部分?jǐn)嗝婢蜻M(jìn)機(jī)的自動(dòng)斷面控制

1、部分?jǐn)嗝婢蜻M(jìn)機(jī)的自動(dòng)斷面控制automatic profile control of a roadheaderolaf katowsk墨伯娜公路隧道掘進(jìn)時(shí)，使用了兩臺(tái)裝有連續(xù)白動(dòng)測(cè)量斷面控制系統(tǒng)的部分?jǐn)嗝婢蜻M(jìn)機(jī)。操作人員通過監(jiān)視器監(jiān)控給定斷妞的切削過程。在隧道施工時(shí)，測(cè)量是最重要的：必須確定隧道的起點(diǎn)和終點(diǎn)，在施工過程屮必須不斷地進(jìn)行監(jiān)控，以確保按設(shè)計(jì)的路線掘進(jìn)。相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的一段時(shí)間以來，隧道掘進(jìn)機(jī) （tmbh吏用合適的測(cè)量系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行連續(xù)導(dǎo) 向。最新一代的測(cè)量系統(tǒng)采用了同樣的儀器，也可用于軸線的定線和檢測(cè)己挖掘的隧道段。這些儀器（準(zhǔn)確測(cè)量角度和距離的經(jīng)緯儀）早已自動(dòng)化，因此能用于全自動(dòng)過程。瑞士赫爾

2、伯格的萊卡公司在自動(dòng)經(jīng)緯儀的基礎(chǔ)上開發(fā)出經(jīng)緯儀測(cè)量系統(tǒng)，該測(cè)景系統(tǒng)按照極座標(biāo)測(cè)景系統(tǒng)發(fā)揮作用，也 可用于監(jiān)視和控制正在施工的機(jī)械。測(cè)量?jī)x器g動(dòng)地測(cè)量機(jī)械設(shè)備上待測(cè)點(diǎn)與經(jīng)緯儀測(cè)點(diǎn)的角度和距離，該系統(tǒng)迅速進(jìn)行所需要的計(jì)算。當(dāng)設(shè)備移動(dòng)到新位置時(shí)，搜尋方式g動(dòng)確定設(shè)備的待測(cè)點(diǎn)，然后進(jìn)行測(cè)量。在修建澳大利亞墨爾本城市連接項(xiàng)目的隧道時(shí)，在三井制造的s300部分?jǐn)嘌蜻M(jìn)機(jī)上采用了兩套這種系統(tǒng)。每臺(tái)部分?jǐn)嗝婢蜻M(jìn)機(jī)的操作人員除控制設(shè)備行進(jìn)外，還要控制刀盤的定位和進(jìn)尺。與激光標(biāo)記相比，以往是憑肉眼檢查刀盤位置。根據(jù)當(dāng)時(shí)的情況（如灰塵影響觀測(cè)），激光技術(shù)并不總是容易掌握。這樣，掘進(jìn)斷面的質(zhì)量?jī)訁寂c要求相差甚遠(yuǎn)，這種

3、情況也適用于精確度和表面。另夕卜，由于種種理由，部分?jǐn)嗝婢蜻M(jìn)機(jī)常常for the heading of amelbourne road tunnel, 2 roadheaders were equipped with automatic,continuously measuring profile control systems.the cutting process for thedesired profile is monitored by the machine operator via amonitor.surveying is of paramount importance duri

4、ng the construction of atunnel: the starting and finishing points of the tunnel must be determined and during the construction phase, continuous monitoring is essential to ensure that the drive is following the stipulated route.tunnel boringmachines (tbms) e.g. have been continuously guided for quit

5、e some timenow thanks to suitable measuring systems. the latest generation of thesemeasuring systems makes use of the same instruments, which are alsoemployed for aligning axes and for inspecting the tunnel sections that havealready been created. these instruments (theodolites for the precisemeasure

6、ment of angles and distances) have been motorised for somelength of time and can accordingly be applied for fully-automatic processes.on the basis of its automatic theodoliets, the leica ag,heerbrugg/switzerland, has developed theodolite measuring systems,which function in accordance with the polar

7、measurement system and whichin the interim, are also used for monitoring and controlling of machines onthe construction sector. the measuring instrument automatically determinesthe angles and distances to each of the target points marked on the machinerelated用于超挖。采用自動(dòng)經(jīng)緯儀測(cè)量系統(tǒng)“引導(dǎo)”部分?jǐn)嗝婢蜻M(jìn)機(jī)，能以很高的精確度和表面質(zhì)量

8、切削斷。這與無聯(lián)機(jī)系統(tǒng)支持的切削相比，大大地提高了所能達(dá)到的精確度。因?yàn)樵谇邢鬟^程中，設(shè)備的位置和方位不變,所以當(dāng)設(shè)備移至新的掘進(jìn)位置時(shí)，首先需耍進(jìn)行測(cè)量。在切削過程中，只有刀臂和刀盤移動(dòng)，這樣設(shè)備已確定的位置保持不變。盡管如此，在切削過程中，用經(jīng)緯儀連續(xù)地監(jiān)控設(shè)備，以便能夠 立即發(fā)現(xiàn)可能出現(xiàn)的無意造成的位移。測(cè)量過程萊卡自動(dòng)視距儀tca1800直接固定在設(shè)備尾部位于隧道頂部下妞的托架上。所謂的自由定位系統(tǒng)確定測(cè)量?jī)x器在隧道坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)中的位置和方位。然后瞄準(zhǔn)設(shè)備上四個(gè)待測(cè)點(diǎn)屮的一個(gè)，視距儀自動(dòng)連接到同步模式，用這個(gè)模式可以在測(cè)量過程中自動(dòng)跟蹤設(shè)備。圖1萊卡tca1800自動(dòng)經(jīng)緯儀自動(dòng)搜尋待測(cè)點(diǎn)，

9、確定后進(jìn)行測(cè)量當(dāng)需要時(shí)，操作人員按下按鈕就可獲得設(shè)備位置和方位的信息，通過設(shè)備和測(cè)量?jī)x器之間的無線電信號(hào)開始測(cè)量設(shè)備上的待測(cè)點(diǎn)。與設(shè)備的方位無關(guān)，經(jīng)緯儀能自動(dòng)地找到設(shè)備各待測(cè)點(diǎn)，并進(jìn)行測(cè)量，然后，計(jì)算設(shè)備主要測(cè)點(diǎn)的位置以及設(shè)備to the theodolite station and the systemsubsequently carries out the required calcul- ations immediately. when themachine moves to a new position, the search mode ensures that thesystem a

10、utomatically relocates the machine points and re-measures. two ofthese systems are in use with s300 roadhe- aders made by mitsui miike forconstructing the tunnels of the city link project in melbo- urne, australia.the operator of each roadheader controls the machine guidance as well asthe positionin

11、g and advancing of the cutter head. formerly, the cutterhead position was checked visually with respect to laser markings.depending on the local circumstances (e.g. impairment of vision as a resultof dust development) the laser technique was not always easy to apply.this sometimes led to the quality

12、 of the cut profile leaving much to bedesired. this applied both to the accuracy as well as the surface. inaddition, for various reasons, it is often used to cut excessive profile. theapplication of an automatic theodolite measuring system for the "guidance"of the roadheader facilitates ou

13、tstanding accuracy and surface qualityduring the cutting of the profile. compared with cutting without thesupport of an on-line system, the accuracies that can be attained areconsiderably enha- need. as the position and alignment of the machine donot change during the cutting procedure, measurements

14、 are first requiredwhen the machine is shifted. only the cutter arm and the cutter head moveso that the machine's previously determined position is maintained.nonetheless, during the cutting procedure, the theodolite contin- uouslymonitors the machine in order to ensure that any undesired di

15、splacementsare identified right away. the measuring process the automaticleica-tachymeter tca 1800在隧道坐標(biāo)系統(tǒng)中的方位。接著，用集成線性編碼器記錄液壓缸的伸出長(zhǎng)度，用此計(jì)算刀盤的位置。儲(chǔ)存在計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)的設(shè)備幾何數(shù)據(jù)用于此目的。設(shè)備操作人員能在監(jiān)視器上不斷地觀察到刀盤在隧道斷面所處的位置和其它的信息（軸線、斷妞類型、時(shí)間、在軸線上的位置和偏移）。 圖2標(biāo)有待測(cè)點(diǎn)的設(shè)備（設(shè)備點(diǎn)）切削過程基本上是由操作人員通過監(jiān)視器進(jìn)行控制。該系統(tǒng)控制切削不超出給定斷面。對(duì)于任何超出給定斷面的切削，繼電器斷開使切削停止

16、。操作人員只能將刀盤從斷面拉回，卻不能使刀盤前進(jìn)。如果需要，停止切削可以由相應(yīng)的軟件開關(guān)進(jìn)行控制。is mounted on a bracket directly under the tunnel ridge at the rear of the machine. so -called freestationing enables the position and alignment of the measuring instrumentto be determined in relation to the tunnel co-ordinate system. subsequently,one

17、 of the 4 machine points is then targeted and the totalstationautomatically switches to lock-in mode, through which it can track themachine during measuring. when necessary, the machine operator obt- ainsinformation about the position and ali gnment of the machine by pressing abutton. radio signals

18、between the machine and the measuring instrumentinitiate the measure- ments of the machine points. regardless of thealignment of the machine, the theodolite automatically locates theindividual machine points and carries out the measurement. afterwards,the position of the main machine point as well a

19、s the machine alignmentwithin the tunnel co-ordinate system are worked out. furthermore, theextension movements of the hydraulic cylinders are registered by the integrated linear encoders and utilised to calc- ulate the position of the cutterhead. the geo- metrical date of the machine stored in the

20、computer areapplied for this purpose. the machine operator is constantly provided withthe cutter head's current position vis-a-vis the tunnel profile along withother date (axis, type of profile, time, position on the axis, offsets) on amonitor. the cutting procedure is by and large controlle

21、d by the operator via this monitor. the system ensures that cutting in excess of the desiredprofile is excluded. any attempt to cut beyond the desired profile is blockedby the opening of a relay. the operator can then only withdraw the cutterhead from the profile, he cannot progress any further. if

22、need be, theblocking mode can be overri- dden by corresponding software.in addition,the system stores the cut profile in accordance另外，該系統(tǒng)還存儲(chǔ)了由操作人員依據(jù)點(diǎn)密度確定的切削斷面，這些數(shù)據(jù)以后可以用于顯示切削斷面。3設(shè)備監(jiān)視器上的顯示輸入有關(guān)工程項(xiàng)目的數(shù)據(jù)，可大體上得到軸線和給定的斷面。一般，軸線保持不變。為了適應(yīng)不同的地質(zhì)條件，必須當(dāng)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行評(píng)估，也可能必須改變斷面。這就意味著，里然保留事先確定的斷面類型，但是為了抵消松動(dòng)巖石產(chǎn)生的崩落效應(yīng)，有可能必須縮小斷

23、面寬度。通過標(biāo)記適當(dāng)?shù)拇郎y(cè)點(diǎn)和畫出相應(yīng)的連接線確定軸線，并將這些信息儲(chǔ)存于系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)里。也根據(jù)預(yù)測(cè)的巖石類型和掘進(jìn)的量預(yù)先確定斷面。將這些信息連冋各個(gè)斷面的形狀和公里標(biāo)（從/到）存儲(chǔ)于數(shù)據(jù)庫中?，F(xiàn)場(chǎng)需作的任何改動(dòng)將直接在系統(tǒng)計(jì)算機(jī)上進(jìn)行。結(jié)果和前景對(duì)于要求的設(shè)備定位的精確度達(dá)到了不超過1厘米。對(duì)于隧道施工人員來說，更重要的是精確度，要能夠按此精確度切削斷面。力求斷面切削的精確度達(dá)到3厘米。借助經(jīng)緯 儀控制能夠達(dá)到這個(gè)值，但主要受所切削巖石類型的影響。在說明精確度時(shí)，也必須考慮所用設(shè)備的性能。with the point density defined by theoperator. these

24、 data can subsequently be made use of to present the cutprofile.the axis and desired profiles are obtained largely by incorporatingthe relevant project data. by and large, the axis is retained without alteration.in order to accommodate changing geoloical condi- tions'it must be possibleto change

25、 the profile on the spot at short notice. this means in practicethat the type of profile as originally defined is retained but possibly thewidth of profile may have to be reduced in order to counteract the effectsof breakout resulting from the presence of loose rock. the axis itself isdefined by mar

26、king appro- priate points and establishing of correspon- dinglinks. the system computer stores this information. the profiles are alsodefined in advance in accordance with the anticipated types of rock andthe number of headings, they are stored in the database along with theirindividual designs and

27、their chainage (from/to). any modification that isrequired on site introduced directly into the systemcomputer.圖4標(biāo)有參數(shù)的典型斷面 results and outlookthe required accuracy for ascertaining the machine position of<l cm isattained. the accuracy with which the profile can be cut is even moreimportant fo

28、r the tunneller. the accuracy strived for here amounts to 3 cm.已完成了對(duì)裝有兩套安裝系統(tǒng)的上述測(cè)量系統(tǒng)的試驗(yàn)。這種測(cè)量系統(tǒng)也適用于其它制造廠家的部分?jǐn)嗝婢蜻M(jìn)機(jī)以及引導(dǎo)鉆孔車。在這方面，這種系統(tǒng)至少使鉆孔車定位最優(yōu)化。在安裝這些系統(tǒng)時(shí)，要考慮用戶的特殊要求。冃前，對(duì)這種系統(tǒng)作進(jìn)一步的開發(fā)，以便使停走技術(shù)能投入使用，應(yīng)用時(shí)要求連續(xù)監(jiān)控。這主要涉及建設(shè)范圍大的工程項(xiàng)0,如修建公路和鐵路，或機(jī)場(chǎng)跑道。olaf katowski特許工程師，萊卡公司系統(tǒng)工程商務(wù)總經(jīng)理，瑞士 heerbruggthis goal can be arrived at thanks to theo- dolite guidance