直接引語和間接引語用法(完整版)

1、He said,"I met Mr. SmiththiS morning."他說 我今天早晨見到史密斯了。直接引語和間接引語用法（完整版）一、概述引用或轉(zhuǎn)述別人說的話時(shí)有兩種方法：直接引述別人的原話，這叫做直接引語（direct SPeeCh）。用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話， 叫間接引語（indirect SPeeCh）。一般地講，直接引語前后要加引號(hào)， 間接引語不用引 號(hào)，而用賓語從句來表達(dá)。Mr. Black said, "I'm busy.布菜克先生說：我很忙”（直接引語）Mr. Black Said that he WaS busy.布菜克先生說他很忙。

2、（賓語從句是間接引語）從上例看來，直接引語改為間接引語時(shí)，除將直接引語改為賓語從句之外， 還須對(duì)直接引語中的人稱和 時(shí)態(tài)進(jìn)行相應(yīng)的變化， 如上例直接引語中的I改成了 he, am則改成了 WaS?，F(xiàn)將由直接引語改為間接引語 時(shí)應(yīng)注意的問題，分述如下：二、直接引語是陳述句時(shí)直接引語如果是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，用連詞that引導(dǎo)（that在口語中常省去），that從句之前用Say、tell等動(dòng)詞，從句中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語、地點(diǎn)狀語等要作相應(yīng)的變化。1、人稱的變化直接引語改為間接引語人稱要相應(yīng)的變化。口訣如下：一隨主，二隨賓，第三人稱不更新。“一隨主”即把直接引語中的第一人稱（如：I

3、, me , my , mine , We , US, OUr, ours）變?yōu)榕c主句的主語相一致的人稱?！岸S賓”即把直接引語中的第二人稱（you , your, yours）變?yōu)楹椭骶涞拈g接賓語（即聽話人，如無聽話人，可根據(jù)上下文的體會(huì)人為確定一個(gè)人稱）相一致的人稱?！暗谌朔Q不更新”即直接引語中的第三人稱（he , him , his , She , her, hers,it , its,they,their , theirs , them）變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，人稱不變。一隨主：He Said , I Iike it Very much. ”他說：我非常喜歡它”He Said that he

4、 Iiked it Very much. 他說他非常喜歡它。（I 改為 he, it 不變） They Said , ”ur Parents often go shopping With us." They Said their Pare nts ofte n go shopp ing With them.二隨賓：He said, Ybu told me this story.他說：你給我講過這個(gè)故事?！?He Said that I had told him that story.他說我給他講過那個(gè)故事。（You 改為 I, me 改為 him, told 改為 had told）

5、 She Said to Mary , "How is your brother now? ” She asked Mary how her brother WaS the n.第三人稱不更新：He Said to me,She's Ieft her book in your room"他對(duì)我說：她把書放在你的房間里去了。 ”He told me that She had left he匸book in my room.他對(duì)我說她把書放在我的房間里去了。（She' sShe had , her 不變，your my ） Mr White said, &quo

6、t;Hand is a good Worker. "直接引語間接引語一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)（不變）一般將來時(shí)過去將來時(shí)一般將來進(jìn)行時(shí)過去將來進(jìn)行時(shí)一般將來完成時(shí)過去將來完成時(shí) Mr White Said Hand WaS a good Worker.2、時(shí)態(tài)的變化直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，從句的時(shí)態(tài)要作出相應(yīng)的變化，當(dāng)主句為一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，從句可以是任何時(shí)態(tài)；當(dāng)主句為一般過 去時(shí)，從句必須為過去時(shí)的某個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。即“主過從過，主現(xiàn)從 任"。情態(tài)動(dòng)詞也要變成相應(yīng)的過去式：Can could ; may mig

7、ht ; must must/had to（1）主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)如主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一般過去時(shí)，直接引語變間接引語時(shí),從句的謂語動(dòng)詞在時(shí)態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化。直接引語改為間 接引語時(shí)，動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)變化表： He Said that he usually WatChed TV OnSUnday.他說他常在星期天看電視。 He said, mI'using the knife.他說： 我正在用小刀?！?He Said that he WaS USing the knife.他說他正在用小刀。 She said,hlave not heardfrom him SinCe May.&#

8、39;她說：自從五月份來我就沒有收到他的來信。She Said that She had not heard from him Since May.她說自從五月份以來她就沒收到他的來信。 He Said，“ Came to help you.他說：我來幫助你。” He Said that he had Come to help me.他說他來幫助我。 He said,'hIad finishedmy homework before supper."他說：晚飯前我己做完了作業(yè)?！?He Said that he had fini Shedhis homework before

9、supper.他說晚飯前他己做完了作業(yè)。 Zhou Lan said,TlIdo it after class.周蘭說：下課后我就去做。”Zhou Lan Said that SheWoUld do it after class.周蘭說下課后她就去做。 He said, 'Shall be doi ngmy homework the n .他說：那時(shí)我將正在做作業(yè)。” He Said that he ShoUld be doing his homework the n. 他說那時(shí)他將正在做作業(yè)。 He said,“ Wehall have fini Shedthe work by th

10、at time. 他說： 我們將在那時(shí)以前完成工作。 He Said that they ShoUld have fini Shedthe work by that time. 他說他們將在那時(shí)以前完成工作。注意：直接引語如果是客觀真理、名人名言、與一個(gè)具體的過去時(shí)間連用說明客觀事實(shí)時(shí)，變?yōu)殚g接 引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)不變。 The teacher said,“ The earths round.老師說：地球是圓的?！盩he teacher Said that the earthis round.老師說地球是圓的。 He said, WaS born in Shangdong in 1965."

11、;他說：我 1965 年生于山東?！?He Said that he WaS born in Shangdong in 1965.他說他 1965 年生于山東。 He said, "Columbusjiscovered AmeriCa in 1492. '他說：哥倫布在 1492 年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。”He Said Columbus discovered AmeriCa in 1492.他說哥倫布在 1492 年發(fā)現(xiàn)了美洲。(2)主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)如果主句的謂語動(dòng)詞是現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)一律不變 He says, "finished

12、the work. 他說：我做完工作了。 ”He SayS that he finished the work.他說他做完工作了。 He will say,haie Watered the flowers. ”會(huì)說：我己經(jīng)澆花了。 ”He will Say he has Watered the flowers. 他會(huì)說他己經(jīng)澆花了。3、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語和地點(diǎn)狀語的相應(yīng)變化見下表：直接引語間接引語指示代詞this/thesethat/those時(shí)間狀語nowthentodaythat dayto ni ghtthat ni ghtthis Week (month )that Week (mon

13、th )yesterdaythe day beforelast Week (month )the Week (mon th )beforetwo WeekS (mon th)agotwo WeekS (mon ths)beforetomorrowthe next dayn ext Week (month )the next Week (month)地點(diǎn)狀語herethere動(dòng) 詞comegobringtakeHe Said that he had met Mr. Smith that morning.他說他那天早晨見到史密斯了。 He said, “We Went to the Cinema

14、yesterday ."他說： 我們昨天去電影院了?！?He Said they had gone to the Cinemathe day before . 他說前一天他們?nèi)ル娪霸毫恕?Lily said, “I will come backext month ."莉莉說：我下個(gè)月回來?！?Lily Said that She would go back the next month .莉莉說她下一個(gè)月就回去。 He said,“It is nine o'clock now .他說：現(xiàn)在九點(diǎn)了。 ” He Said that it WaS nine o'c

15、lock then .他說那時(shí)九點(diǎn)了。 He said, “I have Seen her today . 他說： 今天我沒見到她?！?He Said that he had n't Seen her t hat day .他說那天他沒有見到她。 She said, “I Went thereyesterday .她說：昨天我去了那兒。” She Said that She had gone there the day before .她說前一天她去了那兒。 She said, “ I'll go theretomorrow .她說：明天我將去那兒。” She Sa id th

16、at She would go there the next day .她說第二天她將去那兒。 He said, “My SiSter WaShere three days ago . 他說：三天前我妹妹在這兒。” He Said that his SiSter had beenthere three days before .他說三天前他妹妹在那兒。(here there;ago before) She said, “I WiCome here this evening."她說：今晚我將來這兒?！盨he Said that She would go there that eveni

17、ng.她說那晚她將去那兒。( comego ； here there ； this tha)以上這些變化，要根據(jù)說話的具體時(shí)間和具體地點(diǎn)的情況而定，不可機(jī)械照搬。如果就在當(dāng)?shù)剞D(zhuǎn)述，here就不必改為there, come也不必改為go,如果就在當(dāng)天轉(zhuǎn)述，yesterday或tomorrow等時(shí)間狀語也不必改 變。直接引語中的一般過去時(shí)如與一個(gè)具體的過去時(shí)間狀語連用，間接引語的一般過去時(shí)時(shí)態(tài)不變。 Fath er said, “ I am frehis after noon"父親說：我今天下午有空。” Father Said that he WaS free this after no

18、on . 父親說他今天下午有空。 He said, “I am goingthere tomorrow .'他說 我明天去那里。”He Said that he WaS going there tomorrow . 他說他明天去那里。巧記：當(dāng)直接引語為陳述句，主句為過去時(shí)，變成間接引語的“順口溜”是：去掉引號(hào)加that ,人稱變化要靈活，時(shí)態(tài)向后退一步，狀語變化按規(guī)定。She Said , "My brother doesn ' Want to go there. ” She Said that her brother did nIWa nt to come here

19、.三、直接引語是疑問句時(shí)直接引語如為疑問句，改為間接引語時(shí)，須將疑問句的語序改為陳述句的語序。其人稱、時(shí)態(tài)等相應(yīng) 的變化同上。巧記：if(或Whether)替引號(hào)，陳述語序要記牢。時(shí)態(tài)、人稱和狀語要變化，千萬別把它忘掉。1、直接引語是一般問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，須用連接詞Whether或if將其引出，使其成為間接引語的賓語從句。如果主句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為Said ,則將其改為asked。如果謂語動(dòng)詞后沒有間接賓語，可以加上一個(gè)間接賓語me, him, her,them, US 等。 She Said , I“ your father an engineer?"她說：你父親是工程師嗎 ？” S

20、he asked me Whether my father WaS an engineer.她問我說我父親是否是工程師。 The teacher Said to Li Ming, HaVe you finiShed your homework?"老師對(duì)李明說：你做完作業(yè)了嗎？”The teacher asked Li Ming Whether he had finiShed his homework. 老師問李明是否已做完作業(yè)TO2、直接引語是特殊問句如果直接引語為特殊疑問句，改為間接引語時(shí)，仍用特殊疑問句中的疑問詞what, where, Whe n, who,how many作為

21、連接詞將其引出，構(gòu)成間接引語中的賓語從句，但須將疑問式的動(dòng)詞改為陳述式。如果主 句中的謂語動(dòng)詞為Said，則將其改為asked。巧記：直接去引號(hào)，陳述語序莫忘掉。助動(dòng)do(does)、did ,要去掉。 What do you doevery SUnday morning? ” my friend Said to me .我的朋友問我說，每星期天上午你做什 My friend asked me What I did every SUnday morning. 我的朋友問我每星期天上午我做什么。 Where have you been , Li Min g? "the teachr a

22、sked .老師問道： 你上哪里去了，李明 ？”The teacher asked Li Ming Where he had been .老師問李明曾去過哪兒。 I asked her, Hdw ma ny En glish books Will youread next term? ”我問她說：下學(xué)期你將讀多少本英語書？ ” I asked her how many English books She WoUld readthe next term. 我問她下學(xué)期將讀多少本英文書。 When did you get UP this morning? ” asked my father我父親問

23、道：今天早晨你什么時(shí)候起床的？' My father asked me When I had got UP that morni ng.我父親問我那天早晨我是什么時(shí)候起床的。注意：直接引語里是：What's Wrong With ?/What's the matter? /What's the trouble?/What hashappened?/等特殊疑問句時(shí)，間接引語的語序不變。He Said to her Wh'at' S the matter With you? 他問她 你怎么了？ ”He asked her What WaS the m

24、atter With her . 他問她怎么了。四、直接引語是祈使句當(dāng)直接引語是祈使句，變?yōu)殚g接引語要用"tell sb. (not) to do sth."結(jié)構(gòu)。The teacher Said to her mother ,"Please give me the book. ” The teacher told her mother to give her the book.巧記：去掉引號(hào)要加to ; ask , order須記住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。轉(zhuǎn)述祈使句時(shí)，要使祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式，并在不定式的前面根據(jù)句子的意思加上tel

25、l、ask、order等動(dòng)詞，如果祈使句為否定式，在不定式的前面加nOt。如果祈使句中有 PIeaSe 一詞，改為間接弓丨語時(shí)，就將PIeaSe 去掉。成為： told (asked, ordered, Warned)someone (not) to do SOmething結(jié)構(gòu)。 He said, “Sit down, please. ” 他說： 請(qǐng)坐?！?He asked me to Sit down. 他讓我坐下。 The teacher said, “Don' t talkn class! 老師說： 上課不要講話! ”The teacher told US nOt to tal

26、k in class!老師要我們上課不要講話。 The CaPtainSaid to his men, "Fire!上尉對(duì)他的士兵們說 開火！ ” The CaPtain Ordered his men to fire . 上尉命令他的士兵們開火！ The Policema n Said to the ChiIdre n,Don't Play football in the middle of the street.警察對(duì)孩子們說：別在馬路中間踢足球?！?The Policema n Warned the Childre n not to Playfootball in th

27、e middle of the street. 警察警告孩子們不要在馬路中間踢足球。五、點(diǎn)擊考點(diǎn)I.改錯(cuò)：1. He Said that he is going to London.2. Tom Said they had fini Shed the job yesterday.3.She asked me don ' t smoke in the room.4.They asked that he WaS there.5.I asked you Where WaS he going.6. The teacher told US not talk any more.7. The doc

28、tor Said to his wife, Not Wait for me.8. He asked me who I am.9. Mary Said that She would See you tomorrow.10. Mother asked What the matter was.11. 將下列句子改為間接引語1. “ Where will you go tomorrow? ” , MOther asked me.2. The old woma n Said to me,“ PIeaSe IoCk the door for me.”3. The boy told his teacher,

29、“ We Went to an exhibitiOn yesterday.”4. He said, I'll go to the Stati on to See off a friend of mine this after noon.5. “ Hello,how are you? ” , he Said to me.6. Tom Said to me angrily,“Why don' t you tell me you have been here for two weeks?7. Joh n Said to Mary, “ Do you remember I borrowed a diam Ond n ecklace from you?8. The teacher Said to Li Ming,“ Don&