專題05-2021年新高考英語拓展閱讀訓(xùn)練-科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代科技(解析版)

1、專題05科普知識(shí)與現(xiàn)代科技Text 1 （2020年全國I卷）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。The connection behveen people and plants has long been the subject of scientific research. Recent studies have found positive e Sects. A study conducted in Youngstown, Ohio, for example, discovered that greener areas of the city experie

2、nced less crime. In anotlier, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants.The engmeers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology（NIIT）have taken it a step farther changmg die actual composition of plants ill order to get them to perform div

3、erse, euen unusual functions. Tliese include plants that have sensors prmted onto their leaves to show when they're short of water and a plant that can detect harmfill chemicals in groundwater. " We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of die tlmigs that we

4、use every day, H explained Michael Straiio, a professor of chemical engineering at MIT.One of his latest projects has been to make plants glow（發(fā)光）in experiments using some conmion vegetables. Strano's team fbimd that they could create a faint light for three-and-a-half hours. The light, about on

5、e-thousandth of the amoimt needed to read by, is just a start. The teclmology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms or even to nini trees into self-powered street lamps.In die future, the team hopes to develop a version of the technology that can be sprayed onto plant leaves in a on

6、e-off treatment tliat would last the plant s lifetune. The engmeers are also trying to develop ail on and off M switch where the glow would fade when exposed to daylight.Lighting accoimts for about 7% of die total electricity consumed in the US. Since lightmg is often far removed from the power sour

7、ce。包源）-such as die distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote higliway-a lot of energy is lost durmg transmission（傳輸）.Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy. 32. What is the first paragraph mamly about?A , A new study of difiereiit plants.B A big fall i

8、n crime rates.C. Employees from various workplaces.D. Benefits from green plants.33. What is the function of the sensors printed on plant leaves by MIT engineer?A. To detect plants' lack of waterB To change compositions of plantsC. To make the life of plants longer.D To test chemicals in plants.

9、34. What can we expect of the glowing plants ill the ftitiire?A. Tliey will speed up energy production.B. They may transmit electricity to the home.C. They might help reduce energy consun中Hon”D Tliey could take the place of power plants.35. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A

10、. Can we grow more glowing plants?B. How do we live with glowing plants?C. Could glowing plants replace lamps?D. How are glowing plants made pollution-free?【答案】32. D33. A34. C35. C【解析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要說明了綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了 一種發(fā)光植物。文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有 可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。32 .主旨大意題

11、 根據(jù)第一段 “ I A study conducted m Youngstown、Ohio. for example discovered that greener areas of the city experienced less crime. In another, employees were shown to be 15% more productive when their workplaces were decorated with houseplants. nJ知例如，在俄亥俄州揚(yáng)斯敦進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研窕發(fā)現(xiàn)，城巾綠化技 好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低。在另一項(xiàng)研究中，當(dāng)員工的工作場(chǎng)所被室內(nèi)植

12、物裝飾時(shí)，他們的工作效率會(huì)提高15%。 由此可知，第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的益處。故選D.33 .細(xì)行理解題。根據(jù)第二段中 Tliese include plants that have sensors prmted on their leaves to show when theyre short of water and a plant that can detect harinfiil chemicals in groundwater 口!知這就包括葉子上印有傳感器來顯 示植物缺水的情況的植物，還有一種植物可以檢測(cè)到地下水中的有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)。由此可知，麻省理工學(xué)院 工程師植物葉片上印上傳

13、感器的作用是檢測(cè)植物缺水的情況。故選A。34 .細(xì)行理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中 Glowing plants could reduce tliis distance and therefore help save energy.可知 發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助廿約能源.由此可知，這種發(fā)光的植物在未來可能有助于減少能 源消耗。故選C,35 .主旨大意題。根據(jù)最后一段中 Lightmg accounts for about 7%of the total electricity consumed in the US. Since lighting is often far removed fr

14、om the power source-such as the distance from a power plant to street lamps on a remote highway-a lot of energy is lost durmg transmission. Glowing plants could reduce this distance and therefore help save energy.可知照明約占美國總耗電量的7%由于照明通常遠(yuǎn)離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路 燈的距離，在傳輸過程中會(huì)損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助行約能源。結(jié)合文章

15、主要說明了綠色植物對(duì)人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們 發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢(shì)，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到行約能源的 作用。由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？ ”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。Text 2 (2020年全國I卷)閱讀下而材料，在空白處填入適當(dāng)?shù)膬?nèi)容(1個(gè)單詞)或括號(hào)內(nèi)單詞的正確形式。China has become the first country to land a spacecraft on die far side of the moon. Tlie unmanned Chang'e-4 p

16、robe (探;則器)-the name was inspired by ail ancient Chinese moon goddess 61, (touch) down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin. Landing on tlie moon's far side is 62. (extreme) clialleiigmg. Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a sat

17、ellite in orbit above the moon in a spot 63 . it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth. The far side of the moon is of particular 64. (mteresting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (環(huán)形山), more so 65. the familiar near side. Chinese researchers hope to use the instruments

18、 onboard Chang'e-4 66. (find) and study areas of the South Pole-Aitken basin. ” This really excites scientists, 11 Carle Pieters, a scientist at Brown University, says, M because it 67. (mean) we have die chance to obtain mfbnnation about how the moon 68. (constnict) “ Data about the moon s comp

19、osition, such as how 69 , ice and other treasures it contains, could help China decide whether 70. (it) plans for a fiiture lunar (月 球的)base are practical.【答案】61. touched62. extreinely63. where64. mterest65, than 66. to fiiid67. means68. is con$tructed69. much70. its【解析】這是一篇說明文。中國成為第一個(gè)將航天器降落在月球背而的國家

20、，文章主要介紹了中國無人月 球探測(cè)器嫦娥四號(hào)發(fā)射的意義。61.考查時(shí)態(tài)。句意：無人月球探測(cè)器嫦娥四號(hào)一一名字的靈感來源于古代的中國月亮女神上周在南極艾特肯盆地著陸。此處是句子的謂語，根據(jù)時(shí)間狀語last week可知應(yīng)使用一般過去時(shí)，故填touched.62 .考查副詞。句意:登錄月球的背面是極其有挑戰(zhàn)性的。空處修飾形容詞challenging,應(yīng)使用extreme的 副詞形式，故填extremely«63 .考查定語從句。句意：中國首先必須把一顆人造衛(wèi)星送入月球軌道上的一個(gè)點(diǎn)，人造衛(wèi)星可以在這個(gè) 點(diǎn)向航天器和地球發(fā)射信號(hào)。分析句子可知，空處引導(dǎo)一個(gè)定語從句，先行詞是aspot,關(guān)系

21、詞替代先行詞 在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語，應(yīng)用where引導(dǎo)。故填where。64 .考查名詞。句意：月球背面讓科學(xué)家尤其感興趣。根據(jù)空前的形容詞particular可知，空處應(yīng)填名詞， interest是不可數(shù)名詞，be of interest to sb.意為“（某物）使某人感興趣"。故填interest。65 .考查介詞。句意：因?yàn)樗仁煜さ囊幻嬗懈嗟纳瞽h(huán)形山。根據(jù)空前的比較級(jí)mores?？芍颂幪罱?詞than,表示“比更”。故填than066 .考查非謂語動(dòng)詞。句意：中國的研究者希望使用嫦娥四號(hào)上的設(shè)備來發(fā)現(xiàn)和研窕南極艾特肯盆地。此 處表示目的，應(yīng)使用不定式作目的狀語。故填t。

22、find.67 .考查時(shí)態(tài)和主謂一致。句意：“這真的使科學(xué)家們激動(dòng)，”布朗大學(xué)的一位科學(xué)家Carle Pieters說：“因 為它意味著我們有機(jī)會(huì)獲得月球是如何構(gòu)造的信息。"根據(jù)上文"This really excites scientists"可知.此處 也使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語是上 所以空處謂語動(dòng)詞使用第三人稱單數(shù)形式means,故填means。68 .考查時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)和主謂一致。句意同上。分析句子可知，此處是賓語從句謂語動(dòng)詞，謂語construct與 主語the moon之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，應(yīng)使用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，再由上下文可知此處應(yīng)使用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)，主語the moon 是

23、單數(shù)，故填is constructed。69 .考查形容詞。句意：關(guān)于月亮構(gòu)成的數(shù)據(jù)，比如它含有多少水和其他財(cái)富，可以幫助中國決定它未來 月球基地的計(jì)劃是否實(shí)用。ice是不可數(shù)名詞，應(yīng)使用much修飾，故填much.70 .考查代詞。句意同上。根據(jù)空后的名詞plans可知，此處應(yīng)使用形容詞性物主代詞沁，故填its。Text 3 （2020年北京卷D）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。Certain fbnns of AI are indeed becoming ubiquitous. For example, algontluns （算法）carry out h

24、uge volumes of trading on our financial markets, sel£dirving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translatmg from one language into another. These systems are sometimes faster and more perceptive than we humans are. But so far that is only true for the specific tasks for

25、which the systems have been designed. That is something that some AI developers are now eager to change.Some of today's AI pioneers want to move on from today's world of'weak'' or ''narrow'' AI, to create “strong” or "fbir AI. or what is often called artifici

26、al general intelligence (AGI). In some respects, today s powerfulcomputmg machines already make our brams look weak. A GI could, its advocates say, work for us aroimd the clock.and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems. DNL a company focused on the development of AG

27、I, has an ambition to “solve intelligence". “If we're successful their mission statement reads.“we believe this will be one of the most miportant and widely beneficial scientific advances ever made/'Since the early days of AL iinagmation has outpaced what is possible or even probable. I

28、n 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Irving Good predicted die eventual creation of an “ultra-intelligent machine. .tliat can far surpass all the mtellectiial （智力的）activities of any man, however clever.'' Good went on to suggest that "the first ultra-intelligent machine" cou

29、ld be "the last invention that man need ever make.”Fears about the appearance of bad. powerfill, man-niade mtelligent maclmies have been remfbrced G雖彳七）by many works of fiction - Mary Shelley's Frankenstein and the Terminator film series, for example. But if AI does eventually prove to be o

30、ur downfall, it is unlikely to be at the hands of human-shaped forms like these, witli recognisably human motivations such as aggression （敵對(duì)行,為）.Instead. I agree with Oxford University philosopherNick Bostrom, who believes tliat the heaviest risks from A GI do not come from a decision to turn agauis

31、t manknid but rather from a dogged pursuit of set objectives at the expense of everything eke.The promise and danger of tnie A GI are great. But all of today's excited discussion about these possibilities presupposes the fact that we will be able to build tliese systems. And. having spoken to ma

32、ny of the world s foremostAI researchers, I believe there is good reason to doubt tliat we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.42. What does the imderlined word “ubiquitous” in Paragraph I probably mean?A. Enormous in quantity.B.Cliaiigeable daily.C. Stable in quality.D.Present everywhere.43. What

33、could AGI do for us, according to its supporters?A. Help to tackle problems.B.Make brams more active.C Benefit ambitions people.D.Set up powerful databases.44. As for Irving Good's opinion on ultra-intelligent machines, die author isA. supportiveC. fearfulB. disapprovingD. iincertam45. What can

34、be mferred about AGI from the passage?A. It may be only a dream.B. It will come mto being soon.C. It will be controlled by hiunans.D. It may be more dangerous than ever.【答案】42. D 43. A 44. B 45. A【解析】這是一篇議論文。文章主要就通用人工智能（AGI）實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能性進(jìn)行了論述。【42題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線詞所在句后面的 For example, algorithms （算法）carry out h

35、uge volumes of trading on our financial markets, self-dnving cars are appearing on city streets, and our smartphones are translating from one language into another（例如，算法在我們的金融市場(chǎng)上進(jìn)行大量交易，自動(dòng)駕駛汽車出現(xiàn)在城市街道上，我 們的智能手機(jī)正在從一種i方言翻譯成另一種語言）可知，人工智能在我們生活中用處十分廣泛。由此推知， 劃線詞所在句意為“某些形式的人工智能確實(shí)正在變得無處不在”，即劃線詞與D選項(xiàng)“Present ev

36、erywhere.（在任何地方存在）”意思接近。故選D項(xiàng)。"3題詳解】細(xì)。理解題。根據(jù)第二段 AGI could, its advocates say, work for us around the clock, and drawing on all available data, could suggest solutions to many problems（AGI的倡導(dǎo)者說，AGI可以24小時(shí)為我們工作，并利用所有可 用的數(shù)據(jù)，可以提出許多問題的解決方案）可知，AGI（通用人工智能）的倡導(dǎo)者認(rèn)為，AGI（通用人工智能）可 以提出許多問題的解決方案，幫助我們解決問題。因此，A選項(xiàng)

37、“Help to tackle problems（幫助解決問題）” 符合題意。故選A項(xiàng)?！?4題詳解】推理判斷題 o 根據(jù)第三段 Since the early days of AI. unagmation has outpaced what is possible or een probable. In 1965, an imaginative mathematician called Ining Good predicted the eventual creation of an "ultra-intelligent machine. that can far surpass a

38、ll the intellectual （1 力的）activities of any man. howex'er clever/,（自從人工智能的 早期，想象力已經(jīng)超過了可能。1965年，一位富有想象力的數(shù)學(xué)家歐文古德預(yù)言，最終將創(chuàng)造出一臺(tái)“超 智能機(jī)器它將遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過任何一個(gè)人的智力活動(dòng)，無論他有多聰明?！保┛芍?，作者認(rèn)為IrnngGood對(duì)“超 智能機(jī)器”的想象力超出了實(shí)現(xiàn)的可能，作者并不贊成他的觀點(diǎn)，因此B項(xiàng)“disapproving（不贊成）”符合 題意。故選B項(xiàng)?！?5題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一句 And, having spoken to many of the wo

39、rld's foremost AI researchers. I believe there is good reason to doubt that we will see A GI any time soon, if ever.（而且，在'J 世界上許多頂尖的人工智能研究 人員交談后，我相信有充分的理由懷疑我們是否會(huì)很快看到AGD可推斷出，通用人工智能（AGI）或許只 是一個(gè)夢(mèng)想，A選項(xiàng)“It may be only a dream（它也許僅僅是一個(gè)夢(mèng)想）”符合題意。故選擇A項(xiàng)Text 4 （2020年天津卷7月）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳

40、選項(xiàng)?！癟hey tell me that you'd like to make a statue（塑像）of me-is that correct. Miss Viirnie Ream?”The deep, gentle voice helped calm die nervous girl. Asking a fhvor of the President of the United States was no casual matter especially for a sc-enteen-year-old girl.“Yes, sir," she replied, her

41、 dark eyes meetmg his. "I wouldn't ha'e duo ask you, but my teacher. Nir Mills, says I am ready. I plan to make it in ail admirable manner ”President Lincoln smiled.4 Painters, sculptor s-they'all tried to make the best of this ordinary face, but I'm afraid there's not much

42、hope. What did you have in mind、Miss Ream? A bust（半身像）?”Before Vinnie could say yes, the President hurried on. a shade of apology in his voice.' Of comse-I shouldn't have asked. A fiill-length pose would be much too big a project for a young woman your “ size.Vinnie's face turned red. Sh

43、e realized she looked like a child, with her tiny figure. "Small does not mean weak, sir,“ she defended herself. 1 was born in the country of Wisconsin. I've dnven teams of horses and carried water Making a Rill-length clay（粘土）figure would not exhaust my strength-and tliat is what I intend

44、to do!”The President's eyes, brightened at her show of spirit. "Sorry、madam, I have underestmiated you as I didn't know your background."'But his simle faded as he nibbed his beard with bony fingers, in tliought. fckMiss Ream/ he siglied, Td like to let you do it, but as you kn

45、ow, we are in die middle of a war. How could I possibly take the time to pose for a sculpture now? I hardly have a minute to myself.,5Vinnie glanced around and noted the size of his office. work quickly." she said. Her voice was soft but confident as she pomted to the comer near die windows. If

46、 I were to bruig my clay here and work for tliree hours every afternoon, I could complete most of the project while you are at your desk/The President seemed to consider her idea seriously. He got up and shook Vinnie's hand warmly, "I've heard that you are a talented young woman, and I

47、have found you charming and intelligent as well. I caimot make my decision immediately, but you will hear from me soon.”The very next day, Vinnie received an invitation from the President.41. What gave Vumie confidence to make her request of President Lmcoln?A. Her aggressive personality.B. Mr. Mill

48、s's encouragmg remark.C. President Lincoln's gentle voice.D. Her interest in a challenging job.42. How did President Lmcoln first respond to Vinnie's request?A. Pleased.B. Tlirilled.C. Regretfill.D. Doubtfill.43. Viniue confirmed her ability to make a full-length statue by highligliting.

49、A. her experience from other projectsB. her nmoceiit childhood in the countryC. the heay labor she had done beforeD. the skill she picked up in Wisconsin44. Vinnie wanted to choose the corner near die windows to.A. achieve effects of natural lightingB. keep all her tools witliin easy reachC. observe

50、 the President at a right angleD. avoid distiirbrng die president's work45. What message does the story convey?A. A strong-willed soul can reach his goal.B. Experience helps to promote excellence.C. Ups and downs make one strong.D. Devotion requires enthusiasm.【答案】41,B42.D43.C44. D45.A【解析】這是一篇記敘

51、文。文章主要記敘了 Vinnie Ream向林肯總統(tǒng)提出給他做一個(gè)全身雕像的請(qǐng)求，一開 始林肯總統(tǒng)對(duì)此表示懷疑，在Vinnie的不斷努力爭(zhēng)取后，最終第二天Vinme收到了林肯總統(tǒng)的邀請(qǐng)。41 .細(xì)"理解題。根據(jù)第三段中的“I wouldn't have dared to ask you. but my teacher, Mr. Mills, says I am ready. I plan to make it in an admirable manner.“可知，我本來不敢問你，但我的老師Mills先生說我準(zhǔn)備好了。我打 算用一種令人欽佩的方式來做這件事，由此可知，Mills

52、先生的話給了 Vinnie向林肯總統(tǒng)提出要求的底氣。故選B o42 .推理判斷題。根據(jù)第五段中的“Of course-1 shouldn't have asked. A fiill-length pose would be much too big a project for a young woman your size.”可知I,當(dāng)然-我不應(yīng)該問的。對(duì)于你這種身材的年輕女性來說，全身雕像 太大了。由此可推知，林肯總統(tǒng)首先對(duì)Vinnie的請(qǐng)求表示懷疑。故選D,43 .細(xì)行理解題。根據(jù)第六段中的'Tve driven teams of horses and carried wa

53、ter Making a fiill-length clay figure would not exliaust my strength-aiid this is what I intend to do!、可知，我趕過 4隊(duì)，提過水。做一個(gè)全身雕像不 會(huì)耗盡我的力量-我還正想這樣呢！此可知，Vinnie通過強(qiáng)調(diào)她以前所做的繁重勞動(dòng)，證實(shí)了她有能力制作 一個(gè)全身雕像。故選C。44 .推理判斷題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第四段中的“Miss Ream/ he sighed, 4fcPd like to let you do it, but as you know, we are in the middle of

54、a war. How could I possibly take the time to pose for a sculpture now? I hardly have a mmute to myself. “可知，總統(tǒng)提到自己沒有時(shí)間擺姿勢(shì)來讓Vinnie做雕像。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段中的“Vinnie glanced arouiid and noted the size of his office. 1 work quickly： she said. Her voice was soft but confident as she pointed to the corner near the win

55、dows. tfcIf I were to bring my clay here and work for tliree hours every afternoon, I could complete most of the project while you are at your dusk：可知，Vinnie環(huán)顧四周，注意到了他辦公室的大小a “我干得很快，她 說。她指著靠近窗戶的那個(gè)角落，聲音柔和而自信。“如果我把我的粘上帶到這里來，每天下午工作三個(gè)小 時(shí)，我就可以在你辦公的時(shí)候完成大部分的項(xiàng)目?！坝纱丝赏浦?，上文中總統(tǒng)提到自己沒有時(shí)間擺姿勢(shì)來讓 Vmme做雕像，于是Vrnme想選擇靠近

56、窗戶的角落，是為了避免F擾總統(tǒng)的工作。故選D。45 .推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章主要記敘了 Vrnme Ream向林肯總統(tǒng)提出給他做一個(gè)全身雕像的請(qǐng)求，一開始林 肯總統(tǒng)對(duì)此表示懷疑，在Vrnnie的不斷努力爭(zhēng)取后，最終第二天Vmme收到了林肯總統(tǒng)的邀請(qǐng)。由此可推 知，這個(gè)故事表達(dá)了意志堅(jiān)強(qiáng)的人能達(dá)到目標(biāo)的思想。故選A。Text 5 （2020年浙江卷1月）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的A、B、C和D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出最佳選項(xiàng)。Milwaukee. Wisconsin, is road testing a new way to keep winter roads ice-free - by spreadmg

57、 on tliein cheese brme, die salty liquid used to make soft cheese, like mozzarella.Wisconsin, also called MAmerica s Dairyland J is famous for its cheese. Tlie state produced 2.8 billion pounds of cheese last year? a result, there was a lot of leftover cheese brine. Disposing off處置）the brine can be

58、expensive. So what should cheese makers do witli the waste?Normally, towns use rock salt to de-ice streets. The salt lowers waters' freezing point, causmg ice to melt（融（t）. But using cheese brine could help both cheese producers and cities save money, while keepmg roads safe. Cheese brme has sal

59、t in it, which, like the rock salt, helps lower waters freezing point.In addition to saving money, cheese brme could also be a more ein'ironment-friendly option. Many people suspect that all the rock salt used every winter is harming die environment.Rock salt is made of sodium chloride, the sane con-pound （ft 合物）in ordinarr table salt. Sounds hannless. right? But while you probably add only a small amount of salt to your food, road crews spread about 20 million tons of salt on U.S. Roads every year!The chemical washes off roads and g