構(gòu)成物質(zhì)的奧秘課題4化學式與化合價ppt課件

1、課課題題4化化學學式式與與化化合合價價物質(zhì)的簡單分類物質(zhì)純真物混合物單質(zhì)化合物金屬單質(zhì)非金屬單質(zhì)稀有氣體氧化物其它化合物水是由氫元素和氧元素組成的。水是由氫元素和氧元素組成的。單質(zhì)、化合物、氧化物的分類。單質(zhì)、化合物、氧化物的分類。為什么用這個式子表示水？一、化學式一、化學式1、定義：用元素符號和數(shù)字的、定義：用元素符號和數(shù)字的組合表示物質(zhì)組成的式子。組合表示物質(zhì)組成的式子。如如: :水的化學式為水的化學式為 氧氣的化學式為氧氣的化學式為 二氧化碳的化學式為二氧化碳的化學式為 H2O O2CO2只需純真物才干用化學式表示其組成只需純真物才干用化學式表示其組成化學式的書寫必需根據(jù)實驗的結(jié)果化學式

2、的書寫必需根據(jù)實驗的結(jié)果任何物質(zhì)都有化學式嗎？任何物質(zhì)都有化學式嗎？同種物質(zhì)可以有不同的化學式嗎？同種物質(zhì)可以有不同的化學式嗎？一種物質(zhì)只能用一個化學式來表示一種物質(zhì)只能用一個化學式來表示化學式可以恣意的書寫嗎？化學式可以恣意的書寫嗎？zk5u中考資源網(wǎng) 單質(zhì) 金屬單質(zhì)：鐵 鋁 固態(tài)非金屬單質(zhì)：硫 磷 稀有氣體：氖氣 氦氣氧氣 氫氣氮氣 氯氣FeAlSPHeNe氣體非金屬單質(zhì)O2H2接表示化學式 用元素符號直在元素符號右下角加2表示化學式N2Cl22、化學式的書寫、化學式的書寫zk5u中考資源網(wǎng) 化合物 氧化物： 氧化鎂 四氧化三鐵 二氧化碳 五氧化二磷 MgOFe3O4CO2P2O5氧在后寫

3、法：讀法氧化某或幾氧化幾某其他其他氯酸鉀氯酸鉀氯化鉀氯化鉀高錳酸鉀高錳酸鉀堿式碳酸銅堿式碳酸銅KClO3KMnO4Cu2(OH)2CO3KCl1、當某組成元素原子個數(shù)比是、當某組成元素原子個數(shù)比是1時，時，1可可省略；省略；2、氧化物化學式的書寫，普通把氧的元、氧化物化學式的書寫，普通把氧的元素符號寫在右邊，另一種元素的符號寫在素符號寫在右邊，另一種元素的符號寫在左邊；左邊；3、由金屬元素和非金屬元素組成的化合、由金屬元素和非金屬元素組成的化合物，書寫其化學式時，普通把金屬的元素物，書寫其化學式時，普通把金屬的元素符號寫在左邊，非金屬的元素符號寫在右符號寫在左邊，非金屬的元素符號寫在右邊。邊。

4、留意zk5u中考資源網(wǎng)化學式真有趣， 元素陳列有順序后念往前跑， 先念往后靠； 閱讀先角碼， 中間要加化?？谠E適用于由兩種元素組成的物質(zhì)讀出以下化學式的稱號：CaO Ag2O AgCl KCl MgCl2 H2S Ca(OH)2、 氧化鈣氧化銀氯化銀氯化鉀氯化鎂硫化氫氫氧化鈣硝酸鎂硫酸鋇碳酸鈉鹽酸硫酸碳酸硝酸表示水這種物質(zhì)表示水由氫元素和氧元素組成表示一個水分子表示一個水分子由2個氫原子和1個氧原子構(gòu)成宏觀意義微觀意義3、化學式有什么意義呢？、化學式有什么意義呢？3、化學式有什么意義呢？、化學式有什么意義呢？宏觀意義微觀意義表示一種物質(zhì)。表示一種物質(zhì)的元素組成。表示該物質(zhì)的一個分子。表示該物質(zhì)

5、的一個分子有哪幾種原子構(gòu)成，每種原子各有幾個。 H H H2 H2 2H2 2H2符號符號H、2H、H2、2H2各具有什么意義？各具有什么意義？ 2H 2H表示氫元素或一個氫原子表示氫元素或一個氫原子表示表示2個氫原子個氫原子表示氫氣這種物質(zhì)；氫氣是由氫元表示氫氣這種物質(zhì)；氫氣是由氫元 素組成；一個氫分子；每個氫分子由素組成；一個氫分子；每個氫分子由2個氫原子構(gòu)成。個氫原子構(gòu)成。表示兩個氫分子表示兩個氫分子1 1以下化學式中，書寫錯誤的選項是以下化學式中，書寫錯誤的選項是 A A氧化鈣氧化鈣OCaOCaB B氧化鎂氧化鎂MgOMgOC C三氯化鐵三氯化鐵 (FeCl3)(FeCl3)D D三氧

6、化硫三氧化硫SO3SO32 2化學式化學式Fe3O4Fe3O4的讀法是的讀法是 A A鐵三氧四鐵三氧四 B B三鐵化四氧三鐵化四氧 C C四氧化三鐵四氧化三鐵 D D三氧化二鐵三氧化二鐵 練習：練習：AC一些物質(zhì)組成元素的原子個數(shù)比一些物質(zhì)組成元素的原子個數(shù)比物質(zhì)物質(zhì)HClH2ONaClFe2O3原子個數(shù)比原子個數(shù)比1：12：11：12：3二、化合價二、化合價+1 +2 +3 -2 失電子顯正價失電子顯正價 得電子顯負價得電子顯負價 失幾個電子顯正幾價失幾個電子顯正幾價 得幾個電子顯負幾價得幾個電子顯負幾價 元素化合價元素化合價化合價化合價 判判 斷斷原原 子子離離 子子留意：元素化合價與離子

7、所帶電荷的寫法不同留意：元素化合價與離子所帶電荷的寫法不同 易 失 電 子 易 得 電 子2、化合價的本質(zhì)、化合價的本質(zhì)一價氫氯鉀鈉銀一價氫氯鉀鈉銀 二價氧鈣鋇鎂鋅二價氧鈣鋇鎂鋅三鋁四硅五價磷三鋁四硅五價磷 二三鐵，二四碳二三鐵，二四碳二四六硫都齊全二四六硫都齊全 銅汞二價最常見銅汞二價最常見條件不同價不同條件不同價不同 單質(zhì)為零永不變單質(zhì)為零永不變3.3.一些常見元素化合價口訣一些常見元素化合價口訣一些常見原子團的化合價一些常見原子團的化合價負一硝酸氫氧根負一硝酸氫氧根 負二硫酸碳酸根負二硫酸碳酸根負三記住磷酸根負三記住磷酸根 正一價的是銨根正一價的是銨根參照課本參照課本P85 圖圖4-2化

8、合價化合價離子離子表示表示方法方法符號符號聯(lián)系聯(lián)系標在元素符號的正上方標在元素符號的正上方 左符號右數(shù)目左符號右數(shù)目1要寫要寫標在元素符號的右上角標在元素符號的右上角 左數(shù)目右符號左數(shù)目右符號1不寫不寫Al、O、MgAl3、O2-、Mg2322同種元素的化合價與離子的電荷，通同種元素的化合價與離子的電荷，通常數(shù)值相等，正負一樣，位置不同，常數(shù)值相等，正負一樣，位置不同，寫法相反寫法相反2.化合價與離子的比較：化合價與離子的比較：頭頂價，肩挑離頭頂價，肩挑離為了便于確定化合物中元素的化合為了便于確定化合物中元素的化合價，需求留意以下幾點：價，需求留意以下幾點：1.1.化合價有正價和負價?；蟽r有

9、正價和負價。2.2.在化合物里正負化合價的代數(shù)和為在化合物里正負化合價的代數(shù)和為0 0一些元素在不同種物質(zhì)中可顯不同的化合一些元素在不同種物質(zhì)中可顯不同的化合價，在同種物質(zhì)中也可顯不同的化合價。價，在同種物質(zhì)中也可顯不同的化合價。3.3.在單質(zhì)里，元素的化合價為在單質(zhì)里，元素的化合價為.在原子團中，元素化合價的代在原子團中，元素化合價的代數(shù)和為原子團的化合價。數(shù)和為原子團的化合價。5、金屬元素和非金屬元素化合時，、金屬元素和非金屬元素化合時，金屬元素顯正價，非金屬元素顯負價金屬元素顯正價，非金屬元素顯負價Your TextYour TextYour TextYour TextCl

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