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1、句子的成分: 組成句子的各個部分叫句子成分。英語句子成分有主語,謂語,表語,賓語,賓語補足語,定語,狀語等。 順序一般是在句子中的語序是這樣的:(定語)+主語+(狀語)+謂語+(補語) +(定語)+賓語,括號里的成分的有無,視具體情況而定.1、主語 主語表示句子主要說明的人或事物,一般由名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,不定式等充當。 He likes watching TV.他喜歡看電視。 2、謂語 謂語說明主語的動作,狀態(tài)或特征。 一般可分為兩類: 1),簡單謂語 由動詞(或短語動詞)構成。 可以有不同的時態(tài),語態(tài)和語氣。 We study for the people.我們?yōu)槿嗣駥W習。 2),復合謂語:

2、情態(tài)動詞不定式 I can speak a little English.我可以說一點英語。 3、表語 表語是謂語的一部分,它位于系動詞如be之后,說明主語身份,特征,屬性或狀態(tài)。一般由名詞,代詞,形容詞,副詞,不定式,介詞短語等充當。 My sister is a nurse.我姐姐是護士。 4、賓語 賓語表示動作行為的對象,跟在及物動詞之后,能作賓語的有名詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,動詞不定式等。 We like English.我們喜歡英語。 有些及物動詞可以帶兩個賓語,往往一個指人,一個指物,指人的叫間接賓語,指物的叫直接賓語。 He gave me some ink.他給了我一點墨水。 有些及物

3、動詞的賓語后面還需要有一個補足語,意思才完整,賓語和它的補足語構成復合賓語。如: We make him our monitor.我們選他當班長。 5、定語 在句中修飾名詞或代詞的成分叫定語。 用作定語的主要是形容詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞,副詞,動詞不定式,介詞短語等。形容詞,代詞,數(shù)詞,名詞等作定語時,通常放在被修飾的詞前面。 He is a new student.他是個新生。 但副詞,動詞不定式,介詞短語等作定語時,則放在被修飾的詞之后。 The bike in the room is mine.房間里的自行車是我的。 6、狀語 修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞以及全句的句子成分,叫做狀語。用作狀語的

4、通常是副詞,介詞短語,不定式和從句等。狀語一般放在被修飾的詞之后或放在句尾。副詞作狀語時可放在被修飾的詞前或句首。 He lives in London.他住在倫敦。7.補語用來說明賓語或主語所處的狀態(tài)或正在進行的動作,因為英語中有些動詞加賓語后意思仍然不完整,如:make(使.),ask(請)等等。如果我們說:我們使我們的祖國。這不是一句完整的話。應該說:我們使我們的祖國更美麗。這是的“美麗的(beautiful)”為形容詞做補語,說明祖國的狀態(tài)。英語句子為:We will make our country more beautiful.作補語的詞或詞組為:形容詞,副詞,名詞,不定式,ing

5、形式,數(shù)詞等。 8.賓補就是賓語補足語,就是補充說明賓語的 例:I know you are student good at maths 在這個句子中,good at maths 就是補語。賓語補語也可以是句子,所以這個句子也可以是: I know you are student who is good at maths 還可以是-ing 形式 I see you crossing the street 簡單說就是補充和說明主語和賓語的成分.因此,就出現(xiàn)了主語補足語和賓語補足語.上面兩位舉的例子都不錯.只是熱雪冰冷的賓補的句子例子不是很恰當哦.他的例子是定語從句 啊 還有 主語補足語可以是表語

6、 例如:Tom is a student. student是對Tom的解釋與說明. 另外,Tom was seen playing on the playground.這個句子中playing是對Tom的解釋說明 是主補副詞:1.副詞的定義:副詞是一種用來修飾動詞,形容詞,副詞或全句的詞,說明時間, 地點, 程度, 方式等概念.副詞的分類:1) 時間和頻度副詞: 2) 地點副詞: 3)方式副詞: 4)程度副詞: 5) 疑問副詞: 6)關系副詞: 7)連接副詞: 2.副詞的用法: 3.副詞的位置: 關系代詞 關系代詞用來引導定語從句。它代表先行詞,同時在從句中作一定的句子成分。關系代詞有主格,賓

7、格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。 關系代詞有主格,賓格和屬格之分,并有指人與指物之分。在限定性定語從句中,that 可指人也可指物,見表: Eg: This is the pencil whose point is broken。這就是那個折了尖的鉛筆。(whose指物,在限定性定語從句中作定語)語法:(必修一)一 一般現(xiàn)在時1. 表示主語現(xiàn)在所處的狀態(tài)及其所具備的特征、性格、能力等例如:I am a girl.2. 表示習慣性、經常性的動作例如:I usually go to bed at 9:00.3. 標志性的詞語Always,often,sometimes,now ,then 4.

8、若助于為第三人稱單數(shù)(he she it)則動詞要用單三現(xiàn)二 現(xiàn)在進行時1.說話時正在進行的動作例如:I am reading.2.表示即將發(fā)生的動作,多用于go come start leave return arrive stay fly等詞語之中,句子中常常有時間狀語例如:The plane is going to Beijing.3.當句子中出現(xiàn)了always 、forever 、constantly 、continually 、All the time等例如:I am always thinking of you.三. 現(xiàn)在完成進行時1基本表達式(I have been doing

9、) (I/ we/ you/ they have been doing sth.) (he/ she/ it has been doing sth.) 2表示從過去某時開始一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作,并且還將持續(xù)下去。 The Chinese have been making paper for two thousand years. 中國有2000年的造紙歷史。(動作還將繼續(xù)下去) I have been learning English since three years ago. 自從三年前以來我一直在學英語.(動作還將繼續(xù)下去) 3表示在說話時刻之前到現(xiàn)在正在進行的動作。 We have b

10、een waiting for you for half an hour. 我們已經等你半個鐘頭了(人還沒到,如同在電話里說的,還會繼續(xù)等) 4有些現(xiàn)在完成進行時的句子等同的句子。 例如:They have been living in this city for ten years. They have lived in this city for ten years. 他們在這個城市已經住了10年了。 I have been working here for five years. I have worked here for five years. 我在這里已經工作五年了。 5大多數(shù)現(xiàn)在

11、完成進行時的句子不等同于現(xiàn)在完成時的句子。 例如:I have been writing a book.(動作還將繼續(xù)下去) 我一直在寫一本書。 I have written a book.(動作已經完成) 我已經寫了一本書。 They have been building a bridge. 他們一直在造一座橋。 They have built a bridge. 他們造了一座橋。6表示狀態(tài)的動詞不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時。 例如:I have known him for years. 我認識他已經好幾年了。 I have been knowing. 這類不能用于現(xiàn)在完成進行時的動詞還有:lov

12、e愛,like喜歡, hate討厭,等。 注意:比較過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時1過去時表示過去某時發(fā)生的動作或單純敘述過去的事情,強調動作;現(xiàn)在完成時為過去發(fā)生的,強調過去的事情對現(xiàn)在的影響,強調的是影響。 2過去時常與具體的時間狀語連用,而現(xiàn)在完成時通常與模糊的時間狀語連用,或無時間狀語。 ·一般過去時的時間狀語(具體的時間)::yesterday, last week,ago, in1980, in October, just now, ·現(xiàn)在完成時的時間狀語:this morning, tonight,this April, now, once,before, already

13、, recently,lately ·不確定的時間狀語:for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 3 ·現(xiàn)在完成時可表示持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的動作或狀態(tài),動詞一般是延續(xù)性的,如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. ·過去時常用的非延續(xù)性動詞有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等 例如: I saw this film

14、yesterday. (強調看的動作發(fā)生過了。) I have seen this film. (強調對現(xiàn)在的影響,電影的內容已經知道了。) He has been in the League for three years. (在團內的狀態(tài)可延續(xù)) He has been a League member for three years. (是團員的狀態(tài)可持續(xù)) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入團,joined為短暫行為。)·句子中如有過去時的時間副詞(如 yesterday, last, week, in 1960)時,不能使

15、用現(xiàn)在完成時,要用過去時。 (錯)Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. (對)Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. 四過去完成時1 概念:表示過去的過去,其構成是had +過去分詞構成。 2 用法: a. 在told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句。 eg:She said (that) she had never been to Paris. b. 狀語從句:在過去不同時間發(fā)生的兩個動作中,發(fā)生在先,用過去完成時;發(fā)生在后,用一般過

16、去時。 eg:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. c. 表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用過去完成時表示"原本,未能" eg:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't. 3過去完成時的時間狀語before, by, until , when, after, once, as soon as。 例如:He said that he had learned some

17、 English before. By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.否定句構成: 主語+has/have+not+been+現(xiàn)在分詞 一般疑問句構成: Have/has+主語+been+現(xiàn)在分詞+其他注意: 現(xiàn)在完成時有否定結構、而現(xiàn)在完成進行時沒有否定結構。 現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)可表示做完的時期以及已有的經驗、但現(xiàn)在完成進行時

18、不可以 現(xiàn)在完成進行時的否定結構 現(xiàn)在完成進行時有時也可用否定結構。如: Since that unfortunate accident last week, I havent been sleeping at all well. 自從上周發(fā)生了那次不幸事故之后,我一直睡得很不好. He hasnt been working for me and I havent has that much contact with him. 他并沒有給我工作過,我和他沒有過那許多接觸。 五、倍數(shù)比較1.A+系動詞+倍數(shù)詞+as+ adj adv的原型+as+B例如:The class is twice as

19、 big as that one.2.A+系動詞+倍數(shù)詞+adjadv的比較級+than+B例如:The class is twice bigger than that class.3.A+系動詞+倍數(shù)詞+the sizeamount(數(shù)量)engthwidthheightdepth+of+B例如:The class is twice the size of that class.六、With的復合結構1.With+賓語+賓語補足語賓語補足語根據邏輯意義的不同可以是不同的詞語,如形容詞、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、副詞、介詞短語、不定式等,with在復合結構中常作狀語2.常用結構 1with+賓語+d

20、oing 表主動與進行 例如:Tom was quite safe with Lucy standing behind him. 2with+賓語+done 表被動與完成 例如:With all things she need bought,she went home. 3with+賓語+to do 表將來 例如:With so many thing to deal with.練習題:(時態(tài))(   ) 1.  - Where is the morning paper?- I _ for you at once.A. get   &#

21、160; B. am getting   C. to get         D. will get(   ) 2.  _ a concert next Saturday?A. There will be    B. Will there be    C. There can be   D. There are(   ) 3. If they come, we _a

22、meeting.A. have     B. will have    C. had     D. would have(   ) 4. If it _ tomorrow, we'll go roller-skating.A. isn't rain        B. won't rain     C. doesn't rai

23、n     D. doesn't fine(   ) 5. Tomorrow he _a kite in the open air first, and then _boating in the park.A. will fly; will go     B. will fly; goes    C. is going to fly; will goes      D. flies; will go(

24、0;  ) 6. There _ a birthday party this Sunday.A. shall be      B. will be   C. shall going to be    D. will going to be(   ) 7. They _an English evening next Sunday.A. are having     B. are going to have  

25、  C. will having    D. is going to have(   ) 8. Sorry, I can't open the door, for I     the key to it.A. lost            B. lose           &#

26、160;  C. had lost            D. have lost(   ) 9. - It's good to see you again, Agnes.- This has been our first chance to visit since       from Iran.A. you return     

27、60;   B. you returned    C. you have returned      D. returning(   ) 10. - Did you expect Frank to come to the party?- No, but I had hoped       .A. him coming        B. him t

28、o come   C. that he comes        D. that he would comewith的復合結構:倍數(shù)的比較:語法(必修二)·be going to的用法be going to結構表示按計劃、打算去做某事,表示人的主管意圖,有時還可表示預測有跡象要發(fā)生某事。如:. How long is your aunt going to stay in China for a visit?(計劃、打算). Look at the clouds. Its going to rai

29、n.(有跡象要發(fā)生). George is putting on weight. He is going to be quite fat.(預測)· be going to與will的區(qū)別· will表示說話人認為、相信要發(fā)生的事, 不含具體時間, 可以指遙遠的將來; be going to 表示按計劃、打算即將發(fā)生的事。·二者都可以表示“意圖” 。但是表示事先考慮的事情用be going to, 否則用will。如: I am not going to / wont tell him about it. -This is a very heavy box. -I

30、ll help you to carry it.·be going to 可以用在條件句中表示 將來, will則不行。 如: If you are going to attend the party, youd better leave now.定語從句:. (其他關系代詞) 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句 四:被動語態(tài) 被動語態(tài)的檢測;一、選擇題(2×15=30分)(   )1._ a new library _ in our school last year?A. Is; built      &

31、#160;   B. Was; built     C. Does; build    D. Did ; build(   )2. An accident _ on this road last week.A. has been happened  B. was happened  C. is happened    D. happened(   )3.Cotton(棉花) _ in the southea

32、st of China.A. is grown          B. are grown      C. grows         D. grow(   )4.So far, the moon _ by man already.A. is visited         &#

33、160;B. will be visited   C. has been visited  D. was visited(   )5.A talk on Chinese history _ in the school hall next week.    A. is given           B. has been given   C. will be given   D

34、. gives(   )6.How many trees _ this year?    A. are planted        B. will plant        C. have been planted  D. planted(   )7.A lot of things _ by people to save the little girl now. &

35、#160;  A. are doing          B. are being done   C. has been done  D. will be done(   )8.-When _ this kind of computers_? -Last year.    A. did; use           B

36、. was; used        C. is; used       D. are; used(   )9.The Great Wall _ all over the world.    A. knows            B. knew      &

37、#160;    C. is known       D. was known(   )10.Who _ this book _?    A. did; written        B. was; written by   C. did; written     D. was; written(  

38、0;)11.A story _ by Granny yesterday.    A. was told us        B. was told to us     C. is told us       D. told us(   )12.The monkey was seen _ off the tree.    A. jump  

39、           B. jumps           C. jumped        D. to jump(   )13.The school bag _ behind the chair.    A. puts     

40、         B. can be put        C. can be putted   D. can put(   )14.Older people _ well.     A. looks after        B. must be looked after C. must

41、 look after D. looked after(   )15.Our teacher _ carefully.     A. should be listened to B. should be listen    C. be listened    D. is listened二、用括號內所給動詞的正確形式填空。(1×20=20分)(請注意時態(tài)和語態(tài)兩個方面噢)1.It's said(據說) that the long bridge_(build)

42、in two months2.Where to have the meeting _ (discuss)now3.Which language _the most widely_(speak)in the world?4.The lost boy_(not find)so far5.Last year a large number of trees_(cut)down6. The students _ often _(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs.7. The old man is ill. He _ (must send) to t

43、he hospital.8. Vegetables, eggs and fruits_ (sell) in this shop.9. What _ knives  _ (make) of ?  They_(make) of metal(金屬) and wood.10. Can the magazine _ (take) out of the library?11. The room _ (clean) by me every day.12. The stars cant _ (see) in the daytime.13. Some flowers _ (water) by

44、 Li Ming already.14. This kind of shoes _ (sell) well.15. How long _ your uncle _(be) in the city?16. The food _ (smell) delicious. 17. Look! Someone _(dance).三、按要求改寫下列句子,一空一詞。 (1×30=30分)1.Is tea grown in South China?(改為主動語態(tài))_ people _ tea in South China?2.I am given a birthday present by my pa

45、rents every year(同義句轉換)A birthday present _  _  _  _by my parents every year3.The work is going to be finished in two days. (對劃線提問)How_  _ the work going to be finished ?4. The children will sing an English song. (改為被動語態(tài))  An English song _  _  _ by the children.5.

46、 You needn't do it now. (改為被動語態(tài))  It _  _  _ by you now.6. People use metal for making machines. (改為被動語態(tài))  Metal _  _  _making machines.7. He made me do that for him. (改為被動語態(tài))  I _  _  _  _ that for him.8.They are watching the football match.The

47、football match _   _  _  by them.9.Did they build a bridge here a year ago? (改為被動語態(tài))  _ a bridge _ here by them a year ago?10.They have sold out the light green dresses. (改為被動語態(tài))  The light green dresses _  _  _ out.11.We call the game “Lianliankan”. (改為被動語態(tài))T

48、he game _  _ “Lianliankan” by us.四、根據所給漢語完成句子,一空一詞。 (1×10=10分)The new bike _  _  _  _ (買給我)by my parents as a present last week_ your mobile phone _  _  _(是國產的嗎)?The whole mountain is _  _ (覆蓋) the snow.五、下列各句均有一處錯誤,請找出并改正過來。 (10分)I have a lot of homework to b

49、e done tonight            _Is your history teacher listened carefully in class?         _Lei Feng's name remembered by all Chinese people      _The music is sounded beautiful.

50、                       _By who was this new educational CD-ROM designed ?     _高中重點單詞歸納:一、一個星期七天 1. Monday 2. Tuesday 3. Wednesday 4. Thursday 5. Friday 6. Saturday

51、7. Sunday二、一年十二個月 1. January 2. February 3. March 4. April 5. May 6. June 7. July 8. August 9. September 10. October 11. November 12. December 三、一年四季 1. spring 2. summer 3. autumn 4. winter 四、親屬稱呼 1. daughter (女兒) 2. niece (女性晚輩) 3. nephew (男性晚輩) 4. cousin (同輩兄弟姐妹) 5. aunt (女性長輩) 6. uncle (男性長輩) 五、意

52、思相近的詞 1. check / examine/ test 2. receive / accept 3. destroy /damage 4. celebrate/ congratulate 5. wear / dress 六、注意形容詞變名詞時的拼寫變化 1. longlength 長度 2. widewidth 寬度 3. highheight 高度 4. strongstrength力量 七、個別名詞的復數(shù)拼寫 1. German (Germans) 德國人 2. gulf (gulfs) 海灣 3. handkerchief (handkerchiefs) 手帕 4. hero (英

53、雄),potato (土豆),tomato (西紅柿) 等有生命的以-o結尾的名詞變復數(shù)時要加-es。 5. roof (roofs) 房頂 6. stomach 胃 (其復數(shù)是stomachs而不是加es) 1. beautifulbeautifully 美麗的 2. possiblepossibly 可能的 3 particularparticularly 特別的 4 successfulsuccessfully 成功的八、其它必背單詞 1. abroad 國外 2. absence n. 缺席 (absent adj.) 3. accepted (NMET1997) 4. acciden

54、t事故 (accidental adj. 偶然的,accidentally adv. 偶然地) 5. achievement成就 (achieve v. 獲得) 6. address位置 7. admire欽佩 8. admitting允許 agreement 協(xié)議 9. agreement 協(xié)議10. agriculture農業(yè) (agricultural adj. 農業(yè)的) 11. altogether總共 12. ancient 古代的 13. announced(NMET1999) 14. anxiety 憂慮 (anxious adj. 焦急的,anxiously adv. 焦急地)

55、 15. apologize v. 道歉 (apology n. 道歉apologetic adj. 道歉的,apologetically adv.道歉地) 16. apologize/apologise (2000全國卷) 17. appreciate感激/欣賞 (感激人用thank sb;謝謝某人做的事用appreciate sth.) 18. Asian(NMET1996) 19. assistant 助手 20. astonish吃驚 (astonishment n. 吃驚,astonishing,astonished) 21. astronaut 宇航員 22. atmosphere

56、氣氛 23. attempt嘗試 (可作名詞也可作動詞) 24. attentively 專心地 25. attentively(NMET1996) 26. attitude 態(tài)度 27. attract 吸引 (attraction吸引力) 28. average 平均 29. average(NMET1999) 30. balance平衡 31. beauty 美 (beautiful) 32. believe相信 (belief n. 信念,其復數(shù)是beliefs) 33. beyond超過 34. biology生物 35. birthday生日 36. bravery 勇敢 37.

57、broadcast(NMET1996) 38. broadcast廣播 (過去式、過去分詞同原形) 39. carefully 小心 (carefully) 40. ceiling天花板 41. celebrated (2000北京春季卷) 42. celebration 慶祝 (celebrate n. 慶祝) 43. century 世紀 44. challenge 挑戰(zhàn) 45. character 性格 46. charge收費 47. cinema電影院 48. comfort v. & n. 安慰 (comfortable adj. comfortably adv.舒適地)

58、49. comfortably(NMET1997) 50. comment 評論 51. communication 交流 52. competition 競賽 (compete v. 競賽competitor 競賽者) 53. composition 作文 54. concert 音樂會 55. conclude v. conclusion n. 結論 56. condition情況 (conditions條件) 57. confessing (2000北京春季卷) 58. congratulations 祝賀 (congratulate v.) 59. constantly 不斷地 60.

59、 construction(NMET1996) 61. continue繼續(xù) 62. contribution 貢獻 (contribute v.) 63. conveniently方便 (convenient adj.) 64. conversation 談話 65. coughing(NMET1997) 66. cousin表兄弟 67. cruelty 殘酷 (cruel adj. cruelly adv.) 68. curious 好奇 (curiosity n. 好奇) 69. curious(NMET1996) 70. customer 顧客 71. customers (2000

60、北京春季卷) 72. custom習俗 73. damage損壞 74. declared(NMET1999) 75. delicious 美味 76. destroy毀滅 (其過去式是destroyed) 77. determined 有決心的 78. develop發(fā)展 (development n. developing 發(fā)展中的,developed發(fā)達的) 79. dialogue 對話 80. diary 日記 (dairy 奶制品) 81. difference 不同點 (有復數(shù)形式) 82. disappointed失望 (disappointing 讓人失望的) 83. dis

61、appointment 失望 84. discovery 發(fā)現(xiàn) (其復數(shù)是discoveries,其動詞是discover,discoverer發(fā)現(xiàn)者) 85. disturb打擾 86. dollar美元 (其復數(shù)是dollars) 87. downstairs樓下 88. dream夢想 (其過去式是dreamed或dreamt) 89. electricity電 (electrical電的,electric 電的) 90. employ 雇用 (employment n. employer 雇主,employee雇員) 91. empty倒空 (可用動詞,其過去式是emptied) 92. encourage鼓勵 (encouraging, encouraged, encouragement n.) 93. energy能量 94. envelope 信封 95. envy n. 妒忌 (envious adj.) 96. equal(NMET1998) 97. equipment設備

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