中考英語閱讀理解中的猜測(cè)詞義的方法

1、第 1 頁 共 4 頁中考英語閱讀理解中考英語閱讀理解題題中猜測(cè)詞義的方法中猜測(cè)詞義的方法655505云南省富源縣大河鎮(zhèn)第二中學(xué)楊正凡( 電話e-mail: )一、中考閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義的方法一、中考閱讀理解猜測(cè)詞義的方法全日制義務(wù)教育普通高級(jí)中學(xué)英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)（實(shí)驗(yàn)稿） 對(duì)初中生要達(dá)到的五級(jí)閱讀目標(biāo)要求中，第一條就提出“能根據(jù)上下文和構(gòu)詞法推斷、理解生詞的含義”。因此，我們可以借助所學(xué)猜測(cè)詞語的基本方法來猜測(cè)、推斷、理解陌生詞語的詞義，這應(yīng)當(dāng)說已成為了初中生應(yīng)具備的一種基本技能。這類題一般要求學(xué)生理解閱讀材料中的某個(gè)生詞的含義， 有時(shí)是短語或句子的確切含義。要注意三種情

2、況：有的詞匯具有一詞多義，多義詞在不同的語境中意義是不相同的；同一種意思又有不同的表示方法；有的詞雖未學(xué)過，但在具體語境中已被賦予了特定含義。不管屬于那種情況，都可通過多種方法猜測(cè)其正確含義。猜測(cè)未學(xué)過的詞義方法很多。做題時(shí)要從被考察詞語所處的語境和上下文的聯(lián)系進(jìn)行分析，通過把握文章大意及前后文之間的內(nèi)容聯(lián)系，根據(jù)文章中心或主題、構(gòu)詞法（合成、派生和轉(zhuǎn)化） 、同義關(guān)系（詞語詮釋、同義詞、同位語和定語從句等） 、同等關(guān)系、對(duì)比關(guān)系（對(duì)比和比較關(guān)系） 、反義關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)或常識(shí)、示例法等方法來猜測(cè)詞義。具體分析如下：1、根據(jù)文章中心或主題法：一般來說，要查找的生詞都是與揭示文章主題有一定

3、聯(lián)系的，因此如果能夠把握好文章的中心，往往有助于猜測(cè)出文章中的生詞的含義。2、根據(jù)上下文的因果關(guān)系法：有什么樣的原因就會(huì)產(chǎn)生什么樣的結(jié)果，因果關(guān)系是文章中一種普遍的語言表達(dá)關(guān)系。在這種關(guān)系中如果知道了原因，結(jié)果也就知道了；反之，如果知道了結(jié)果，原因也就不難發(fā)現(xiàn)。3、利用構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義：前綴通常改變?cè)瓉碓~語的詞義，而不改變?cè)瓉碓~語的詞性。后綴通常改變?cè)瓉碓~語的詞性，但對(duì)詞義的影響有時(shí)不明顯，有時(shí)很明顯。派生詞的詞義可依據(jù)“前綴變?cè)~義，后綴變?cè)~性”的原則來猜測(cè)詞義。在閱讀中，如果我們熟悉構(gòu)成合成詞的每個(gè)獨(dú)立單詞的詞義， 就可能猜出合成詞的意思。 同一個(gè)詞有不同的詞類， 不同的詞義， 稱為兼類詞。兼

4、類詞在不同的語境中詞類和詞義都不同，要根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)和句子成分掌握其詞類和詞義。4、根據(jù)上下文的同義或?qū)Ρ汝P(guān)系來理解詞義：同位關(guān)系是指文章中與之相關(guān)的同義詞，同位語、定語（從句）等，如果能夠借助它們的解釋或定義，則很容易猜測(cè)出詞義來。根據(jù)同義關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義，關(guān)鍵是要了解顯示同義關(guān)系的線索。換句話說，破折號(hào)、逗號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)，以及 or, and, in other words, thats to say，namely 等詞或短語就是這種線索。定語從句主要起修飾限制或補(bǔ)充說明先行詞內(nèi)容或性質(zhì)的作用。因此，我們可以根據(jù)定語從句的內(nèi)容推測(cè)出先行詞的詞義。 對(duì)比關(guān)系是指上下文中的一些連詞經(jīng)常被用來表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)

5、系，如果能夠抓住說明事物的這種比較和對(duì)照的方法，就會(huì)給人柳暗花明的感覺。常見的表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系的詞有 but,第 2 頁 共 4 頁however, instead, yet 等。上文中的某些詞或句子往往會(huì)為下文的生詞埋下伏筆或作出暗示。上文中的某些詞或句子往往會(huì)在下文有回應(yīng)的地方。5、同等關(guān)系：所謂“同等關(guān)系”，指的是一組詞或詞組在句子中作同一成分，而且它們表示的詞義屬于同一義域。因此，只要我們能認(rèn)識(shí)其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞，就能確定其中某個(gè)生詞所屬的義域，甚至能夠推知它的意思。6、生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)或常識(shí)法：已有的生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)或常識(shí)，往往會(huì)給閱讀后的理解提供有力的支持。借助于已有的，推測(cè)陌生的，這就上升到了能力的提

6、高，使生詞的破解成為了可能。7、示例法：例子是用來幫助說明某種具體的情況或目的的。在語篇中，作者經(jīng)常要用一些例子說明一種抽象的理論或闡述某種觀點(diǎn)，因此借助例子的幫助，將有助于考生進(jìn)一步領(lǐng)悟陌生詞語的含義。當(dāng)然，有時(shí)還要綜合應(yīng)用幾種方法才能正確猜測(cè)詞義。二、中考閱讀理解二、中考閱讀理解常見常見猜測(cè)詞義的猜測(cè)詞義的提問形式提問形式1. the word “” in the paragraph means.在第 段落中的單詞“”意思是_。2. the sentence “” means.句子“ ”意思是。3. what does the underlined word “” probably mea

7、n？劃線單詞“”很可能是什么意思。4. the word “” in the paragraph meansin chinese.在第 段中的單詞“”漢語的意思是。5. here “” means _.這里“”意思是 _。三、中考試題分析三、中考試題分析【例【例 1】a blind boy sat on the steps of a building with a hat by his feet. he held up a signwhich said, “i am blind, please help.” there were only a few coins in the hat.aman

8、 was walking by. he took a few coins from his pocked and dropped them into the hat. hethen took the sign, turned it around, and wrote some words. he put the sign back so that everyonewho walked by would see the new words.soon the hat began to fill up. a lot more people were giving money to the blind

9、 boy. thatafternoon the man who had changed the sign came to see how things were. the boy recognized（聽出）his footsteps and asked, “were you the one who changed my sign this morning? what did youwrite?”the man said, “i only wrote the truth. i said what you said but in a different way.”what he had writ

10、ten was, “today is a beautiful day; i cannot see it.”of course both signs told people the boy was blind. but the first sign simply said the boy blind.the second sign told people they were lucky that were not blind. should we be surprised that the第 3 頁 共 4 頁second sign was more effective（有效的）?（2009 年

11、云南）年云南）the underlined words “help up” in the first paragraph mean _.a.阻礙b. 舉起c. 承受d. 堅(jiān)持【答案及分析答案及分析】答案為 b。本文主要介紹了一位舉著乞討牌而又失明的男孩在一位男子改變乞討牌上的標(biāo)語后獲得很多硬幣的故事，說明用不同方法處理同一問題，會(huì)產(chǎn)生不同效果。本題主要采用根據(jù)上下文的因果關(guān)系或順承關(guān)系的方法猜測(cè)詞義。 根據(jù)短文第一自然段的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容可知，這個(gè)失明的男孩坐在一棟高樓的臺(tái)階上乞討，他的腳旁擺著放錢的帽子，結(jié)合被選項(xiàng)，男孩應(yīng)該舉著乞討牌，故選 b?！纠纠?2】heve you ever had pr

12、oblems in you life ad dont know how to be happy? if so, you willfind “being a happy teenager” by an australian writerandrew matthews useful.in his book, matthews tells us how to have a happy life and answers the questions of teenagers.the book says we should stop being angry. the book also tells us

13、about some useful skills.forexamples, if you want to make your memory better, you can put what youve learned into pictures ofyour mind.many teenagers think that happiness comes from good grades or prise from other people.but you can still be happy when there are no such “good” things.success comes f

14、rom a good attitude. if you learn from problems, you will have success in thefuture. some school boys have problems such being too tall or too short, but matthews tells ushappiness comes from thinking about things in a positive way.if you are tall, you can get a better view（視線）at the movie; if you a

15、re short, your clothes andshoes take less room in your bedroom! this is matthews most important lesson: you choose to behappy! （2009 年長春）年長春）the underlined word “positive” in the fourth paragraph means _.a. 積極的b. 消極的c. 先進(jìn)的d. 落后的【答案及分析答案及分析】答案為 a。本題主要采用根據(jù)文章中心或主題方法猜測(cè)詞義。短文通過介紹澳大利亞一位著名作家寫的書“being a happ

16、y teenager”，告訴我們：應(yīng)該停止生氣 ；成功來自于良好的態(tài)度，我們要用積極的方式來看待一切，就會(huì)幸福。根據(jù)短文大意，并結(jié)合第四自然段中的第一句 “success comes from a good attitude.” 以及最后自然段的 “ if you are tall,you can get a better view at the movie; if you are short, your clothes and shoes take less room in yourbedroom!” 的細(xì)節(jié)可以猜測(cè) positive 的意思是“積極的”，故選 a?！局锌荚囶}【中考試題 3】

17、a famous foreign company in china wanted a clerk for its public relationdepartment（公關(guān)部）.a beautiful girl with a masters degree（碩士學(xué)位）went through a lot of challenges and hername was on the list. in the final stage she faced an interview together with another girl. both ofthem were outstanding, not on

18、ly in looks but also in education.the girl was successful in the interview. it seemed that she would get the chance. at last theexaminer asked her, “can you come to the office next monday?” shocked by the unexpectedquestion, the beautiful girl couldnt make a decision at the moment, so she said, “i have to talk withmy parents before i give an answer.” the examiner felt surprised but said calmly, “if so, lets wait tillyou are ready.”the next day, the girl came to tell the examiner that her parents had agreed to let