船舶專業(yè)英語(yǔ)Lesson2

1、definitions, principaldimensionslesson 2bow:船舗；stem:船旎;superstructure:上 層 建筑main hull:主船體keel:毗龍骨principal dim cnsions:主尺度naval arrh itectutb 造船(工程)學(xué)length betw een perpendiculars (lbp)：垂線間長(zhǎng)；summer load waterline:夏季載巫水線fbiw ardafter p erp en d icu jar： 首/尾 垂 線； rudderpost:舵柱； stem :艄柱； stern：船尾 rudd

2、er pin tie:舵銷before studying in detail the varioustechnical branches of naval architecture it isimportant to define various terms which will be made use of in later chapters. the purpose of this chapter is to explain these terms and to familiarize the reader with them.在詳細(xì)地研究造船學(xué)的各門學(xué)科之前，要對(duì)以后幾章中用到的術(shù)語(yǔ)作出

3、定義,這是很 有必要的。木章的h的在于解釋這些術(shù)語(yǔ)， 并使讀者熟悉它們。in the first place the dimensions by whichthe size of a ship is measured will be considered; they are referred to as "principal dimensions.the ship, like any solid body, requires three dimensions to define its size, and these are a length, a breadth and a dep

4、th each of these will be considered in turn.首先考慮的是衡量船舶人小的尺度，稱 它們?yōu)椤爸鞒叨扔[ 船舶和其他物體-樣也 需要三個(gè)尺度來(lái)確定涪笙。闖為15愆睢？下面依次對(duì)它們進(jìn)行討論。 principal dimensionlengththere are various ways of defining the length ofa ship, but first the length between perpendiculars will be considered the length between perpendiculars is the d

5、istance measured parallel to the base at the level of the summer load waterline from the after perpendicular to the forward perpendicular. 定義船長(zhǎng)的方法雖有各種各樣，但首先考慮的 是垂線間長(zhǎng)。主尺度船長(zhǎng)垂線間長(zhǎng)是指在夏季載重水線處，平行 于基線，從尾垂線到首垂線所量得的距離。the after perpendicular is taken as the after side of the rudder post (舵柱) where there is su

6、ch a post, and the forward perpendicular is the vertical line drawn through the intersection of the stem with the summer load waterline.具有舵拄的船，把舵拄后緣作為尾垂線。 首垂線是通過(guò)首拄和夏季載重水線的交點(diǎn)而 作出的垂線；in ships where there isno rudder post the after perpendicular is taken as the line passing through the center line of t

7、he rudder pintles.若無(wú)舵拄，則把通過(guò)舵銷屮心線的這一直線取為尾垂線。length overall (loa):總長(zhǎng)；overhang:(水線以上)懸伸部分;bulbous bow: 球鼻首length on the w aterline:(lw 1) 水線長(zhǎng)am id ships: 船中； brcadth m ouldcd:型寬the length between perpendiculars (lbp)is used for calculation purposes as will be seen later, but it does not represent the g

8、reatest length of the ship.垂線間長(zhǎng)(lbp)是供計(jì)算用的，這一點(diǎn)在以 后將會(huì)看到。但它并不是船舶的最大長(zhǎng)度。for many purposes, such as the docking of the ship, it is necessary to know what the greatest length of the ship is.基于很多原因（例如船舶進(jìn)塢等），人們 需要知道船舶的最人長(zhǎng)度是多少。this length is known as the length overall1 and is defined simply as the distance

9、from the extreme point at the after end to a similar point at the forward end.這個(gè)長(zhǎng)度稱為“總長(zhǎng)"，它可以簡(jiǎn)單地定義為船舶最 后端到船舶最前端的距離。in most ships the length overall will exceed by a considerable amount the length between perpendiculars.對(duì)大多數(shù)船舶而言，船的總長(zhǎng)超過(guò)垂線間長(zhǎng)很多。the excess will include the overhang of the stern and a

10、lso that of the stem where the stem is raked forward.這個(gè)超過(guò)量包括船尾后懸伸部分以及船首向前傾斜部分oin modern ships having large bulbous bows the length overall loamay have to be measured to the extreme point of the bulb.在具有大型球鼻首的現(xiàn)代船舶上，這個(gè)總長(zhǎng)（loa）就需要量至球鼻首的最前端。a third length which is often used, particularly when dealing wi

11、th ship resistance, is the length on the waterline lwl經(jīng)常用到的、特別是在研究船舶阻力時(shí)需要用到 的第三個(gè)船長(zhǎng)是水線長(zhǎng)（lwl）othis is the distance measured on the waterline at which the ship is floating from the intersection of the stern with the waterline to the intersection of the stem with the waterline.this is the distance measu

12、red on the waterline at which the ship is floating from the intersection of the stern with the waterline to the intersection of the stem with the waterline.這個(gè)長(zhǎng)度是指船舶在某一吃水時(shí)，從船尾和水線的交 點(diǎn)到艄柱和水線的交點(diǎn)z間的距離。this length is not a fixed quantity for a particular ship, as it will depend upon the waterline at which

13、 the ship is floating and upon the trim of the ship. 對(duì)某一給定船舶，這個(gè)長(zhǎng)度不是一個(gè)定值，因?yàn)?它與船舶所處的水線及船舶的縱傾有關(guān)。breadth：船寬垂線間長(zhǎng)的中點(diǎn)稱為“船腫”。一般，船舶 在這一點(diǎn)是最寬的。the mid point of the length between perpendiculars is called "amidships9 and the ship is usually broadest at this point.the breadth is measured at this position an

14、d the breadth most commonly used is called the "breadth moulded船寬就在此量得，通常所用的船寬稱為“型it may be defined simply as the distance from the inside of plating on one side to a similar point on the other side measured at the broadest part of the ship.型寬可簡(jiǎn)單地定義為在船舶的最寬處，兩舷 側(cè)板內(nèi)表面z間的距離。b wad th extrem e:最人船寬；

15、曲ell plaiting:船殼板；rivet:釧接；stiake:（船殼板）列板 deck area:甲板面積； fender:護(hù)舷木；cross channel vessel:海 峽船；port:港口，船的左舷；side:舷側(cè)（邊）；quay:碼頭；和垂線間長(zhǎng)的概念一樣，型寬并不表示船舶的最大 寬度。所以，為了定義這個(gè)最大的寬度，有必要引 進(jìn)最大船寬這一名詞。as is the case in the length between perpendiculars, the breadth moulded does not represent the greatest breadth of t

16、he ship, so that to define this greatest breadth the breadth extreme is required. in many ships the breadth extreme is the breadth moulded plus the thickness of the shell plating on each side of the ship.在很多船上，最大船寬等于型寬加上船舶対側(cè)殼板 的厚度。在釧釘船時(shí)代，由于船殼板是搭接的，所以最 人船寬等于型寬加上四倍板厚。但在現(xiàn)代焊接 船舶上，這個(gè)附加的寬度只是兩倍的舷側(cè)板厚。in the

17、 days of riveted ships, where the strakes of shell plating were overlapped the breadth extreme was equal to the breadth moulded plus four thicknesses of shell plating, but in the case of modern welded ships the extra breadth consists of two thicknesses of shell plating only.the breadth extreme may b

18、e much greater than this in some ships, since it is the distance from the extreme overhang on one side of the ship to a similar point on the other side. this distance would include the overhang of decks, a feature which is sometimes found in passenger ships in order to provide additional deck area這個(gè)

19、距離應(yīng)包括甲板的懸伸部分，這一特點(diǎn)有 時(shí)可在客船上見(jiàn)到。這種結(jié)構(gòu)形式是為了提供更多的甲 板面積。有些船舶，最大船寬可以比型寬大很多，因?yàn)檫@是指從 一舷側(cè)的最大懸伸部分到另一舷側(cè)的最大懸仲部分z間 的距離。it would be measured over fenders, which are sometimes fitted to ships such as cross channel vessels which have to operate in and out of port under their own power and have fenders provided to prote

20、ct the sides of the ships when coming alongside quays. 測(cè)量最大船寬時(shí)，還應(yīng)包括護(hù)舷木。護(hù)舷木有時(shí)安裝 在類似海峽船這樣的船上。因?yàn)樗鼈儽仨氁揽孔陨淼?動(dòng)力進(jìn)港和出港，所以需裝設(shè)護(hù)舷木以便在靠碼頭時(shí) 保護(hù)舷側(cè)。depth m ouldcd:型深;plating of the deck :甲板板；bcise line:基線； upper deck:上甲板 second deck:第二甲板； the uppeim ostcontinuous deck :最上層連續(xù) 甲板； rounded gunw ale:圓弧舷邊頂部； moulded lin

21、e:型線the third principal dimension is depth, which varies along the length of the ship but is usually measured at amidships. this depth is known as the "depth moulded and is measured from the underside of the plating of the deck at side amidships to the base line.第三個(gè)主要尺度是船深，它沿船長(zhǎng)變化，但一般 在船屮量得。這個(gè)深度

22、就稱為“型深"，它表示在船 中處從甲板板下表面到基線z間的距離。depth:型深有時(shí)，它指“至上甲板的型深或“到第二層甲板的 型深”等等。it is sometimes quoted as a 'depth moulded to upper deck' or 'depth moulded to second deck', etc.where no deck is specified it can betaken the depth is measured to the uppermost continuous deck.沒(méi)有特別指定哪一層甲板時(shí)，可以把

23、測(cè)量到的 到最上層連續(xù)甲板的距離収作型深。在這種情況下，型深是從甲板的延長(zhǎng)線和型寬線的交點(diǎn)量到基 線的距離。in some modern ships there is a rounded gunwale in such cases the depth mouldedis measured from the intersection of the deck line continued with the breadth moulded line.在某些現(xiàn)代船上，具有圓弧舷邊頂部。sheer:舷弧；ends:船端;deck line at side (deck at side line, deck

24、 at side): 甲板邊線；sheer fbnv aidaft:首7 尾舷??；peffle:縱剖面(圖)，輪廓platfoini :平臺(tái)；rough sea:強(qiáng)浪，兇濤海面;seakeeping:耐波性the three principal dimensions give a general idea of the size of a ship but there are several other features which have to be considered and which could be different in two ships having the same l

25、ength, breadth and depth.關(guān)于一條船的大小，盡管由三個(gè)主尺度可給出一 個(gè)概貌，但還必須考慮其他一些特性。因?yàn)榫哂邢嗤?長(zhǎng)寬深的兩條船，其他方面的特性可能不同。other featuresthe more important of these willnow be defined現(xiàn)把比較重要的一些特性定義如下：sheer is the height of the deck at side above a line drawn parallel to the base and tangent to the deck line at amidships.舷弧是指甲板邊線離開(kāi)一

26、基準(zhǔn)線的距離，這基準(zhǔn) 線為在船中處與甲板邊線相切且平行于基線的直線。 the sheercan vary along the length of the ship and is usually greatest at the ends.sheer：舷弧舷弧沿船長(zhǎng)變化。一般在船首、船尾達(dá)到最大值。on the other hand there maybe no sheer at all on the deck, which will then be parallel to the base over the entire length. 另外，某些船舶的甲板也可能根本 沒(méi)有舷弧，也就是說(shuō)，在整個(gè)

27、船長(zhǎng)范圍內(nèi)，甲板邊線 都平行于基線。in modern ships the deck line at side often has a variety of shapes: it may be flat with zero sheer over some distance on either side of amidships and then rise as a straight line towards the ends;現(xiàn)代船舶上，甲板邊線通常有齊種形狀：離船屮兩邊 的某一段距離內(nèi)可能不設(shè)舷弧而是平的，然后以直線 形式向兩端升起；so called 'standard* shee

28、rwas given by the formulae:sheer forward (in) = 0.2 l(ft) +20sheer aft (in) = 0.1 l(ft) +10所謂的“標(biāo)準(zhǔn)”舷弧由下血公式給處：首舷弧(英寸)=0.2l (英尺)+20尾舷弧(英寸)=0.1l (英尺)+ 10in older ships the deck at side line was parabolic in profile and the sheer was quoted as its value on the forward and after perpendiculars.在較老式的船上，甲板邊

29、線在縱剖面圖上呈拋物線，且把在首尾垂線處的值作為舷弧。there two formulae in terms of metric unitswould give:sheer forward (cm) = 1.666 l(m) +50.8sheer aft (cm) = 0.833 l(m) +25.4 這兩個(gè)公式按照公制單位變成： 首舷弧(厘米)=1.666l (米)+50.8 尾舷弧(厘米)=0.833l (米)+25.4 然而，常有恍丁卩氐疣撲閥 玫謀曜賈滌瀉芫!1!彭鉗？的情況。 sometimes the sheer forwardwas increased while the she

30、er after was reduced.有時(shí)，首舷弧增加而尾舷弧減少。it was often the case, however, that considerable variation was made from these standard values.it will be seen that the sheer forward formulae is twice as much as the sheer aft in these standard formulae.由這些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)公式可以看出，首舷弧是尾舷弧的兩倍。the value of sheer and particularly

31、the sheer forward was to increase the height of the deck above water (the 'height of platform, as it was called) and this helped to prevent water being shipped when the vessel was moving through rough sea.舷弧值，特別是首舷弧值被用來(lái)增加甲板離開(kāi)水血的高度(稱為“平臺(tái)高度”)， 這樣有利于船舶在波濤洶涌的海面上航行時(shí)防止甲板 上浪。occasionally the lowest poi

32、nt of the upper deck was some distance aft of amidships and sometimes departures were made from the parabolic sheer profile 偶爾，上甲板的最低點(diǎn)在船中偏尾部一段距離處，有 時(shí)舷弧不是拋物線形狀。the reason for the abolition of sheer in some modern ships is that their depths are so great that additional height of the deck above water a

33、t the fore end is unnecessary from a seakeeping point of view. 在某些現(xiàn)代船舶上，取消舷弧的理由是因?yàn)榇暗纳?度已經(jīng)很大，從耐波性角度考慮，沒(méi)有必要再在首端 增加甲板的髙度。deletion of sheer also tends to make the ship easier to construct, but on the other hand it could be said that the appearance of the ship suffers inconsequence.舷弧的取消還有利于船舶的建造。但從另一方

34、面看，這樣有損于船舶的外形美觀。cam her （round of beam ）:梁拱；weatherdeck:霜天甲板；drainage:排水；upright: ie浮，直立；at re st:在靜水中；accom m odation :居住艙； bilge radius:毗（部）半徑； m id ship section:船中剖面； bilge:舟比（部）； rise of floor:船底升高（毗部升高）;the camber curve used tobe parabolic but here again often nowadays straight line camber curv

35、es are used or there may be no camber at all on decks.過(guò)去的梁拱線習(xí)慣上為拋物線，但現(xiàn)在常采用直線型，甚至根 本不設(shè)梁拱。camber or round of beam is defined as the rise of the deck of the ship in going from the side to the center.梁拱定義為甲板邊線與甲板中線的高度差。camber：梁拱often, if the weatherdeck of a ship is cambered, the lower decks particularl

36、y in passenger ships may have no camber at all, as this makes for horizontal decks in accommodation which is an advantage. 通常，即使露天甲板有梁拱， 下一層甲板（特別是客船）也可能根本沒(méi)有梁拱，因 為水平的甲板有利于居住艙的布置。camber is useful on the weather deck of a ship from a drainage point of view, but this may not be very important since the

37、ship is very rarely upright and at rest.從排水的角度考慮，在露天甲板上設(shè)有梁拱是有益的; 但這一點(diǎn)并不顯得那么重要，因?yàn)槭聦?shí)上船舶很少處 于正浮或靜止位置。the camber on the deck diminishes towards the ends of the ship as the deck breadths become smaller.隨著甲板寬度沿著船首尾端方向的變小， 梁拱也逐漸消失。camber is usually stated as its value on the moulded breadth of the ship and

38、 standard camber was taken as one-fiftieth of the breadth 梁拱一般表示為船舶型寬的某一值。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)梁拱取為型 寬的1/50。this part of thesection is referred to as the 'bilge' and the shape is often circular at this position. 剖面中的圓角部分就稱為錮比 部"，其形狀一般呈圓形。in many 'full，cargo ships the outline of the midship section is

39、virtually a rectangle with the lower corners rounded off.在很多“豐滿的貨船上，船中橫剖面實(shí)際上是 矩形，其下部有一圓角。bilge radiussome designersprefer to make the section some curve other than a circle in way of the bilge.有些設(shè)計(jì)師喜歡把妣部形狀設(shè)計(jì)成其它曲線而不采用圓形；the radius of the circular arc forming the bilge is called the 'bilge radius9

40、.形成毗部的圓半徑稱為錮比半徑j(luò)the curvewould have a radius of curvature which increases as it approaches the straight parts of the section with which it has to link up.該曲線有一曲率半徑，當(dāng)曲線接近剖面的直線部分時(shí)，為使其和直 線部分連接，曲率半徑必須增加。if the line ofthe flat bottom is continued outwards it will intersect the breadth moulded line.如果把平底線

41、向外延伸，它將與型寬線相交。the bottom of a ship at amidships is usually flat but is not necessarily horizontal.船舸底部一般是平的，但未必是水平的。rise of floor毗部升高the rise of floor is very much dependent on the ship form.the heightof this intersection above base is called the 'riseof floor毗部升高與船型有很大關(guān)系。該交點(diǎn)離開(kāi)基線的高度稱為“毗部升高雹in fi

42、ne formships much bigger rise of floor would be adopted in association with a larger bilge radius.在線型尖瘦的船上，則采用很大的毗部升髙，同時(shí)具有一個(gè)較大的毗部半徑。in ships of full form such as cargo ships the rise of floor may only be a few centimeters or may be eliminated altogether.例如在貨船這樣的豐滿船型上，毗部升高可能只有幾 厘米，甚至可能根木沒(méi)有。flatofkee上

43、 龍骨寬；flat plate keel:平板龍骨；center gilder:中桁材；bevel:折（斜）角，將直角角鋼改為斜角； connecting angh:聯(lián)接角鋼 turn blc hom e 內(nèi)傾； bar:巴（氣壓?jiǎn)挝唬?rake:傾斜flat of keel：龍骨寬毗龍骨位置單板式毗龍骨結(jié)構(gòu)三角式與y式妣龍骨結(jié)構(gòu)where there is no riseof floor, of course, the bottom is flat from the center line to the point where the curve of the bilge starts.當(dāng)然

44、，若沒(méi)箸毗部升高，則船底從中心線到毗部曲線開(kāi)始點(diǎn)z 間是平的；a feature which was common in the days of riveted ships was what was known as "flat of keel' or 'flat of bottom,.“龍骨寬"是釧釘船時(shí)代較普遍的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)。if there was a rise of floor it was customary for the line of the bottom to intersect the base line some distance from

45、 the center line so that on either side of the center line there was a small portion of the bottom which was horizontal.如有毗部升高，習(xí)慣上船底線和基線的交點(diǎn) 離開(kāi)船體屮心線一段距離。這樣，在屮心線 的兩邊都有一小部分水平的船底。this was known as the 'flat of bottom and its value lay in the fact that a right angle connection could be made between t

46、he flat plate keel and the vertical center girder and this connection could be accomplished without having to bevel the connecting angle bars. 這部分就稱為“龍骨寬”。它的價(jià)值在于：在 平板龍骨和中桁材z間可使用直角角鋼連接， 這種聯(lián)接無(wú)須將聯(lián)接角鋼的直角改為斜角。this is the amount which the side of the ship falls in from the breadth moulded line.內(nèi)傾 是指船側(cè)由具型寬

47、線向內(nèi)傾斜的值。 another feature of the midship section of a ship which was at one time quite common but has now almost completely disappeared is what was called 'tumble home 船腫橫剖面的另一個(gè)特點(diǎn)是所謂的“內(nèi)傾雹它 在過(guò)去一段時(shí)間相當(dāng)普遍，但現(xiàn)在幾乎完全消失了。 tumble home ships of the present day rarely employ this feature since its eliminatio

48、n makes for ease of production and it is of doubtful value.現(xiàn)代船舶已很少采用這個(gè)特性，因?yàn)樗娜∠欣诮ㄔ?，且?nèi)傾本身也沒(méi)有什么優(yōu) 點(diǎn)。tumble home was a usual feature in sailing ships and often appeared in steel merchant ships before world war ii.內(nèi)傾是帆船上常見(jiàn)的一個(gè)特性，二次大戰(zhàn)前的鋼 質(zhì)船上也經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)。混合首柱rake of stem：舗柱傾斜it may be defined either by the angle to the vertical or the distance between the intersection of the stem produced with the base line and the forward perpendicular.它可以用首柱和垂線所成的角度來(lái)沱義，也可以用首柱延長(zhǎng)線與基線 的交點(diǎn)到首垂線之間的距離來(lái)定義。in ships which have straight stems formed by a stem bar or a plate t