第一章 科技英語(yǔ)的概念及特點(diǎn)

1、第一章第一章科技英語(yǔ)的概念及特點(diǎn)科技英語(yǔ)的概念及特點(diǎn) 口語(yǔ)文體口語(yǔ)文體l任何作品均有特定的文體，原文的文體不同，翻譯方法也隨之而異。試觀察下列幾個(gè)片斷的原文及其譯文lIt appears that youve got the offer of a very good job .lA wonderful job .lAre you going to take it?lI dont think s o.lWhy not ?lI don t want to .l聽說(shuō)有個(gè)很好的工作要你去干。l挺好的工作。l打算干嗎？l不。l為什么不干？l不想干?？谡Z(yǔ)文體口語(yǔ)文體l這是小說(shuō)中的一段對(duì)說(shuō)，屬于口語(yǔ)文體。其

2、特點(diǎn)是：用詞自由，句法結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，短句與省略句多，自然樸素，生活氣息厚。l在譯文中進(jìn)一步體現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)口語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)，省去主語(yǔ)你、我；將英語(yǔ)的一個(gè)句子I don t think s o.干脆譯成一個(gè)字不，顯得簡(jiǎn)潔有力。文學(xué)文體文學(xué)文體lShe was of a helpless, fleshy build ,with a frank ,open countenance and an innocent ,diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient ,and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only

3、those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about .l那婦人生著一副綿軟多肉(軟弱豐滿)的體格，一張?zhí)孤书_誠(chéng)的面容，一種天真羞怯的神氣。一雙大落落的柔順眼睛，里邊隱藏著無(wú)窮的心事，只有那些對(duì)于凄惶無(wú)告的窮苦人面目作過(guò)同情觀察的人才看得出來(lái)。l五十一個(gè)詞的片斷,就運(yùn)用了十個(gè)形容詞,占五分之一。and in themdwelt such a shadow of distress是非常優(yōu)美生動(dòng)的文學(xué)語(yǔ)言，譯文保持了一風(fēng)格

4、。新聞文體新聞文體lMONTREA L-Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight , the first score launching a four -point first period out burst, to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.l蒙特利爾電在全國(guó)手球聯(lián)賽中克拉克

5、約翰斯今晚初試鋒芒，引起轟動(dòng)。上半場(chǎng)領(lǐng)先四分，首開記錄。克拉克發(fā)揮中堅(jiān)作用，約翰遜市高帽隊(duì)終以6:4擊敗蒙特利爾市小鴨隊(duì)，創(chuàng)造了連勝八場(chǎng)未負(fù)一場(chǎng)的戰(zhàn)績(jī)。l這是屬于應(yīng)用文的新聞文體，其特點(diǎn)是簡(jiǎn)明扼要，短小精悍，結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊，筆鋒犀利。上述這則電訊只有一個(gè)句子，卻把一場(chǎng)球賽描繪得淋漓盡致，富于吸引力。科技文體科技文體lThe range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig .2.The full -scale reading of the met

6、er alone may be 15 volts .With the multiplier 250 volts may be required to move the pointer to full -scale ,135 volts across the multiplier and 15 volts across the meter.l從上述的一段科技文章，不難看出其文體與修辭手段與前面列舉的文藝小說(shuō)，新聞報(bào)道等迥然不同。科技文體崇尚嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)周密，概念準(zhǔn)確，邏輯性強(qiáng)，行文簡(jiǎn)練，重點(diǎn)突出，句式嚴(yán)整，少有變化，常用前置性陳述，即在句中將主要信息盡量前置，通過(guò)主語(yǔ)傳遞主要信息?？萍嘉恼挛捏w的特點(diǎn)科技

7、文章文體的特點(diǎn)l清晰、準(zhǔn)確、精練、嚴(yán)密l科技文體要求行文簡(jiǎn)潔、表達(dá)客觀、內(nèi)容確切、信息量大、強(qiáng)調(diào)存在的事實(shí)，而非某一行為。l那末，科技文章的語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)特色在翻譯過(guò)程中如何處理，這是進(jìn)行英漢科技翻譯時(shí)需要探討的問(wèn)題。一、科技英語(yǔ)的概念一、科技英語(yǔ)的概念最早稱為ESP1.1.學(xué)術(shù)用英語(yǔ)（學(xué)術(shù)用英語(yǔ)（EAPEAP）2.2.職業(yè)英語(yǔ)（職業(yè)英語(yǔ)（EOPEOP）3.3.科技英語(yǔ)（科技英語(yǔ)（ESTEST）Eg1. Different topics will require the use of different information sources, but there are a number of r

8、eference tools that every student should be able to use with ease.主要應(yīng)用于以交流學(xué)術(shù)語(yǔ)言的學(xué)術(shù)場(chǎng)合，使用者多是在英國(guó)美國(guó)或說(shuō)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家的留學(xué)人員、研究人員或訪問(wèn)學(xué)者，他們或聽英語(yǔ)講座，或參加英語(yǔ)課程培訓(xùn)。1.學(xué)術(shù)用英語(yǔ)（學(xué)術(shù)用英語(yǔ)（EAP）English for Academic Purposes 2.職業(yè)英語(yǔ)（職業(yè)英語(yǔ)（EOP）English for Occupational Purposes 是職業(yè)人員如國(guó)際接線員、國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)管理者、國(guó)際貿(mào)易商人、旅游服務(wù)人員等等，在工作中必須具備的一項(xiàng)技能。Eg2. A wide varie

9、ty of accommodation is available to the modern tourist. It varies from the guest house or tourist home with one or two rooms to grand luxury hotels with hundreds of rooms. A feature of Europe is the pension, a small establishment with perhaps ten to twenty guest rooms. 膳宿公寓膳宿公寓 3.科技英語(yǔ)（科技英語(yǔ)（EST）Engli

10、sh for Science and Technology二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)1.一般結(jié)構(gòu)一般結(jié)構(gòu)（1）標(biāo)題）標(biāo)題 Title（2）目錄）目錄 Contents（3）摘要）摘要 Abstract （含（含Key words)（4）引言）引言 Introduction, Preface（5）正文）正文 Body（6）結(jié)論與建議）結(jié)論與建議 Results, Conclusions, Suggestions（7）總結(jié)）總結(jié) Summary（8）致謝）致謝 Acknowledgement（9）注釋）注釋 Notes（10）參考文獻(xiàn)）參考文獻(xiàn) References （11）附錄）附錄

11、Appendix 二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)l2.語(yǔ)言特征語(yǔ)言特征（1）標(biāo)題）標(biāo)題 Title 科技文章的標(biāo)題往往是文章的中心主旨，文章的標(biāo)題反映了作者所科技文章的標(biāo)題往往是文章的中心主旨，文章的標(biāo)題反映了作者所研究的主要內(nèi)容或作者所描述的科學(xué)真理和事實(shí)，或作者要說(shuō)明的科學(xué)研究的主要內(nèi)容或作者所描述的科學(xué)真理和事實(shí)，或作者要說(shuō)明的科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程和產(chǎn)品使用說(shuō)明等。實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程和產(chǎn)品使用說(shuō)明等。關(guān)于關(guān)于的研究、探討、分析、描述、說(shuō)明等：的研究、探討、分析、描述、說(shuō)明等：lResearch/study/probeonlIntroduction/brief introduction tolInve

12、stigation/survey/analysis/description ofl說(shuō)明一個(gè)科學(xué)真理和事實(shí)、實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程、產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明等，一般采用名詞性說(shuō)明一個(gè)科學(xué)真理和事實(shí)、實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程、產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明等，一般采用名詞性詞組、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式詞組、現(xiàn)在分詞的形式 The Miracle Chip, Machine Tools語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言言特特征征二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)l2.語(yǔ)言特征語(yǔ)言特征（2）摘要）摘要 Abstractl反映科技文獻(xiàn)主要內(nèi)容、思想方法、重要觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論等反映科技文獻(xiàn)主要內(nèi)容、思想方法、重要觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論等l一般長(zhǎng)度為一般長(zhǎng)度為150200wordsl多由多由3部分組成：主題句、支持句和結(jié)論句

13、部分組成：主題句、支持句和結(jié)論句主題句主題句lThe purpose of the paper islThe primary goal of this research islThe overall objective of this study islIn this paper, we aim atlThe chief aim of the present work is to investigate the facts thatlThe main objective of our study has been to obtain some resultslThe emphasis of t

14、he research lies inlThe author intends to build a model/a framework oflExperiment on is made in order to measure the amount of語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言言特特征征二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)2.語(yǔ)言特征語(yǔ)言特征（2）摘要）摘要 Abstractl反映科技文獻(xiàn)主要內(nèi)容、思想方法、重要觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論等反映科技文獻(xiàn)主要內(nèi)容、思想方法、重要觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論等l一般長(zhǎng)度為一般長(zhǎng)度為150200wordsl多由多由3部分組成：主題句、支持句和結(jié)論句部分組成：主題句、支持句和結(jié)論句支持句支持句lThe m

15、ethod used in our study is known aslThe technique we applied is referred to aslThe procedure they followed can be briefly described aslThe approach adopted extensively is calledlDetailed information has been acquired by the authors usinglThe research has recorded valuable data using the newly-develo

16、ped method.lThis is a working theory which is based on the idea thatlThe fundamental feature of this theory is as follows,語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言言特特征征二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)2.語(yǔ)言特征語(yǔ)言特征（2）摘要）摘要 Abstractl反映科技文獻(xiàn)主要內(nèi)容、思想方法、重要觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論等反映科技文獻(xiàn)主要內(nèi)容、思想方法、重要觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論等l一般長(zhǎng)度為一般長(zhǎng)度為150200wordsl多由多由3部分組成：主題句、支持句和結(jié)論句部分組成：主題句、支持句和結(jié)論句支持句支持句lThe theor

17、y is characterized bylThe experiment consisted of three steps, which are described inlThe test equipment that was used consisted oflIncluded in the experiment werelThey undertook many experiments to support the hypothesis whichlRecent experiments in this area suggested thatlA number of experiments w

18、ere performed to checklExamples with actual experiment demonstratelSpecial mention is given here to語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言言特特征征二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)2.語(yǔ)言特征語(yǔ)言特征（2）摘要）摘要 Abstractl反映科技文獻(xiàn)主要內(nèi)容、思想方法、重要觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論等反映科技文獻(xiàn)主要內(nèi)容、思想方法、重要觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論等l一般長(zhǎng)度為一般長(zhǎng)度為150200wordsl多由多由3部分組成：主題句、支持句和結(jié)論句部分組成：主題句、支持句和結(jié)論句結(jié)論句結(jié)論句lIn conclusion, we state thatlIn

19、summing up it may be stated thatlIt is concluded thatlThe results of the experiment indicate thatlThe studies we have performed showed thatlWe carried out several studies that have demonstrated thatlThe research we have done suggests thatlThe investigation carried out byhas revealed thatlAll our pre

20、liminary results throw light on the nature of語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言言特特征征二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)2.語(yǔ)言特征語(yǔ)言特征（2）摘要）摘要 Abstractl反映科技文獻(xiàn)主要內(nèi)容、思想方法、重要觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論等反映科技文獻(xiàn)主要內(nèi)容、思想方法、重要觀點(diǎn)和結(jié)論等l一般長(zhǎng)度為一般長(zhǎng)度為150200wordsl多由多由3部分組成：主題句、支持句和結(jié)論句部分組成：主題句、支持句和結(jié)論句結(jié)論句結(jié)論句lAs a result of our experiments, we concluded thatlFrom our experiment, the authors cam

21、e to realize thatlThis fruitful work gives explanation of lThe research work has brought about a discovery oflThese findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion thatlThe data obtained appear to be very similar to those reported earlier bylThe author has satisfactorily come to the c

22、onclusion thatlFinally, a summary is given of語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言言特特征征二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)l2.語(yǔ)言特征語(yǔ)言特征（3）引言）引言Introduction, Preface對(duì)全文的綜述和概述，包括研究的背景及目的意義，向讀者介紹文章的對(duì)全文的綜述和概述，包括研究的背景及目的意義，向讀者介紹文章的思想和內(nèi)容，常用句型如下：思想和內(nèi)容，常用句型如下：lOver the past several decadeslSomebody reportedlThe previous work on has indicated thatlRecent exper

23、iments by have suggestedlSeveral researchers have theoretically investigatedlIn most studies of has been emphasized with attention being given tolIndustrial use of is becoming increasingly common.lThere have been a few studies highlightinglIt is well known that二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)2.語(yǔ)言特征語(yǔ)言特征（4）正文）正文 bo

24、dy正文是科技文章的主體，是科學(xué)分析和實(shí)驗(yàn)論證的過(guò)程反映，經(jīng)常使用正文是科技文章的主體，是科學(xué)分析和實(shí)驗(yàn)論證的過(guò)程反映，經(jīng)常使用各種圖表、公式論證作者的觀點(diǎn)。各種圖表、公式論證作者的觀點(diǎn)。l表：表：Table;l圖：圖：Figure/Diagram/Graph/view/Flow Diagram/Chart/Frame Figure；l公式、算式、方程式：公式、算式、方程式：Formula/Equation;l如圖如圖A所示，如表所示，如表B所示：所示：As it is shown in Fig. A, l as it is shown in Table B.二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)二、科技英語(yǔ)的特點(diǎn)2.語(yǔ)言特征語(yǔ)言特征（5）結(jié)論）結(jié)論 conclusion是對(duì)全文的總結(jié)，經(jīng)過(guò)科學(xué)的分析、研究而得出的結(jié)論。是對(duì)全文的總結(jié)，經(jīng)過(guò)科學(xué)的分析、研究而得出的結(jié)論。lThe following conclusions can be drawn fromlIt can be concluded thatlWe