專業(yè)八級-169

1、專業(yè)八級-169（總分：100.00，做題時間：90 分鐘）一、PROOFREADDING & ERROR CORRECT總題數(shù)：4，分數(shù)：100.00）For the most part, the thousands of languages in theworld today fall into one of two categories: tonal or nontonal. Two linguists believe they know the genetic underpinningsfor these differences. During a study of lingu

2、istic and genetic data from 49 distinctive populations, the authorsdiscovered 1 a struck correlation between two genes involved in 2 brain development and language tonality.Populations who 3 speak nontonal languages have newer versions of the genes, with mutations that began to appearroughly 37 thou

3、sand years before. You can consider this as the first of the many 4 possible studies that we could do totry to find a genetic basis for language and language typology and the different populations that speak a language,says Patrick Wong, the 5 assistant professor at Northwestern University, who was

4、not involved in this study. In English,the pitch which a word 6_is spoken convey emotion but usually does not affect its 7 meaning. But in many languages tone changes the meaning8_of words. For instance, the Chinese word huar said in a high pitch means flower, but in a dipping pitch meaning picture.

5、The new research ties this difference to those two genes. 9_The exact functions of both genes are still open to debate, so 10_they are known to affect brain size during embryonic development.They presumably have something to do with brain structure, because there are mutations of the genes that lead

6、 tomicrocephaly, a condition in which a persons brain is much smaller than the average size for his or her age.（分數(shù)： 25.00 ）解析：distinctive distinct 解析distinctive的意思是“特殊的，特別的”，distinct的意思是“有區(qū)別的，不同的”。本句要表達的是“ 49 個不同的種群”，所以要用distinct 。解析：struck striking 解析struck 是 strike 的過去式和過去分詞，做定語修飾時一般跟另一個詞構(gòu) 成復(fù)合形容詞，

7、表示“遭受的”， striking 的意思才是“驚人的”。解析：whothat解析跟 people 不同，population做先行詞時關(guān)系代詞要用that，而不是 whQ解析：before ago解析當需要表示相對于此時此刻而言的“.時間以前”時，要用ago；如果含義是“過去或者將來某個時刻之前”或者“另一個事件之前”，那么就用before。解析：the an解析這里的 assistant professor at Northwestern University 做同位語，修飾 Patrick Wong 功能上大致相當于一個關(guān)系分句，因為是第一次提到，所以要用不定冠詞an，不能用定冠詞 th

8、e。解析：pitchAwhich at/in解析如果沒有介詞，關(guān)系代詞which 在關(guān)系分句中無法充當適當?shù)某煞?。參照下文，就能正確修改：.the Chinese word huar said in a high pitch.解析：convey conveys解析本句主語是 the pitch，謂語動詞需要保持主謂一致，根據(jù)上下文，應(yīng)為一般現(xiàn)在時，因此 convey 改為 conveys。解析：meaning means解析but 是并列連詞，前后分句是并列關(guān)系。前面的分句是一個限定分句meansflower，后面的分句就不能是非限定分句，所以meaning 應(yīng)該改成 means 表示并列關(guān)系

9、。解析：those /解析上文并未提到是哪兩個基因，此處應(yīng)為不定指，所以刪除指示代詞those。解析：sobut解析前一個分句的意思是“對這兩個基因的確切功能尚無一致意見”，后一個分句的意 思是“已知它們在胚胎發(fā)育時會影響大腦的尺寸”。顯然，前后是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以應(yīng)該用轉(zhuǎn)折連詞but 連接。Scientists for decades have clashed over whether evolution takes place gradually or is driven by short spurts of intensechange. In the latest chapter in th

10、is debate, researchers report that it appears that when new languages spin-off fromolder one, there is an initial introductory burst of alterations 11 to vocabulary. Then, the language intends to settle andaccumulate 12 gradual changes over a long period of time. The team believes this discrete evol

11、utionary pattern occurswhen a social group tries to forge a separate identification. Study 13 co-author Mark Pagel says that the latest studygrew out of an earlier finding in which he and colleagues determined that about 20 percent of genetic changes amongspecies occur 14 they first split off, where

12、as the rest happens gradually. It 15 was very natural with us to wonder if asimilar process of 16 evolution happens in cultural groups, Pagel says. We treat the words that the differentlanguages use almost identically so to the way we use genes: . The more divergent two species 17 are, the less thei

13、rgenes have in common, just like the 18 more divergent two languages are, the less their words have in common. Theteam focused on three of the worlds major language families in its study: Bantu, Indo-European and Austronesian.They constructed genealogical trees similarto those they had created previ

14、ously in their 2006 species-related study albeit this time the trees traced existed 19_languages back to their common roots; the length of a branch indicates the extent of word replacement that took 20_place as each old language morphed into its current form.（分數(shù)： 25.00）解析：oneones解析被代替的是 languages，所以

15、應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式ones。解析：intends tends解析intend to do sth. 的意思是“打算做某事，主語應(yīng)該是人，而tend todo sth.的意思是“往往會”，此處表示“語言漸漸穩(wěn)定下來”。解析：identification identity 解析identification “身份的確認”； identity 才是“身份，在 心理學(xué)和社會學(xué)中，identity 的意思是“對于某個群體的認同”。解析：occurAthey when解析前面的分句 about 20 percent of genetic changes amongspecies occur 跟后面的分句 th

16、ey first split off 之間缺少連詞，根據(jù)句意，應(yīng)該插入從屬連詞 when,連接兩個分句。 解析：happenshappen解析當 the rest 作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)取決于它所指代的名詞是否可數(shù)。 這里 the rest 指代 changes，是可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)，所以謂語動詞應(yīng)該用happen。解析：with for解析帶有邏輯主語的不定式的形式是for sb. to do sth.，介詞只能是 for。解析：so /解析本句大意是“我們對待各種語言的方式跟我們利用基因的方式一模一樣?！眘o 是多余的。解析：like as解析like 只能用作介詞，as 可以作介詞，也可

17、以作連詞。在口語中，可以用 like 代替 as 作連詞，但不符合正式語法。解析：existed existing 解析existing 的意思是“現(xiàn)存的”， existed 只是 exist 的過去式，不能作 定語修飾名詞。解析：indicates indicated解析根據(jù)前面分句的時態(tài)，以及后面的關(guān)系分句中的took， indicate 應(yīng)該用過去式，所以將 indicates 改為 indicated 。So why do I talk about the benefits of failure? Simply because failure meant a stripping awa

18、y of the inessential. Istopped pretending to me that I was anything other than 21 what I was, and began to direct all my energy for finishing22 the only work that mattered to me. Have I really succeeded 23 at anything else, I might never have found thedetermination to succeed in the one arena I beli

19、eved I truly belonged. I was set free, because my greatest fear hadbeen realised, and I was still alive, and I yet had a daughter whom I adored, and 24 I had an old typewriter and a bigidea. And so rock bottom became the solid foundation which I rebuilt my life. You 25 might never fail on the scale

20、I did,but some failure in life is inevitable. It is possible to live without failing at something, 26 unless you live so cautiouslythat you might as well as not 27 have lived at all in which case, you fail by default. Failure gave me an inner securitythat I had never attained by passing examinations

21、. Failure taught me things about myself that I could have learned anyother way. I discovered that I had 28 a strong will and the more discipline than I had suspected; 29 I also found out thatI had friends whose value was truly above the price of rubies. The knowledge which you have 30 emerged wiser

22、andstronger from setbacks means that youare, ever after, secure in your ability to survive.（分數(shù)： 25.00 ）解析：me myself解析當出現(xiàn)在同一個分句中時，代詞me 不能跟主語 I 共指，所以此處需用 myself。解析：for finishing to finish 解析動詞 direct 跟賓語的搭配方式是 direct sb. to do sth.。解析：Have Had解析本句不是疑問句，是倒裝的非真實條件句。主句用的是might have done ，從句需要用 If.had don

23、e. 由于 if 省略，引起倒裝，had 提前到句首。解析：yet still 解析作“還，仍然”解釋時，yet 用于否定句和疑問句，still用于肯定句。解析：foundationAwhich on解析指代 foundation 的關(guān)系代詞 which 在關(guān)系分句中無處依著，添加 on 以后，which 作介詞補語，同時， build something on something else是一個搭配。解析：possible impossible解析本句的大意是人生不可能從不失敗，除非.，因此應(yīng)用impossible，而 possible 顯然跟上下文的意思不符。解析：第二個 as/解析mig

24、ht/may as well 是一個習(xí)慣搭配，意義是“不妨”，還可以說成might/mayjust as well 和 might/may well。解析：any no解析本句的大意是“失敗教給了我用任何別的方式都無法學(xué)到的東西?！彼砸胣oother way。解析：the /解析此處并非 the more.the more的結(jié)構(gòu)，只是形容詞much 的比較級，無需 the。解析：which that解析the knowledge 后面跟的是同位語從句，不是關(guān)系從句，因此不能用which，而要用 that 引導(dǎo)。Unlike any other creature on this planet

25、, humans can learn and understand, without having experienced.They can think themselves into other peoples places. Of course, this is power that is morally neutral. 31 One might usesuch an ability to manipulate or control, just as much as to understand or sympathy. 32And many prefer to exercise thei

26、r imaginations at all. They 33 choose to remain comfortably within the bounds of theirown experience, never trouble to wonder how it would 34 feel to have been born other than they are. They can refuseto hear screams or to peer inside cages; they can open their 35 minds and hearts to any suffering t

27、hat does not touchthem personally; they can refuse to know. I might be attempted 36 to envy people who can live that way, except that Ido not think they have any fewer nightmares than I did. Choosing 37 to live in narrow spaces leads to a form of mentalagoraphobia, and that brings its own terrors. I

28、 think the willfully imaginative see more monsters. They are often moreafraid. 38 What is more, those who choose not to empathise enable real monsters. For without ever committing to anact of 39 outright evil ourselves, we collude with it, through our own apathy. One of the many things I learned at

29、the endof that Classics corridor down which I ventured at the age of 18, in search of something I could not then define, was this,written by the Greek author Plutarch: What we achieve inwardly will change out reality. 40（分數(shù)：25.00 ）解析： 人 power a 解析 power 通常用作不可數(shù)名詞， 但此處臨時成為可數(shù)名詞， 原因是它帶了關(guān)系分句 that is morallyneutral ，整個短語的意思是“一種非