科技英語翻譯中的美學

1、科技英語翻譯夏進0410204212012年4月 AccuracyAccuracy精確美精確美 EST: accurate, not ambiguous or polysemy the authority of written discourse 科技文章用詞要求準確，盡量避免含糊不清和一詞多義，從而烘托出書卷話語的權威氣氛。 e.g. That the vitamin is sensitive to light was recognized only later. 原譯:維生素感光只是后來承認的。 改譯:維生素的光敏效應( 或光敏作用) 只是后來才為人們所認識。 dog clutch(爪形離

2、合器)、door to door delivery (送貨上門)、walkie-talkie(步話機)faithfulnessfaithfulness真實美真實美 Various meanings choose the most suitable meaning Context change the meaning to cater to the context 科技文本要體現的是自然界的內在規(guī)律,講究所述事物的客觀性和準確性,因此在翻譯時譯文所表達的意義一定要與原文所表達的意義一致,做到準確無誤.只有突出了科學上的真,才能作到真中見美“ e.g. All bodies consist of

3、molecules and these of atoms. 譯文一:所有的物體都由分子和原子所組成. 譯文二:所有的物體都是由分子組成,而分子又是由原子組成.ConcisenessConciseness簡約美簡約美 Nominalization in EST: 1) less subjects in sentences objective; 2) less redundancy in sentences 名詞化結構在科技英語中的廣泛使用使句子變成名詞短語，其作用有：一、可以較少使用人稱主語，從而體現科技概念的客觀性；二、可以避免結構臃腫。 e.g. It is a common propert

4、y of any matter that is expanded when it is heated and it contracts when cooled. 譯文一:任何物質,如果遇到熱,它就會膨脹,如果遇到冷,它就會收縮,這是共性. 譯文二:熱脹冷縮是所有物質的共性. ConcisenessConciseness簡約美簡約美 E.g. 如果我們測得地震波的走時和振幅，我們就能確定地下的幾何形狀并估算出與巖石速度和密度有關的聲阻抗。 Original translation: If we measure the seismic travel time and amplitude, we c

5、an define the surface geometry and give estimate of the acoustic impedances related to rock velocities and densities. Improved translation: (impersonal noun as the subject of the sentence) Seismic measurements of travel time and amplitude define the subsurface geometry and give estimates of the acou

6、stic impedances related to rock velocities and densities.ParallelismParallelism整齊美整齊美Reasonable sentences structure in EST: two unequal different concepts 1) mail-clause construction ; 2) parallelism科技英語的客觀性、準確性和嚴密性要求采用合理的句子結構。如果一句話里包含兩個以上的不同概念，而它們又不是同等重要時，需采用主從結構；反之，當一個句子有兩個意義對等、起相同語法功能的并列成分時，則采用并列

7、結構。e.g. 1)制造方法可分為單件生產和批量生產，單件生產指小批量的生產，批量生產指大量相同零件的生產。English Translation:Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.ParallelismParallelism整齊美整齊美2) Associated with limit loads

8、is the proof factor, selected to ensure that if a limit load is applied to a structure the result will not be detrimental to the functioning of the aircraft, and the ultimate factor, which is indented to provide for the possibility of variations in structural strength.Analysis:Parallelism in main-cl

9、ause construction: parallelism of clauses英語重形合而漢語重意合，漢譯時不能全盤照搬原文的句子結構，宜采用先總后分，講究對稱的原則。有時主從結構中也會出現整齊對稱的結構，如漢譯長句時采用小句，層層推進，就體現出一定的整齊美。Chinese Translation:與極限負荷有關的是保險系數和終極系數，保險系數是選定用來保證即使極限負荷加在飛機上，飛機也不會受到損害；終極系數則是用來預防結構強度可能發(fā)生的變化。OrderingOrdering有序美有序美Descriptive ExpositoryArgumentativeChinese: end focu

10、sEnglish: beginning focus e.g. 雖然火箭復雜而令人難忘，但它是一種比較簡單的裝置，早在八百多年前，中國人就發(fā)明了。 Analysis: 英漢語中定語、狀語的分布各有一定的規(guī)律性，也體現了問題的有序美。該句的主要信息：火箭是一種比較簡單的裝置。OrderingOrdering有序美有序美 Original translation: Although the rocket may appear impressive and complex it is a relatively simple device and was invented in china as ear

11、ly as 800 years ago. Improved translation: Although it may appear impressive and complex, the rocket which was invented in China 800 years ago, is a relatively simple device.WholenessWholeness整體美整體美Grammatical connectors in EST: logical connectors邏輯關聯詞 referential ties照應關系 lexical connectors詞語關聯詞 co

12、nceptional paragraph：one or more natural paragraphs which contain one topic to constitute a unity.科技英語有一個重要的語言層次：概念段，這比其他文體體現得更明顯。概念段既可以是一個自然段，也可以是幾個自然段，概念段必須有一個主題，主題可以由一個句子表示，也可以由一個短語或一個從句表示。有時還要從幾個句子的某些部分中提煉出來。因此，具有鮮明主題的一個或幾個自然段稱為概念段。要組織一個概念段，先應確立它的主題，然后考慮主題應分布在什么位置，確定要寫的主體和內容之后，就要運用連接標志，使行文成為一個有機

13、體。WholenessWholeness整體美整體美 e.g. 活塞與氣缸的配合問題，對發(fā)動機的使用壽命影響極大。影響配合間隙的主要因素是活塞在工作狀態(tài)下的變形，真實反映活塞變形情況，已廣泛采用有限元法進行數值分析。 Original translation: The joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of an engine. The primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of pi

14、ston under working condition. In order to indicate the actual deformation of piston, the finite element method has been widely applied to analyze it numerically.WholenessWholeness整體美整體美 Improved translation: As the joint gap between a piston and a cylinder has great influence on the service life of

15、an engine, which the primary factor influencing the joint gap is the deformation of piston under working condition, it is important to indicate the actual deformation of piston and for the purpose the finite element method has been widely applied to analyze it numerically. Analysis: The improved ver

16、sion appears to be more cohesive and more English. 經過修改的譯文各部分之間銜接緊密，更符合英語的“形合”模式，其關鍵在于邏輯紐帶在語段翻譯中的正確運用。HarmonyHarmony和諧美和諧美Action is equal to reaction, but it acts in a contrary direction. 譯文一:作用與反作用相等,但它們向相反的方向起作用.譯文二:作用力與反作用力大小相等,方向相反.譯文二在內容上忠實于原文,做到了準確;在形式上做到了簡潔,表達有力,而且采用了漢語四字格的對比修辭手法,使譯文產生了和諧之美.

17、The electronic devices are used in computers as switches that simple turn on and off. 譯文一:這些電子器件在電腦中起開關作用,只是打開和關掉而已譯文二:這些電子器件在電腦中起開關作用,只是開開關關而已. 兩者相比較,譯文二的聲音協(xié)調,讀起來通順,譯文的這種音韻和諧之美是不言自明的.LogicLogic邏輯美邏輯美 logical connectors in EST:because, so, thus, for, but, however, though, -er, -est e.g. The harder t

18、he rock, so much the more difficult is the work of drilling, though few types are sufficiently hard to be allowed to remain after blasting without a lining of masonry or concrete. 巖石越堅硬,鉆孔就越困難。盡管如此, 很少有哪種類型的巖石在爆破后還具有足夠的硬度, 而不再需要用石塊或混凝土襯砌了。RhetoricRhetoric修辭美修辭美 Communicative Rhetoric 交際修辭 Aesthetic

19、Rhetoric 美學修辭Word rhetoric 詞語修辭Structure rhetoric 結構修辭Phonological rhetoric 音韻修辭RhetoricRhetoric修辭美修辭美Word rhetoric 詞語修辭詞語修辭常用的具體修辭格有隱喻(metaphor)、擬人(personification)、夸張(hyperbole)、仿擬(parody)、矛盾(oxymoron)、移就(transferred epithet)、對照(contrast)、借代(metonymy)、及提喻(synecdoche)等。e.g.In the chilly month of No

20、vember, most U.S. production areas do-nt have harvest fruit. But a team of University of Florida scientists is trying to help growers in Northern Florida produce a cropby tricking strawberry plants into thinking its spring time.譯文：寒風凜冽的十一月對美國大多數水果產地來說不是收獲季節(jié)，佛羅里達大學的一個研究小組卻正在嘗試讓佛羅里達北部果農在這時候也有收成方法是對草莓進行欺騙，讓它們覺得春天已經來臨了。RhetoricRhetoric修辭美修辭美 Structure rhetoric 結構修辭 結構修辭常用的具體修辭格有repetition（反復）, catchword repetition（聯珠）, chiasmus（回文）, parallelism（排比