初中英語(yǔ)必備語(yǔ)法知識(shí)概要句子成分與詞性詳解

1、 初中英語(yǔ)必備語(yǔ)法知識(shí)概要 Tiro整編主講句子成分句子結(jié)構(gòu)和詞性如有疑問(wèn)，請(qǐng)聯(lián)系Tiro：463844770qq 1. 區(qū)別句子成分和單詞詞性：句子成分：主語(yǔ)、主補(bǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓補(bǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)、獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。單詞詞性; 名詞，形容詞，副詞，代詞，介詞，數(shù)詞，量詞。2. 分析句子成分;主語(yǔ)：主語(yǔ)一般由名詞，代詞，動(dòng)名詞或者動(dòng)詞不定式充當(dāng)。動(dòng)名詞和動(dòng)詞不定式一般用it充當(dāng)形式主語(yǔ)。 名詞做主語(yǔ)：English is very important. 英語(yǔ)是很重要的。The students all love their English teacher. 這些學(xué)生都愛(ài)他們的英語(yǔ)老師。代詞

2、作主語(yǔ)They go to school by bus. 他們乘公共汽車(chē)上學(xué)。Most of the students come from the countryside. 大多數(shù)學(xué)生來(lái)自農(nóng)村。動(dòng)名詞作主語(yǔ)Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. 看電視太多對(duì)你的眼睛是有害的。Its no use regretting it. 懊悔是無(wú)用的。這是Its no use doing sth.的結(jié)構(gòu)，It為形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)是use后面的動(dòng)名詞或者動(dòng)詞不定式。動(dòng)詞不定式(短語(yǔ))作主語(yǔ)To see is to believe. 眼見(jiàn)為實(shí)。It is ver

3、y hard to get to sleep. 入睡很難。解釋同上謂語(yǔ)：謂語(yǔ)一般由動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)，可作謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞一般為實(shí)義動(dòng)詞(也就是行為動(dòng)詞)和連系動(dòng)詞(表狀態(tài))，行為動(dòng)詞根據(jù)其后是否可直接接賓語(yǔ)，又可分為及物動(dòng)詞和不及物動(dòng)詞。但動(dòng)詞不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞現(xiàn)在分詞-ing和過(guò)去分詞-ed為非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不能作謂語(yǔ)。實(shí)義動(dòng)詞非常多，如kill，hit，cry等等。有時(shí)還有情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+動(dòng)詞原形做謂語(yǔ)，情態(tài)動(dòng)詞有will(would),can(could),may(might),must,need, dear，shall(should)等及其否認(rèn)形式，這里就不一一說(shuō)明了。系動(dòng)詞包括：狀態(tài)系動(dòng)詞be、持續(xù)系動(dòng)詞k

4、eep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand、表像系動(dòng)詞seem, appear, look、感官系動(dòng)詞feel, smell, sound, taste、變化系動(dòng)詞become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run、終止系動(dòng)詞 prove, trun out。在初中階段，我們只要掌握以下幾個(gè)系動(dòng)詞即可：sound聽(tīng)，watch，see觀, feel感, make使, let讓, help幫。及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)We should help each other. 我們應(yīng)該互相幫助。They respect one another. 他

5、們互相尊重(對(duì)方)。All of the students like the novel. 所有這些學(xué)生都喜歡這本小說(shuō)。Did you see many people there? 你在那兒看見(jiàn)許多人了嗎?不及物動(dòng)詞作謂語(yǔ)He left here yesterday. 他昨天離開(kāi)這兒。Youre driving too fast. 你開(kāi)車(chē)開(kāi)得太快了。The teacher came in, book in hand. 老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著書(shū)。He went abroad in the September of 1988. 他于1988年9月出國(guó)。連系動(dòng)詞表狀態(tài)He is an excelle

6、nt teacher. 他是位優(yōu)秀的教師。Her son is a friend of ours. 她的兒子是我們的朋友。Ours is a great country. 我們的國(guó)家是一個(gè)偉大的國(guó)家。The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。We see him singing in the classroom.我們看見(jiàn)他正在教室里唱歌。Tom made his mother very angry.湯姆讓他媽媽很生氣。表語(yǔ)：表語(yǔ)與連系動(dòng)詞連用，構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)，說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征，一般由形容詞、名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞、數(shù)詞等充當(dāng)。They ar

7、e brother and sister. 他們是兄妹。 名詞What I want to say is this. 我想說(shuō)的就是這點(diǎn)。 代詞Her father is sixty-five. 她父親65歲。 數(shù)詞John is captain of the team. 約翰是足球隊(duì)的隊(duì)長(zhǎng)。 名詞The poor boy was myself. 那個(gè)可憐的孩子就是我自己。 反身代詞The ones who really want it are ourselves. 真正想要它的是我們自己。反身代詞All you need do is to take a taxi from the airpor

8、t. 你只需從機(jī)場(chǎng)打個(gè)的即可。 動(dòng)詞不定式My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜愛(ài)的運(yùn)動(dòng)是游泳。 動(dòng)名詞He is singing in the calssroom.他正在教室里唱歌。 分詞-ingTom made his mother very angry.湯姆讓他媽媽很生氣。 形容詞賓語(yǔ)：賓語(yǔ)是行為動(dòng)詞實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象，一般可分為動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)和介詞賓語(yǔ)，充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的可以是名詞、代詞、動(dòng)名詞、動(dòng)詞不定式或整個(gè)句子。I like Chinese food. 我喜歡中國(guó)菜。 名詞I bought a ticket for Milan. 我買(mǎi)了一張去米蘭的車(chē)票。 名詞I e

9、njoyed talking to you. 我和你談話很快樂(lè)。 動(dòng)名詞Have you finished dressing? 你衣服穿好了嗎? 動(dòng)名詞He certainly did not want to join them. 他確實(shí)不想?yún)⒓铀麄兊幕顒?dòng)。 動(dòng)詞不定式They decided to close the border. 他們決定封閉邊境。動(dòng)詞不定式We hoped that all would come well. 我們希望一切都會(huì)好轉(zhuǎn)。 句子We expected that you would stay for a few days. 我們預(yù)計(jì)你會(huì)待幾天的。 句子定語(yǔ)：定語(yǔ)為

10、句子的次要成分，起修飾限制名詞或代詞的作用，可分為前置定語(yǔ)和后置定語(yǔ)。一般由形容詞性物主代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞(短語(yǔ)) 或句子充當(dāng)。His father is a doctor. 他父親是一名醫(yī)生。形容詞性物主代詞Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有兩個(gè)兒子。數(shù)詞The girl under the tree is Kate. 在樹(shù)底下的那個(gè)女孩是凱特。介詞短語(yǔ)The man downstairs couldnt sleep well. 樓下的那個(gè)人不能睡好覺(jué)。 副詞I bought a new dictionary. 我買(mǎi)了本新字典。形容詞

11、Can you find out the answer to the question？你能找到這個(gè)問(wèn)題的答案嗎？介詞短語(yǔ)Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的東西嗎？動(dòng)詞不定式A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。分詞-ingA man going to die is always kind-hearted. 人之將死，其言也善。分詞-ingThe suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. 送往委員會(huì)的建議被采納了。分詞-edDo you know the man w

12、ho is standing next to Mr. Green? 你認(rèn)識(shí)站在格林先生旁邊的那個(gè)人嗎？ 定語(yǔ)從句狀語(yǔ)：英語(yǔ)中的狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或副詞，主要由副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞充當(dāng)，或由連詞引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度、目的、方式，比擬、讓步、條件、原因、結(jié)果、伴隨等。(1) 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上5:30起床。Hearing the news, they felt very excited. 聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，他們感到很興奮。Go along this street until you reac

13、h the end. 沿著這條街走直到到達(dá)盡頭為止。(2) 地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)Pandas only live in China. 熊貓僅生活在中國(guó)。You should put the book where it was. 你應(yīng)該把這本書(shū)放回原來(lái)的地方。(3) 程度狀語(yǔ)I have quite a lot of work to do. 我有相當(dāng)多的工作要做。(4) 目的狀語(yǔ)Well go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. 這個(gè)星期天我們將去沙灘野炊。He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.

14、 他從口袋里掏出一些零錢(qián)來(lái)買(mǎi)報(bào)紙。She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. 她早早地起床，以便能夠趕上這輛早班車(chē)。(5) 方式狀語(yǔ)We usually go to school on foot. 我們通常步行去上學(xué)。Please do it as I told you. 請(qǐng)按我告訴你的去做。(6) 讓步狀語(yǔ)Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy. 雖然她很有錢(qián)，而她并不幸福。No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. 無(wú)

15、論發(fā)生什么，我將決不失去信心。(7) 條件狀語(yǔ)If you dont work hard, youll fall behind the others. 假設(shè)你不努力學(xué)習(xí)，你將落后于別人。Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better. 如果給予更多的關(guān)心的話，這些花將長(zhǎng)得更好。(8) 比擬狀語(yǔ)Your watch is not the same as mine. 你的手表與我的不一樣。Mike is not as (so) tall as Jack. 邁克不及杰克高。(9) 原因狀語(yǔ)We didnt go to the par

16、k because of the bad weather. 由于天氣不好，我們沒(méi)有去公園。Im glad to meet you. 見(jiàn)到你我很快樂(lè)。Being ill, he didnt go to school. 由于病了，他沒(méi)有去上學(xué)。(10) 結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. 風(fēng)是如此地猛烈，以致于我們寸步難行。He left early, so that he caught the train. 他早早地離去，(結(jié)果) 因此趕上了火車(chē)。(11) 伴隨狀語(yǔ)The doctor hurried off

17、, with a medicine box under his arm. 這位醫(yī)生匆匆離去，胳膊下夾著一個(gè)藥箱子。The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 老師進(jìn)到教室里來(lái)，后面跟著一群學(xué)生。賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)賓補(bǔ)：賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)主要用來(lái)補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)，與賓語(yǔ)之間存在邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系或動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，可由名詞、形容詞、動(dòng)詞不定式、分詞等充當(dāng)。如：Tom found the climb quite easy. 湯姆覺(jué)得爬山很容易。形容詞Dont be so formal. Call me Jim. 不要這樣正規(guī)

18、，叫我吉姆好了。名詞Im finished. Lets go now. 我已干完，咱們走吧。形容詞You must keep it clean. 你要把它保持干凈。形容詞I have the car waiting. 我讓汽車(chē)等著。分詞-ingWe had the machine repaired. 我們請(qǐng)人修理了機(jī)器。分詞-edWhy dont you have your hair cut? 你為什么不理發(fā)? 分詞-edHe had his finger hurt. 他的手指弄傷了。分詞-edI had my watch stolen yesterday. 我的表昨天被人偷去了。分詞-edI have a lot of work to do. 我有許多工作要做。動(dòng)詞不定式She has plenty of clothes to wear. 她有足夠的衣服穿。動(dòng)詞不定式He made me repeat t