方法有許多例外的情況。An elastomer (or rubber) results from a polymer having relatively weak interchain forces and high molecular weights. 彈性體是具有相對(duì)弱的鏈之間作用力和高分子量的聚合物。When the molecular chains are “straightened out” or stretched by a process of extension, they do not have sufficient attraction for each other to

44、maintain the oriented state and will retract once the force is released. This is the basis of elastic behavior. 當(dāng)通過(guò)一個(gè)拉伸過(guò)程將分子鏈拉直的時(shí)候，分子鏈彼此之間沒(méi)有足夠的相互吸引力來(lái)保持其取向狀態(tài)，作用力一旦解除，將發(fā)生收縮。這是彈性行為的基礎(chǔ)。However, if the interchain forces are very great, a polymer will make a good fiber. 然而，如果分子鏈之間的力非常大，聚合物可以用做纖維。Therefore

45、, when the polymer is highly stretched, the oriented chain will come under the influence of the powerful attractive forces and will “crystallize” permanently in a more or less oriented matrix. 因此，當(dāng)聚合物被高度拉直的時(shí)候，取向分子鏈在不同程度取向的母體中將受強(qiáng)引力的影響而“永久地結(jié)晶。These crystallization forces will then act virtually as cro

46、sslinks, resulting in a material of high tensile strength and high initial modulus, i.e., a fiber. 而后，這些結(jié)晶力實(shí)際上以交聯(lián)方式作用，產(chǎn)生高拉伸強(qiáng)度和高初始模量的材料，如纖維。Therefore, a potential fiber polymer will not become a fiber unless subjected to a “drawing” process, i.e., a process resulting in a high degree of intermolecula

47、r orientation. 因此，一個(gè)可能的（潛在的）纖維高分子不會(huì)變成纖維，除非經(jīng)歷一個(gè)拉伸過(guò)程， 即， 這導(dǎo)致分子間高度取向的拉伸過(guò)程。Crosslinked species are found in all three categories and the process of crosslinking may change the cited characteristics of the categories. 交聯(lián)的種類在所有三種類型（塑料，橡膠，纖維）中找到，而交聯(lián)過(guò)程可以改變分類的引用特征。Thus, plastics are known to possesspzes a ma

48、rked range of deformability in the order of 100 to 200%; they do not exhibit this property when crosslinked, however. 因此，我們熟知塑料具有的形變能力大約在100-200%范圍內(nèi)，然而當(dāng)交聯(lián)發(fā)生時(shí)塑料不能展示這個(gè)性能。Rubber, on vulcanization, changes its properties from low modulus, low tensile strength, low hardness, and high elongation to high m

49、odulus, high tensile strength, high hardness, and low elongation. 對(duì)橡膠而言，硫化可以改變其性質(zhì)，從低模量，低拉伸強(qiáng)度，低硬度及高拉伸率到高模量，高拉伸強(qiáng)度，高硬度及低拉伸率。Thus, polymers may be classified as noncrosslinked and crosslinked, and this definition agrees generally with the subclassification in thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. 這樣，聚合物

50、可以分為非交聯(lián)和交聯(lián)的，這個(gè)定義與把聚合物細(xì)分為熱塑性和熱固性聚合物相一致。From the mechanistic point of view, however, polymers are properly divided into addition polymers and condensation polymers. Both of these species are found in rubbers, plastics, and fibers. 然而，從反應(yīng)機(jī)理的觀點(diǎn)看，聚合物可以分成加聚物和縮聚物。這些種類聚合物在塑 料，橡膠和纖維中都可以找得到。In many cases poly

51、mers are considered from the mechanistic point of view. Also, the polymer will be named according to its source whenever it is derived from a specific hypothetical monomer, or when it is derived from two or more components which are built randomly into the polymer. 在許多情況下，聚合物可以從反應(yīng)機(jī)理的角度考慮分類。 每當(dāng)聚合物來(lái)自于

52、一個(gè)假象單體，或來(lái)自于兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上組成物無(wú)規(guī)則構(gòu)建聚合物時(shí)，也可以根據(jù)聚合物的來(lái)源來(lái)命名。This classification agrees well with the presently used general practice. 這種分類方法與目前實(shí)際情況相符合。When the repeating unit is composed of several monomeric components following each other in a regular fashion, the polymer is commonly named according to its struc

53、ture. 當(dāng)重復(fù)單元由幾個(gè)單體組成物規(guī)則排布，聚合物通常根據(jù)它的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)命名。It must be borne in mind that, with the advent of Ziegler-Natta mechanisms and new techniques to improve and extend crystallinity, and the closeness of packing of chains, many older data given should be critically considered in relation to the stereoregular and

54、 crystalline structure. 必須記住，隨著Ziegler-Natta機(jī)理，以及提高結(jié)晶度和鏈堆砌緊密度新技術(shù)的出現(xiàn)，對(duì)許多過(guò)去已經(jīng)得到的關(guān)于空間結(jié)構(gòu)和晶體結(jié)構(gòu)舊的資料，應(yīng)當(dāng)批判地接受。The properties of polymers are largely dependent on the type and extent of both stereoregularity and crystallinity. As an example, the densities and melting points of atactic and isotactic species a

55、re presented in Table 8.1. 聚合物的性質(zhì)主要依靠立體規(guī)整性和結(jié)晶度的類型和程度。如，無(wú)規(guī)立構(gòu)和全同立構(gòu)物質(zhì)的密度和熔點(diǎn) 展示在表8.1中 。UNIT11 Functional PolymersFunctional polymers are macromolecules to which chemically functional groups are attached; they have the potential advantages of small molecules with the same functional groups. 功能聚合物是具有化學(xué)功能基

56、團(tuán)的大分子，這些聚合物與具有功能聚合物是具有化學(xué)功能基團(tuán)的大分子， 相同功能基團(tuán)的小分子一樣具有潛在的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。Their usefulness is related both to the functional groups and to the nature of the polymers whose characteristic properties depend mainly on the extraordinarily large size of the molecules.它們的實(shí)用性不僅與功能基團(tuán)有關(guān)，而且與巨大分子尺寸帶來(lái)的聚合物特性有關(guān)。The attachment of fun

57、ctional groups to a polymer is frequently the first step towards the preparation of a functional polymer for a specific use. 把功能基團(tuán)連接到聚合物上常常是制備特殊用途功能高分子的第一步。However, the proper choice of the polymer is an important factor for successful application. 然而，對(duì)成功應(yīng)用而言，選擇適當(dāng)?shù)木酆衔锸堑囊粋€(gè)重要因素。In addition to the synt

58、hetic aliphatic and aromatic polymers, a wide range of natural polymers have also been functionalized and used as reactive materials. 除了合成的脂肪組和芳香組聚合物之外，許多天然高分子也被功能化，被用做反應(yīng)性材料。Inorganic polymers have also been modified with reactive functional groups and used in processes requiring severesivi service conditions. 無(wú)機(jī)聚合物也已經(jīng)用反應(yīng)功能基團(tuán)改性，被用于要求耐用條件的場(chǎng)合。In principle, the active groups may be part of the polymer backbone or linked to a side chain as a pendant group either directly or viavai a spacerspeis group. 理論上講，活性基團(tuán)可以是聚合物主鏈上的一部分，或者直接 連接到側(cè)鏈或通過(guò)一個(gè)中間基團(tuán)的側(cè)基。A