何時(shí)用不定式何時(shí)用分詞與動(dòng)名詞

1、word.專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料何時(shí)用不定式何時(shí)用分詞與動(dòng)名詞.動(dòng)名詞 和不定式 做主語(yǔ)的相同點(diǎn)1. 不定式短語(yǔ)和動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)， 常常為了保持句子的平衡， 用 it 來(lái)做形式主語(yǔ) ， 如：It is not easy to learn English well.It is no use asking him for help.2. 如果主語(yǔ)用了不定式 ,表語(yǔ) 和賓語(yǔ)也要用不定式 ;主語(yǔ)用了動(dòng)名詞 ,表語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)也 要用動(dòng)名詞 ,這在英語(yǔ)中稱為 對(duì)稱性 ,如:To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼見為實(shí) )(85)It is better to

2、stay home than _A_ out.A. to go B. going C. go D. gone.動(dòng)名詞和不定式做主語(yǔ)的不同點(diǎn)1.不定式做主語(yǔ)常表示具體的某一動(dòng)作 ; 表示泛指或一般的抽象的概念時(shí) ,多用動(dòng) 名詞,如:(92)_B_ is a good form of exercise for both young and old.范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word. 專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 A. The walk B. Walking C. To walk D. Walk2.在” There/It +be+ no use(good/help/need) 之后”常用動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ) ,而少用不定

3、 式,如:It /There is no use crying over the split milk.It /There is no help taking this medicine.但是如果該 句型中用了 for 引出不定式的 邏輯主語(yǔ) ,就只能用不定式 ,如:(93) There is no good for us to do that exercise.3. 不定式可以和 when, where, how, what, whether 等連用 ,在句子中做主語(yǔ) ,賓語(yǔ)和 表語(yǔ) ,而動(dòng)名詞則不能 ,如:How to solve the problem is a hot potato.W

4、here to put the box seems hard to decide.Whether to do it hasn' t been decided.What to do next is up to you.時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)及其基本用法A. 不定式1不定式的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)有三種形式：一般式，如， to write / to be written ; 進(jìn)行式，如， to be writing / to have been writing; 完成式，如， to have written / to have been written 。2基本用法 不定式的一般式， 表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)

5、作同時(shí)發(fā)生， 有時(shí)也發(fā)生在 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之后。如：He seems to know this.(=It seems that he knows this.)范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word. 專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 I hope to see you again.(=I hope that I' ll see you again.)He doesn ' t like to be laughed at. (=He doesn't like that he is being laughed at 不定式的進(jìn)行式， 表示不定式的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行， 與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā) 生。如

6、：When the mother went into the room, the boy pretended to be sleeping. (= boy pretended that he was sleeping .)I heard the English song being sung by him. (=I heard that the English song was being sung by him.) 不定式的完成式，表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前。如：I am sorry to have kept you waiting so long. (= I am sorry

7、that I kept you waiting so long. )Having been well written, the book was translated into many languages. (=Because it had been well written, )B. 分詞1.只有現(xiàn)在分詞才有時(shí)態(tài)和語(yǔ)態(tài)形式的變化。 現(xiàn)在分詞的時(shí)態(tài)、 語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式： 一般式，如， doing / being done; 完成式，如， having done / having been done 。 2.基本用法 現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式， 表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生， 或在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng) 詞表

8、示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。如：The boys and girls went to school, singing and dancing all along the way .They all jumped with joy ,hearing the good news.The girl could not help crying ,being criticized in the public.范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word. 專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式， 表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作之前已發(fā)生， 常用作時(shí) 間狀語(yǔ)或原因狀語(yǔ)。如：Having done the work very well

9、 ,he was praised by the teacher.Having been shot by a bullet, the man fell down dead.C 動(dòng)名詞1.動(dòng)名詞的時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)有兩種形式：一般式，如， writing / being written ; 完成式，如， having written / having been written 。2.基本用法 動(dòng)名詞的一般式不表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行， 但作具有狀語(yǔ)性質(zhì)的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)， 動(dòng)名詞一 般式表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：The teacher is busy collecting the students '

10、 exam papers. 動(dòng)名詞的完成式在作具有狀語(yǔ)性質(zhì)的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)， 表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作之 前已發(fā)生。如：He was praised by the teacher for having done the work wonderfully.He felt so sorry for not having been given the chance to work in the company. 三、不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞的詞性特征和句法功能 1不定式既有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞、形容詞、和副詞的句法功能，因 此，不定式在句中作：主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、獨(dú)立成分。 2分詞

11、即具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能，因此，不定 式在句中作：表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、獨(dú)立成分。 3動(dòng)名詞，顧名思義，既有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能，因此， 動(dòng)名詞在句中作：主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)。 四、不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞句法功能用法的比較范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word. 專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 1. 從上面不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞的詞性特征和句法功能中，我們不難看出它們 在句子中的作用既有較多的共性，又有稍微的差異： a.相同的句法功能：不定式、分詞都能作：表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、獨(dú)立成分；不定式、動(dòng)名詞都能作：主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ) ；不定式、分詞、 動(dòng)名詞都

12、能作：表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)。b.不同的句法功能：不定式可作：同位語(yǔ)。如：That was her desire, to go to America for further study after finishing middle school.2.正確運(yùn)用好不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞 不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)的比較。請(qǐng)看例句： My job is to teach the students English. My job is teaching the students English. My job is interesting. I am interested in English.辨析： A. 不定

13、式與動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)一般可以互換使用， 在意義上沒有多大差別， 且其形式差異較大， 很容易把握 , 如上面例句的； 現(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞同形， 在作表語(yǔ)時(shí)，學(xué)生不易識(shí)別。分辨方法有三： a)分詞作表語(yǔ)說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)特 征，回答 how 的問題； 不定式和動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)則說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的內(nèi)容， 回答 what 或 doing what 問題 , 如： My job is interesting.(=How is my job?) ; My job is teaching ( to teach ) the students English. (=What is my job?); b )動(dòng)名詞具有名詞 的句法功能

14、，也能做主語(yǔ)，我們不妨把句中的表語(yǔ)轉(zhuǎn)換成主語(yǔ)，如果句子成立， 則是動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)， 否則是現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)。 如：My job is teaching the students English Teaching the students English is my job. 顯然句子是成立的，原句中的 范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word.專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 teaching 是動(dòng)名詞； c）分詞具有形容詞的句法功能，那么，我們可以在作表語(yǔ) 的分詞前加 very（extremely ,fairly ） 等副詞，如果句子成立，則動(dòng)詞 ing 形式 作表語(yǔ)的是現(xiàn)在分詞。如上面例句：My job is inte

15、resting. 可改為：My job is very interesting. 顯然句子是成立的，句中的 interesting 是現(xiàn)在分詞。 B確定用現(xiàn)在分詞還是用過去分詞作表語(yǔ)的方法有：現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示主 語(yǔ)所具有的某種特征；過去分詞作表語(yǔ)多表示主語(yǔ)所處的狀態(tài)。情感動(dòng)詞的 v.-ing 形式表示具有某種特征；情感動(dòng)詞的 v.-ed形式多表示引起某種情感。一般地說(shuō)， 事物具有某種特征，而人才具有某種情感，因此，分詞作表語(yǔ)的句式可歸納為：a）Sb.be v-ed ; b） Sth. bev-ing.如：a. I am very excited ; b. The news is very

16、exciting. 但有一個(gè)詞例外，那就是 missing 。例如“那個(gè)男孩不見了”，我們不能說(shuō)“The boy is missed . ，而”是“The boy is missing.”不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)的比較A作前置定語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞、動(dòng)名詞 可以作前置定語(yǔ)，而不定式不能作前置定語(yǔ)。如： a developing country , a developed country ; boiling water ，boiled water ; building materials , a swimming pool ; the sleeping boy , the coming n

17、ew year 。 辨異的方法很簡(jiǎn)單： 現(xiàn)在分詞具有主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行的特點(diǎn)，而過去分詞則具有被動(dòng)、 完成的特點(diǎn)。例如， a developing country=a country which is developing （ 發(fā)展中 國(guó)家 ）； boiling water=water which is boiling（ 正在滾開的水 ） ; a developed country=a country which has developed（發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家）；boiled water=water which has been boiled（已滾開過的水 ）?，F(xiàn)在分詞和動(dòng)名詞同形，但作前置定語(yǔ)時(shí)， 動(dòng)名詞表示

18、所修飾的名詞的用途，例如， .building materials=materials for 范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word. 專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 building; a swimming pool=a pool for swimming ；而現(xiàn)在分詞作前置定語(yǔ)時(shí)， 表 示所修飾的名詞正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，兩者是邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。例如， the sleeping boy=the boy who is sleeping ; the coming new year=the new year that is coming 。 B作后置定語(yǔ) 不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都能作作后置定語(yǔ)，而動(dòng)名詞不作后置定語(yǔ)。

19、先看 例句： The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important. The problem discussed discussed at the meeting is very important. The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important. 辨析：上面例句分別用不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作后置定語(yǔ)，是因?yàn)樗鼈兇?在不同的情況：不定式作定語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作正要進(jìn)行(未發(fā)生) ；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)， 表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行(正在發(fā)生) ；過去分詞作定語(yǔ)，表示動(dòng)作已

20、完成(已發(fā)生) 。 據(jù)此，我們可以把上面的例句還原為定語(yǔ)從句作定語(yǔ)的句子， 這樣學(xué)生就更容易 理解： The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.=The problem( which is ) to be discussed at the meeting is very important. The problem discussed at the meeting is very important.= The problem (which was ) discussed at the meeting is ver

21、y important. The problem being discussed at the meeting is very important.= The problem (which is ) being discussed at the meeting is very important. 不定式、動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)時(shí)的比較A做主語(yǔ)例句： To read English aloud in the morning is very practical.范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word. 專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 Reading English aloud in the morning is very

22、 practical . 為了保持句子的平衡，可用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)，所以上面例句可寫成為： It is practical to read English aloud in the morning . It is practical reading English aloud in the morning .B作賓語(yǔ) 例句： He wanted to help him out with his English. He doesn' t like being laughed at. I enjoy singing English songs . 辨析：一般說(shuō)來(lái)，不定式與動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)可以

23、互換，其意義沒有多大的差別， 但認(rèn)真分析起來(lái)，它們之間還是有一些差異的： a )不定式做主語(yǔ)，一般表示的是具體的情況 , 而動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)，一般表示一般性 的情況。如：It is no use to ask him. He knows nothing about this matter.It is no use asking him. He is foolish.b. 同樣，不定式做賓語(yǔ)，一般表示的是具體的情況 ,而動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)，一般表示 的是習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作。如：I like to sing and dance right now .I feel so pleased to know that o

24、ur football team has won the match.He has a good voice. He likes singing English songs.不定式作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)：a) 通常用于及物動(dòng)詞 want, hope, wish, need, promise, plan, pretend, prepare, fail, determine 等之后。如： I want to be proud of you.Einstein once refused to speak on the radio for $1,000 a minute. 范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word. 專業(yè)技術(shù)行

25、業(yè)資料 b) 如果作賓語(yǔ)的不定式又有自己的補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，則須用先行詞 it 作形式賓語(yǔ)，而將真 正的賓語(yǔ)后置。如：We think it necessary to study English well.We feel our it our duty to help him.c) 不定式一般不作介詞的賓語(yǔ)， 只有少數(shù)介詞如， but, except 等后面才行。 此時(shí) 不定式可以帶 to,如果介詞 but, except 等的前面有實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 do, does 或 did 時(shí)， 不定式不帶 to. 如：In very cold winter weather a cold blooded creature

26、has no choice but to lie down and sleep.Yesterday afternoon he did nothing but lie in bed sleeping. 有些及物動(dòng)詞后面只能接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)， 這樣的及物動(dòng)詞不多， 主要是：mind, admit, advise void, face, enjoy, finish, excuse, imagine, escape, include, keep, pardon, practice, risk, miss, stand( 忍耐，忍受 ), deny, suggest, give up, put off,

27、can't help禁(不住 ), set about, prevent, prevent sb. from, object to (反對(duì))，insist on 等。如：The boy insisted on going to Beijing with his father for a tour.The girl didn' t mind being left alone at home. 有些及物動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)可用不定式，也有可用動(dòng)名詞，可分兩種情況：a) 意義基本一樣，如 like, love, hate, begin, start, continue, cease, atte

28、mpt, afford, prefer, delay, omit, neglect, propose, 等。如：Marx started working(=to work) hard to improve his English.The Einstein 's cold not afford to pay for ( =paying for) the education that young Albert needed.范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word.專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 但是，如果 begin 與 start 本身為進(jìn)行式時(shí)，后面要接不定式，不接動(dòng)名詞。如： He is beginnin

29、g to see his mistakes.b) 意義明顯不同，主要有以下幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞。(a) remember(forget, regret ) to v. 表示不定式的動(dòng)作尚未發(fā)生。 remember(forget, regret ) v.-ing 表示動(dòng)名詞的動(dòng)作已發(fā)生。 試比較：Please remember to close the door when you leave.I regret to tell you that he will not come to the party.I remember meeting her somewhere before.(b) mean to v

30、. 意為：打算 ; 想要; 有的意圖 mean v.-ing 意為：意味著 ; 意思是; 就是 試比較：I didn 't mean to hurt your feeling.Learning well English does not mean just working hard in a class.(c) stop to v. 意為：停下來(lái)做謀事 。stop v.-ing 意為；停止做謀事。 試比較：They stopped to talk .(= stopped what they were doing in order to talk.) The students stopp

31、ed talking when the teacher came into the classroom.(d) try to v. 意為：設(shè)法 ; 想法 ; 試圖try v.-ing 意為：試著 ; 試試看 試比較：Ever since he came to this school, he tried to work hard at all his subjects . 范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word.專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 She tried reading, but that could not make her forget all her trouble.(e) sth.want( need

32、, require) to be v.-ed 意為：需要 ; 該 sth.want( need, require) v.-ing 意為：需要 ; 該 (動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式表 示被動(dòng)的含義 ) 試比較：My watch needed to be repaired.The matter wants thinking over.(=to be thought over) .Those young trees will require looking after(=to be looked after) . 不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)的比較 A不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 不定式作賓補(bǔ)是比較常用的句式

33、，如： He asked me to help him with his English.The teacher encouraged us to make greater progress. 但用不定式作賓補(bǔ)要注意下面兩種情況： a)不定式在感覺性動(dòng)詞，如 see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel, find 等動(dòng)詞和 使役動(dòng)詞 make, let, have 之后作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式的小品詞 to應(yīng)省去。如： I saw him go upstairs this morning .The teacher makes me write a compositi

34、on a week. 但上面的句子在改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)太時(shí)， to 不能省去。如： He was seen to go upstairs this morning. We are made to write a composition a week by the teacher.b) 某 些 及 物 動(dòng) 詞 ， 如 agree,employ,lead,refuse,decide,promise,excuse,insist,prevent,suggest, arrange 等 范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word.專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 之后不能用不定式作其賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。例如句子“我爸爸希望我將來(lái)當(dāng)工程師”如果 譯文

35、是“ My farther hopes me to be an engineer in the future. 那么就錯(cuò)”了,。正確 的譯文應(yīng)是： “ My farther wishes (expects) me to be an engineer in the future. ； 或“ My farther hopes that I will be an engineer in the future.”B現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)也是比較常用的句式，如： I heard him singing English songs.His English was p

36、oor .He could hardly make himself understood. 學(xué)習(xí)小結(jié)：不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞、過去分詞都能作賓補(bǔ)，正確使用它們的方法是： 首先確定它們與邏輯主語(yǔ)即句子的賓語(yǔ)之間的關(guān)系， 如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是它們動(dòng)作的 執(zhí)行者，則用不定式或現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)。不定式表示動(dòng)作已完成，側(cè)重工作的全 過程，而現(xiàn)在分詞表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行；如果邏輯主語(yǔ)是它們動(dòng)作的承受者，則應(yīng) 用過去分詞作賓補(bǔ)。如：I often heard him sing English songs. I heard him singing English songs.I often heard English song

37、s sung by him. 不定式、分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的比較 A.不定式可修飾動(dòng)詞和形容詞，表示原因、目的和結(jié)果。 a)作修飾動(dòng)詞的原因狀語(yǔ)。如：s deThe whole nation was in deep sorrow to learn of Premier Zhou Enlai He laughed to think of his stupid son.b)作修飾動(dòng)詞的目的狀語(yǔ)。如：He went to buy an English dictionary in the bookstore.范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word. 專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)如果放在句子之前，則更為正式一些，

38、語(yǔ)氣也較重。如： To be a teacher of the people, one must first be their pupil.c）作修飾動(dòng)詞的結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。不定式做結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表示一種沒有預(yù)料到的情況或結(jié) 果，須放在被修飾動(dòng)詞的后面，如：He woke up to find that he was lying in the hospital. 有時(shí)為了進(jìn)一步加強(qiáng)預(yù)料不到的語(yǔ)氣，在表示結(jié)果的不定式前還可加 only, 如： He went to see him only to find him out.d）作修飾表語(yǔ)形容詞的狀語(yǔ)。尤其要注意的是，此時(shí)作修飾表語(yǔ)形容詞狀語(yǔ)的 不定式常用主動(dòng)

39、形式，表示被動(dòng)的含義。如：My chair is comfortable to sit on. English is very difficult to learn well. B分詞可作多種狀語(yǔ)，用法比較活躍。 a）作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)（相當(dāng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句） ，如： Having finished his homework, he went to bed. （=After he had finished his homework, ）（When） heated, ice will turn into water. （=When it is heated, ）b） 作原因狀語(yǔ)（相當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)從句） ，如：B

40、eing a Party member, I should take the lead. （=As I am a Party member, ） Greatly inspired by the teacher 'wso rds, he made up his mind to work even harder. （=Because he was greatly inspired by the teacher）' s words,c）作方式、伴隨或附加說(shuō)明狀語(yǔ)，如：Filled for the moment with extraordinary strength, he raise

41、d himself completely.He stood there waiting for a bus.范文范例學(xué)習(xí)參考指導(dǎo) word. 專業(yè)技術(shù)行業(yè)資料 Here for the four very difficult years they worked every moment that they could spare, weighing and boiling and measuring and calculating and thinking.d) 作條件狀語(yǔ)(相當(dāng)條件狀語(yǔ)從句) ，如：Given some more time, she will do work even better. (= If she is given some more time, )Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time. (=If you play all day, )e) 作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，如：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 有時(shí)在表示結(jié)果的現(xiàn)在分詞之前還可加 only,表示預(yù)料之中的情況，如： He went to see him last night only finding him studying. He was always worki