外文翻譯參考樣板

1、.重慶科技學院學生畢業(yè)設(shè)計（論文）外文譯文學院建筑工程學院專業(yè)班級工程管理工管 2009-02學生姓名饒建林學號2009442232'.譯文要求1. 外文翻譯必須使用簽字筆，手工工整書寫，或用A4紙打印。2. 所選的原文不少于 10000印刷字符，其內(nèi)容必須與課題或?qū)I(yè)方向緊密相關(guān)，由指導教師提供，并注明詳細出處。3. 外文翻譯書文本后附原文（或復印件） 。'.選自：建筑防火設(shè)計，第 6 章：新建及現(xiàn)有建筑物的消防安全，作者 Jane I. Lataille， ISBN 9781220147935，陽光出版社 2003 年出版建筑防火設(shè)計第 6 章：新建及現(xiàn)有建筑物的消防安全6

2、-1 設(shè)計過程建筑物的設(shè)計用以滿足不同的需求。 建筑物必須有一個特定的空間， 容納特定數(shù)量的居住者，擁有特定的服務(wù)功能。還必須有電氣，機械和通風系統(tǒng)，用來支持建筑設(shè)計功能的使用。 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)，電氣和機械系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計， 需要滿足這些需求，以及滿足各類法規(guī)。 每門學科相互協(xié)調(diào)設(shè)計， 以滿足該設(shè)計項目的設(shè)計使用目標。防火設(shè)計同樣需要協(xié)調(diào)。 防火必須融入設(shè)計過程， 并在整個施工過程中協(xié)調(diào)。無論是規(guī)劃一個新的建筑物或是更改現(xiàn)有的建筑物這都是真實必要的。作為設(shè)計團隊的一員，防火工程師需要幫助發(fā)現(xiàn)和解決消防問題，讓消防問題不在項目中產(chǎn)生負面影響。有些時候新的建筑和現(xiàn)有建筑物的防火設(shè)計方法是不同的，但是基本設(shè)計原

3、理是相同的。有效整合消防的建設(shè)、 布局和建設(shè)的占用需要非常熟悉和了解消防系統(tǒng)的功能。 （詳見第 2 章）。新建項目的防火設(shè)計通常比涉及改變現(xiàn)有建筑物的防火設(shè)計更直接。 最合適的消防設(shè)計是適應(yīng)每一個已經(jīng)存在的工程， 而不是被確認的最合適的設(shè)計。 優(yōu)化設(shè)計往往是切實可行的，因此通常都容易發(fā)展不同的設(shè)計。對現(xiàn)有建筑物進行設(shè)計更改， 可以說是對所有工程學科的一項挑戰(zhàn)。任何建議的更改都將影響到所有其它領(lǐng)域。 這就是為什么涉及到改變現(xiàn)有建筑物時協(xié)調(diào)是非常重要的。有時當前的建筑規(guī)范對現(xiàn)有的建筑物無法適用。這是可以使用備選設(shè)計方案來保證當前的設(shè)計規(guī)范能適用這個設(shè)計。 其他工程學科也可以使用基于相同設(shè)計要求的替

4、代方案， 以達到規(guī)定的設(shè)計， 否則就無法滿足設(shè)計規(guī)范的意圖 。在所有的情況下， 基于相同設(shè)計要求的替代方案必須與其他學科相互協(xié)調(diào)。 在任何情況下，這些替代品是最好的開發(fā)工程師在適當?shù)慕ㄖ?guī)范中許可。建筑 /工程公司往往在建設(shè)項目體現(xiàn)非常大的作用是工程項目的主要參與者。建筑公司和工程咨詢公司往往是中等規(guī)模的新建設(shè)項目和翻新改造項目的主要參與者。然而，從新建項目到改造項目的設(shè)計中最重要的是設(shè)計的協(xié)調(diào)， 所有的學科，包括防火， 都需要在設(shè)計中相互協(xié)調(diào)， 專業(yè)的人士幫助把這些設(shè)計到項目中。'.6-2新建筑雖然新的建設(shè)項目， 在初始設(shè)計中可能會出現(xiàn)限制較少， 但它也給更多潛在的設(shè)計選擇。 這些需

5、要對建筑地點、建筑和工藝設(shè)計的要求進行選擇的，以及其他問題的研究 。消防工程師需要研究消防水供應(yīng)，提供報警服務(wù)。消防部門的能力、排水、消防風險、特殊的司法要求和其他功能的設(shè)計需求，都可能會影響消防設(shè)計。在這一點上，消防工程師決定是否通常規(guī)定的消防設(shè)計要求設(shè)計最適合的項目。 通常的情況下消防工程師實現(xiàn)了規(guī)范設(shè)計，同時協(xié)調(diào)所有相關(guān)的消防規(guī)范與其他學科的特點進行設(shè)計 。為了實現(xiàn)消防設(shè)計達到設(shè)計要求， 防火工程師必須掌握由業(yè)主指定的設(shè)計要求和消防設(shè)計目標 。然后必須將所有的要求進行系統(tǒng)設(shè)計，以滿足這些設(shè)計要求和和消防設(shè)計目標。防火設(shè)計最棘手的部分是，它依賴于建筑施工、建筑的布局和占用的機械、電氣系統(tǒng)建

6、設(shè)。因此，任何時間內(nèi)任何其他學科的設(shè)計有更改，消防設(shè)計必須進行檢查。這就是為什么防火必須在整個項目中協(xié)調(diào)進行。協(xié)調(diào)同樣重要的設(shè)計規(guī)范和基于防火性能為基礎(chǔ)的消防設(shè)計。 在規(guī)定的設(shè)計要求中，要求管立管在可能會發(fā)生火災(zāi)時，每一層的面積不超過一個特定的量。最初的建筑設(shè)計中， 控制這些地區(qū)的每一層樓的走廊上， 添加防火屏障和門。 如果以后的設(shè)計中修改或刪除門、 管立管，同樣需要改變消防設(shè)計。 消防給水管道的管立管，將需要的大小和位置設(shè)置。最好的做法是盡早的設(shè)計。基于性能化防火的設(shè)計中， 建設(shè)的任何變化都會影響消防系統(tǒng)是否滿足性能要求的主要目標。 在人員的出口降低中庭的大小可能影響能見度， 防火排煙系統(tǒng)可

7、能要重新設(shè)計?？梢栽谔囟▍^(qū)域內(nèi)的防火阻燃材料、建筑材料、房間的布局、占用、或存儲位置的改變時增加。所有這些變化需要復查，如果需要的話，自動噴水滅火系統(tǒng)的性能或其他建筑系統(tǒng)的性能復核。 可替換配置的防火阻燃材料可以改變。第4章處理性能化防火設(shè)計的協(xié)調(diào)問題、 第5章消防規(guī)范的協(xié)調(diào)問題， 這些將主要適用于規(guī)定的消防設(shè)計。 然而，這樣的規(guī)范的協(xié)調(diào)問題， 也適用于基于性能化防火的備選方案，他們可能也適用于一些性能化防火為基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計。6-3現(xiàn)有建筑物即使是看似無關(guān)的消防改變都會影響消防系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計。 移動防火墻可以影響防火分區(qū)的規(guī)模和價值， 這反過來又可以影響防火分區(qū)所需的保護面積。 移動未'.評級

8、墻壁或分區(qū)可以影響本地覆蓋灑水噴頭或探測器。 改變建筑的布局可以影響的安全出口規(guī)定。即使建筑結(jié)構(gòu)的變化不影響消防的布局， 也必須加以考慮。例如，包括金額或存儲位置的變化， 或入住率的變化。 其他的例如在室內(nèi)裝飾、 工藝設(shè)備或建筑物的通風，同樣要加以考慮。制定有效的防火設(shè)計， 在設(shè)計過程中以及在該項目完成后需要解決的管理變革。變更管理包含了許多常見的問題，其中包括改變一下內(nèi)容 ; · 建筑;· 建筑布局 ;· 系統(tǒng);· 入住率;· 工藝設(shè)計 ;· 存儲配置?，F(xiàn)有建筑中的許多項目都涉及到這種變化。有些建筑裝修工程可以被看作是不涉及重大設(shè)計

9、變更的后續(xù)工程。 這些項目可以包括這些類型的活動：· 更換現(xiàn)有的建筑材料或建筑系統(tǒng)本質(zhì)上是相同的材料或系統(tǒng);· 使用相同的現(xiàn)有類型的建筑， 樓層平面圖， 通風系統(tǒng)， 保護系統(tǒng)在新的領(lǐng)域 ;· 選擇“相同”或“類似”的材料或系統(tǒng)。這些活動可能不被看作是需要管理的變化。 然而，管理這些活動是非常重要的。原因有三。首先，制造商認為是 “相同 ”可以有不同的角度制造用來滿足設(shè)計目標；材料的制作方法可以改變， 可以指定厚度或不同的安全因素； 以及一些螺栓，過濾器，墊圈，及其他配件也可以改變。第二，即使一切是完全一樣的，還有個問題就是必須清楚這樣做是否合適，新工廠生產(chǎn)的是否合

10、格。這是一個機會來發(fā)展新的產(chǎn)品，變更相關(guān)設(shè)施的設(shè)計目標。第三， 即使它是適用于一切保持不變，在施工過程本身引入了臨時變更， 必須加以復查解決。 所有這些因素都可能影響防火設(shè)計?，F(xiàn)有建筑項目的消防設(shè)計過程中應(yīng)該遵循以下步驟；· 查找和檢討現(xiàn)行防火設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)。· 如果設(shè)計的基礎(chǔ)是不可用的， 分析現(xiàn)有的建筑施工， 建筑系統(tǒng)，占用和防火系統(tǒng)。· 確定新設(shè)計的目標。· 確定新的目標，以滿足所需防火要求的任何更改。'.· 分析預期的變化的影響。· 確定性能化設(shè)計提供最佳的服務(wù)項目是否符合規(guī)范要求。· 考慮使用的規(guī)范性和預計效果為

11、基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計組合。某些類型的現(xiàn)有建筑物的消防設(shè)計的翻新工程特別具有挑戰(zhàn)性 。常見的例子有空間的限制建筑的改造， 歷史建筑的改造， 同時需要保持自己的建筑風格的建筑的改造。這些類型的裝修工程經(jīng)常需要進行間隙為基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計或性能為基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)計方案，符合以下條文的規(guī)定。NFPA 歷史建筑有關(guān)的規(guī)范包括：·NFPA909，文化資源保護規(guī)范·NFPA914，歷史建筑的消防安全規(guī)范下面的消防工程雜志文章介紹了如何使用基于性能的設(shè)計和性能化設(shè)計建設(shè)改造項目：創(chuàng)刊號（ 1999年冬）：“星條旗永不落的消防安全” ，” Mi-chael J. Rzeznik， PE 在這個脆弱的纖維為標志的歷史性

12、時期， 需要一個專門的防火和滅火系統(tǒng)設(shè)計的組合來保護。發(fā)行第 2號（ 1999年春季）：“修復現(xiàn)有建筑 ”，由約翰 ·M·瓦，小，博士，使用當前的規(guī)范基于性能的設(shè)計可以保留的歷史建筑風格，同時提供一定程度的保護。發(fā)行第 5號（ 2000年冬）：“注意房內(nèi)煙氣控制 ”庫爾特 Ruchala，PE，裝修的三層大學宿舍基于表現(xiàn)規(guī)范的等價的需求。發(fā)行第 8 號（ 2000 年秋季）：“基于性能分析的歷史博物館 ”，安德魯 ·鮑曼，博物館裝修的一個重要的歷史性記錄以消防性能為基礎(chǔ)的消防安全分析。發(fā)行第 14 號（ 2002 年春季）：“系統(tǒng)消防的安全評價過程中的歷史財產(chǎn)的保

13、護 ”亞歷山大 ·科平， pH D.A 系統(tǒng)的評估程序適用于歷史悠久的教堂。另請參閱文章 “歷史建筑的防火性能評價 ”小約翰 ·M·沃茨，期刊，消防工程，卷 11 第 4 號（ 2001 年）。'.From：Fire protection engineering in building design，Chapter 6: Fire Protection for Newand Existing Buildings ， Jane I. Lataille， ISBN9781220147935，Publication Date2003，Sunshine press

14、Fire Protection Engineering in BuildingDesignContentsForewordviiPrefaceixIntroduction: The Importance ofIntegrating Fire Protection DesignxiiiChapter 1:What Is Fire Protection Engineering?11-1 The Discipline11-2 The Professional Society51-3 What FPEs Do61-4 How Fire Protection Engineering Differs7Ch

15、apter 2:Functions of Fire Protection Systems92-1 Preventing and Protecting Against Fire92-2 Reasons for Installing Fire ProtectionSystems112-3 Protecting Assets122-4 Relating Design Features to Function14Chapter 3:Performance-Based Fire Protection Design193-1 Design Elements193-2 Fire Science223-3 D

16、esign Fire Scenarios253-4 Other Design Considerations263-5 Examples of Performance-Based Design28Chapter 4:Prescriptive Fire Protection Design334-1 Desirability of Prescriptive Design334-2 Prescriptive Codes344-3 Inherent Risk364-4 Design Coordination37Chapter 5:Interfacing With the Other Discipline

17、s405-.1 Architectural405-2 Chemical46'.5-3Electrical595-4Mechanical695- 5 Structural75Chapter 6:Fire Protection for New and Existing Buildings836-1 The Design Process836-2 New Construction846-3 Existing Buildings86Chapter 7:Writing Fire Protection Specifications907-1 Coordinating the Specificati

18、ons907-2Traditional Project Specifications967-3 Division 13 - Special Construction1007-4 Expanded Construction Specifications101References105Related Professional Organizations106Alphabetical Listing108Listing By Type114Listing By Related Discipline120Index129Chapter 6Fire Protection for New and Exis

19、ting Buildings6-1 The Design ProcessBuildings are designed to meet many needs. They must have a particular amount of space, accommodate a particular number of occupants, and serve particular functions. They must also have electrical, mechanical, and ventilation systems to support the planned operati

20、ons. The structural, electrical, and mechanical systems are designed to meet these needs as well as to meet applicable codes. Each discipline is coordinated as necessary to meet the project's goals.Meeting fire protection goals requires the same type of coordination. Fire protection must be inte

21、grated into the design process and coordinated throughout construction. This is true whether planning a new building or making changes to an existing one. As a member of the design team, the fire protection engineer can help identify and resolve fire protection issues and keep them from adversely af

22、fecting the project.'.Sometimes the fire protection design approach is different for new construction than for existing buildings, but the underlying design principles are the same. Effectively integrating fire protection requires being very familiar with the construction, layout, and occupancy

23、of the building and knowing the functions that the fire protection systems are expected to serve. (See Chapter 2.)New construction projects are usually more straightforward than projects involving changes to existing buildings. Rather than having to adapt to what is already there, each engineering d

24、iscipline can start with the designs recognized as being most appropriate. The optimum design may often be feasible; if not, alternate designs are usually easy to develop.Making changes to existing buildings can be a design challenge for all the engineering disciplines. Every proposed change can aff

25、ect all the other disciplines, including fire protection. This is why coordination is very important on projects involving changes to existing buildings.Sometimes bringing existing buildings up to current prescriptive building codes is not feasible. This is where performance-basedfire protection des

26、ign alternatives can be used to achieve a level of protection equivalent to that specified in the current code. The other engineering disciplines may also use performance-based alternatives to achieve the intent of prescriptive provisions that cannot otherwise be met. In all cases, performance-based

27、 alternatives must be coordinated with the other disciplines. And in all cases, these alternatives are best developed by engineers licensed in the appropriate discipline.Combined architectural/engineering firms are often the prime professionals on very large building projects. Architectural firms ar

28、e often the prime professionals on moderate sized new construction projects, and engineering consulting firms are often the prime professionals on renovation projects. However, this can vary from project to'.project. The important thing is for the prime professional to coordinate the designs of

29、all the disciplines, including fire protection, and to help integrate these designs into the project.6-2 New ConstructionWhile new construction projects may present fewer initial design restrictions, they also present more potential design choices. Making these choices requires research into issues

30、like potential sites, building and process design choices, and other issues. The fire protection engineer would research fire protection water supplies, available alarm services, fire department capabilities, site drainage, fire exposures, special jurisdictional requirements, and other features that

31、 may affect fire protection design.At this point, the fire protection engineer determines whether the usual prescriptive fire protection design best suits the project. This is often the case. The fire protection engineer then implements the prescriptive design while coordinating features of all the

32、relevant codes with the other disciplines.To implement a performance-based design, the fire protection engineer must know the goals and objectives that have been specified by the owner. All system designs must then be shown to meet these goals and objectives.The trickiest part of the fire protection

33、 design is that it depends on the building construction, layout, and occupancy; and on the mechanical, electrical, and process systems in the building. Therefore, any time any other discipline changes a design, the fire protection has to be checked. This is why fire protection must be coordinated th

34、roughout the project.Coordination is equally important for prescriptive and performance-based designs. In a prescriptive design, a requirement for hose standpipes might apply when the fire area per floor exceeds a particular amount. An initial building design may control'.these areas by adding f

35、ire barriers and doors to corridors on each floor. If a later design revision removes the doors, the hose standpipes would then be required. The fire protection water supply piping to the hose standpipes would need to be sized and placed. This is best done as early as possible in the design.In a per

36、formance-based design, any change to the building can affect whether the fire protection systems meet the performance specifications of the owner. Decreasing the size of an atrium may affect visibility during occupant egress. The smoke control system might have to be redesigned. The amount of combus

37、tible materials in a given area can increase when changing construction materials, room layout, occupancy, or storage locations. All such changes would require rechecking the performance of sprinkler systems, if provided, or rechecking the performance of other building systems. Alternately, the conf

38、iguration of the combustible materials can be changed.Chapter 4 addresses thecoordination issues that accompany performance-based fire protection design. Chapter 5 addresses code coordination issues, which would primarily apply to prescriptive designs. However, such code coordination issues would al

39、so apply to performance-based equivalencies; and they might also apply to some performance-based designs.6-3 Existing BuildingsEven changes seemingly unrelated to fire protection can affect fire protection system design. Moving fire walls can affect the size and value of fire areas, which in turn ca

40、n affect the required level of protection. Moving unrated walls or partitions can affect local coverage of sprinkler heads or detectors. Changing building layout can affect provisions for means of egress.Even changes that do not affect the building structure or layout must be considered.Examples inc

41、lude changes in amounts or location of storage, or changes in occupancy.Other examples are changes in interior finishes, process equipment, or building'.ventilation.Developing an effective fire protection design requires addressing management of change both during the design process and after co

42、mpletion of the project. Management of change includes many familiar issues, including changes to;· Building construction;· Building layout;· Building systems;· Occupancy;· Process design; and· Storage configuration.Many projects in existing buildings involve these kind

43、s of changes.Some building renovation projects could be seen as not involving significant design changes. Such projects can include these types of activities:· Replacing existing construction materials or building systems with essentially the same materials or systems;· Using the same as e

44、xisting type of construction, floor plans, ventilation systems, or protective systems in new areas; or· Selecting "comparable" or "similar" materials or systems.These activities might not be seen as changes requiring management. However, managing these activities is importan

45、t for at least three reasons. First, what a manufacturer deems to be "the same" could have differences of concern in meeting the design goals. Fabrication methods can change, as can specified thicknesses or safety factors. Such things as bolts, filters, gaskets, and other accessoriescan al

46、so change.Second, even if everything is exactly the same, the question must be asked whether that is appropriate for the new facility. This is a chance to develop new, more relevant facility goals. Third, even if it is appropriate for everything to remain the same, the'.construction process itse

47、lf introduces temporary changes that must be addressed. All these factors have the potential of affecting the fire protection design.The fire protection design process for projects in existing facilities should follow these steps;· Find and review the existing fire protection design basis.·

48、; If the design basis is not available, analyze existing building construction, building systems, occupancy, and fire protection Systems.· Document the new facility goals.· Determine any changes required to meet the new goals.· Analyze the effects of anticipated changes.· Determi

49、ne whether prescriptive or performance-based design will best serve the project.· Consider using combinations of prescriptive and performance-based designs.Fire protection design can be especially challenging for certain types of renovations to existing buildings. Common examples would be for renovating buildings with restrictive space limitations and for renovating historic buildings while maintaining their character. These types of renovations frequently require perform-ance-based design or performance-based design alternatives to prescriptive code provisions.NFPA codes rel