英語動(dòng)詞語法基本知識(shí)

1、英語動(dòng)詞語法根本知識(shí)1 .及物動(dòng)詞這類動(dòng)詞后邊要跟賓語.She teaches English.她教英語.People love her.人們都喜歡她.2 .不及物動(dòng)詞這類動(dòng)詞后邊不跟賓語.He arrived late this morning.他今天早上遲到了.Her parents died in an accident when she was six. 她 6 歲時(shí)雙親在一次車禍中喪生.注：在英語中,不少動(dòng)詞既可以作及物動(dòng)詞,也可以作不及物動(dòng)詞.3 .雙賓動(dòng)詞有些動(dòng)詞可以跟兩個(gè)賓語,一個(gè)為間接賓語,另一個(gè)為直接賓語.Please give me a pen. 請(qǐng)給我一支筆.He ow

2、ed me 10 dollars. 他欠我 10 美元.4 .系動(dòng)詞系動(dòng)詞在句中連接主語和表語.常見的系動(dòng)詞有下面這些：appear, be, become, fall, feel, get, go, grow, keep, look, prove, remain, rest, run, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn1系動(dòng)詞所連接的表語可以是形容詞,名代詞,數(shù)詞,副詞,介詞短語,不定式,動(dòng) 名詞,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞或表語從句.詳細(xì)可參見表語一章.The dish smells good .這盤菜聞起來不錯(cuò).形容詞作表語It is a long wa

3、it in the dark.在黑暗中他們等了很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間.名詞作表語The atomic weight of oxygen is sixteen .氧的原子量是 16.數(shù)詞作表語I am not sure if he is around .我不清楚他是否在附近. 副詞作表語He's still in danger .他仍在危險(xiǎn)期.介詞短語作表語His wish was to become a scientist .他的愿望是當(dāng)一名科學(xué)家.不定式作表語Her hobby is growing roses .她的愛好是種玫瑰花.動(dòng)名詞作表語What he said was very en

4、couraging .他的話很鼓舞人心.現(xiàn)在分詞作表語Please remain seated .請(qǐng)不要站起來.過去分詞作表語The truth is that he was very shy .事實(shí)是他很害羞.表語從句2主語+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)這種結(jié)構(gòu)很常用,“be +形容詞+介詞這一結(jié)構(gòu)有不少已成為習(xí)慣用語.We are proud of our new club. 我們以我們的新會(huì)所為榮.I am afraid of disturbing you.我怕打攪了 你.He was not interested in that story. 他對(duì)那個(gè)故事不感興趣.The countr

5、y is short of skilled labor.這個(gè)國(guó)家缺乏熟練工人.He was worried about her health. 他擔(dān)憂她的健康.3上語+系動(dòng)詞+形容詞+從句結(jié)構(gòu)I am afraid that it may hurt you.我恐怕這會(huì)使你感到傷心.She was glad that Joanna was going away.喬安娜要走了,這使她很開心.Our football team feels proud that it has won every match this year.我?足球隊(duì)為今年每次比賽都獲勝而感到自豪.I am not clear w

6、hen he will come.我不清楚他什么時(shí)候會(huì)來.They were uncertain whether they could find time to do it.他們不確定的他們是否能找至 U時(shí)間來做這個(gè).I am not sure what I ought to do.我不知道我該做什么.5 .助動(dòng)詞詳見助動(dòng)詞一章6 .情態(tài)動(dòng)詞詳見情態(tài)動(dòng)詞一章1及物動(dòng)詞a及物動(dòng)詞即是后邊需要跟賓語的動(dòng)詞.這是由于及物動(dòng)詞語法意義上不完整,后邊需要 接賓語作為動(dòng)作的接受者.We couldn't find a place to park.我們找不到停車的地方.You' d bett

7、er hire someone to oversee the project. 你最好聘?jìng)€(gè)人監(jiān)督這個(gè)項(xiàng) 目.b及物動(dòng)詞通常可用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)Over 1000 cars are produced in this factory every month.這個(gè)工廠每月生產(chǎn)超過1000 輛汽車.Extra workers were employed by the store during Christmas time.圣誕期間店里額夕卜聘了一些工作人員.c及物動(dòng)詞可以與 介詞短語 連用,這種情況很常見,如：assign to,provide .witlhpo-The manager has assign

8、ed their best man to the job.經(jīng)理派了最適宜的人選做這項(xiàng)工作.The firm has provided me with a car.公司已為我提供了一輛汽車.2不及物動(dòng)詞a不及物動(dòng)詞后邊不跟賓語,由于這類動(dòng)詞在語法意義上是完整的,不涉及到動(dòng)作的接受 者.由于不及物動(dòng)詞沒有賓語,因此也就沒有被動(dòng)語態(tài).Our love will never die .我們的愛將永不止息.I just came back last Sunday.我上周日才回來.b相當(dāng)一局部不及物動(dòng)詞可與介詞連用構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞短語,使其具有了及物動(dòng)詞的特征.They finally arrived at an

9、 agreement after a long discussion.經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)時(shí)間討論之后他們最終達(dá)成了協(xié)議.Please don ' refer to that matter again.請(qǐng)不要再提這件事.注這種情況下動(dòng)詞短語可以有被動(dòng)語態(tài),如 ：The new legislation will need to be looked at .新法規(guī)還需要進(jìn)一步研究.3注意英語中一些動(dòng)詞既可做及物動(dòng)詞,也可以做不及物動(dòng)詞如survive,而且有時(shí)同一個(gè)動(dòng)詞的及物動(dòng)詞與不及物動(dòng)詞的意思是不同的如 apply .所以在學(xué)習(xí)英語動(dòng)詞時(shí), 單單記住其意思是不夠的,還需要記住該意思的用法.No on

10、e survived in the air crash. 沒有人在這起空難中存活.He was the only one who survived the earthquake.他是地震中唯一一個(gè)生存者.We should apply this job immediately.我們要立即申請(qǐng)這份工作.These rules don't always apply .這些規(guī)那么并非總能行得通.4及物詞和不及物動(dòng)詞后都可以跟不定式結(jié)構(gòu).I don 'want to bother you.我并不想麻煩你.Several mobile firms are competing to get

11、 the contract.幾家 公司正在競(jìng)爭(zhēng)這個(gè)合同.短語動(dòng)詞也稱成語動(dòng)詞phrasal verb ,是指由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的詞組成的動(dòng)詞.構(gòu)成短 語動(dòng)詞的詞在語義上被當(dāng)成是一個(gè)整體,即被看成是一個(gè)動(dòng)詞,分開就失去其意義.下面列舉短語動(dòng)詞的四種搭配.1不及物動(dòng)詞+副詞這類短語動(dòng)詞后邊不跟賓語.The smell of gas has gone away .煤氣味已經(jīng)消失了.Where did you grow up ?你是在哪兒長(zhǎng)大的 ？2不及物動(dòng)詞 +介詞這類短語動(dòng)詞后可以跟賓語.I won't stand for any more of your rudeness.我再也不能忍受你

12、的無理.Different circumstances call for different tactics.不同的情況需要不同的策略.這類短語動(dòng)詞可有 被動(dòng)語態(tài),如：The procedures should be abided by .應(yīng)當(dāng)遵循程序.The subject may be dealt with under four headings.這個(gè)問題可以分四個(gè)標(biāo)題加以論述.3及物動(dòng)詞+副詞這類短語動(dòng)詞后可以跟賓語,而且副詞?？梢砸频劫e語的后邊.We finally decided to give up our plan.我們最后決定放棄我們的方案.They still cannot

13、rule out the possibility of earthquake.他們?nèi)匀粺o法排除地震的可能.Be sure to turn the lights off before you leave.請(qǐng)你在離開前務(wù)必關(guān)燈.這類短語動(dòng)詞可有被動(dòng)語態(tài),如It should be pointed out that this approach has some shortcomings.需要指出這種方法有一些缺點(diǎn).4不及物動(dòng)詞 +副詞+介詞You should watch out for zebra crossings when driving.開車的時(shí)候要留意斑馬線.We can' cat

14、ch up with the developed countries without educational reform. 不進(jìn)行教育 體制的改革,我們就無法趕上那些興旺國(guó)家.另外有一些含有名詞的結(jié)構(gòu),嚴(yán)格來說不是短語動(dòng)詞,而是動(dòng)詞短語,但它們也是一些習(xí)慣的與動(dòng)詞有關(guān)的搭配,且在語義上可以看成是一個(gè)整體,如：1動(dòng)詞+名詞+介詞整個(gè)短語用法上相當(dāng)于及物動(dòng)詞,如 ：attach importance to 重視get rid of 擺脫keep pace with 跟上 take part in 參力口,參與2動(dòng)詞+介詞+名詞整個(gè)短語用法上相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞,如：coming into being

15、 生效come to light 為人所知,被披露3動(dòng)詞+賓語+介詞+名詞,如：keep . in mindt己住 take . into account 考慮4動(dòng)詞+名詞整個(gè)短語用法上相當(dāng)于不及物動(dòng)詞,如take place 發(fā)生take effect 起作用,見效make sense 講得通,有道理take turns 輪流動(dòng)詞的各種形式1動(dòng)詞原形：即詞典中詞條所給出的動(dòng)詞形式.用于一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和不定式.They know us well,他們很了解我們.Do you want to go there? 你想去那兒?jiǎn)幔?過去式：用于表示過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或事情.該形式通常是在動(dòng)詞原形后加edoY

16、ou talked too much.你講得太多.3過去分詞：用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)和完成時(shí)態(tài)等.該形式通常是在動(dòng)詞原形后加ed.Two people were killed in the accident. 有兩個(gè)人在事故中喪生.4現(xiàn)在分詞：由動(dòng)詞原形+ ing 構(gòu)與,可用于各種進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài).They are leaning English.他們正在學(xué)英語.5第三人稱單數(shù)形式：當(dāng)句子的主語為單數(shù)時(shí),句子中的謂語動(dòng)詞需要用第三人稱單數(shù), 第三人稱單數(shù)形式通常是在動(dòng)詞后加s.He likes teaching,他喜歡教學(xué).過去式和過去分詞的構(gòu)成法1英語中大局部動(dòng)詞都以加 -ed詞尾的方法來構(gòu)成過去式及過去分詞

17、.如：?jiǎn)卧~work的過去式或過去分詞為worked . 單詞talk的過去式或過去分詞為talked.這類動(dòng)詞也稱為規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞.2在加-ed詞尾時(shí)要注意以下情況：a如果單詞是以字母 e結(jié)尾,那么只加-d:likeliked movemovedb如果單詞以 輔音字母+ y結(jié)尾,那么先變y為i再加-ed:studystudied trytriedC如果單詞是以 &個(gè)元音字母+一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾,該音節(jié)又重讀者,末尾字母要雙寫,然后再加-ed:stopstopped dropdropped3另外,還有幾點(diǎn)值得注意：a以&個(gè)元音+ l結(jié)尾的詞,英國(guó)人雙寫1,而美國(guó)人那么不雙寫：trave

18、ltravelled 英,traveled 美b l前假設(shè)有兩個(gè)元音,l 一概不雙寫英美都如此：revealrevealed appealappealedc有少數(shù)詞,盡管末尾音節(jié)并不重讀,末尾輔音字母在英國(guó)仍雙寫：worshipworshipped 英,worshiped 美kidnapkidnapped 英, kidnapped 美d以x結(jié)尾的詞,x不雙寫：mixmixed fixfixed英語中還有一些動(dòng)詞不以加-ed的方式來構(gòu)成過去式和過去分詞.這些動(dòng)詞被稱為不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞.如單詞give的過去式為 gave,過去分詞given. 又如,單,know的過去式為knew, 過去分詞為 kno

19、wn .1 .多數(shù)不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞的過去式與過去分詞相同,例如：動(dòng)詞原形過去式過去分詞bleedbledbledbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltbuyboughtboughtcatchcaughtcaughtdigdugdugfindfoundfoundfeelfeltfeltkeepkeptkeptleadledledleaveleftlefthearheardheardlendlentlentmeetmetmetmeanmeantmeantmakemademadeloselostlostpaypaidpaidsellsoldsoldshootshotshot

20、sitsatsatsleepsleptsleptspendspentspentstandstoodstoodtelltoldtoldthinkthoughtthoughtunderstandunderstoodunderstood2 . 一些不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞的過去式與過去分詞并不相同,例如:動(dòng)詞原形過去式過去分詞beatbeatbeatenbecomebecamebecomebeginbeganbegunblowblewblownchoosechosechosendrawdrewdrawngowentgonegrowgrewgrowngivegavegiveneatateeatenfallfell

21、fallenflyflewflownfreezefrozefrozenhidehidhiddenknowknewknownrideroderiddenriseroserisenrunranrunshakeshookshakenseesawseenshowshowedshownsingsangsungsinksanksunkspeakspokespokenstealstolestolenstrikestruckstruckswimswamswumringrangrungtaketooktakenteartoretornthrowthrewthrownwakewokewakenwritewrote

22、written3 .還有少數(shù)不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞的過去式與過去分詞與動(dòng)詞原形一致,例如:動(dòng)詞原形過去分詞過去式cutcutcutcostcostcostbetbetbetcastcastcasthurthurthurtputputputreadreadreadshutshutshut讀者可以自不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞大多是很常用的單詞.記熟常用的不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞是學(xué)好英語的根本功.己找不規(guī)那么動(dòng)詞表進(jìn)行學(xué)習(xí),這里就不一一列出.現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成法1現(xiàn)在分詞一般是在動(dòng)詞原形后直接加-ing.askasking talktalking2以不發(fā)音的e結(jié)尾的詞,去掉 e,再加-ing.movemoving writewritin

23、g3以&個(gè)元音字母+ 一個(gè)輔音字母結(jié)尾,而又重讀該音節(jié)時(shí),末尾輔音要雙寫,再加-ing.setsetting beginbeginning4個(gè)別單詞的-ing詞尾比擬特別.diedying lielying tietyingageageing 或 aging toetoeing dyedyeinghoehoeing注：以 &個(gè)元音字母加l結(jié)尾的詞,在加-ing時(shí),英國(guó)人要雙寫l,而美國(guó)人不雙寫.traveltravelling 英,traveling 美第三人稱單數(shù)形式在英文句子中,當(dāng)句子的主語意義上為單數(shù)時(shí),句子中的謂語要相應(yīng)地采用單數(shù)形式,即第三人稱單數(shù)形式.第三人稱單數(shù)形

24、式的寫法規(guī)那么如下：a. 通常在動(dòng)詞詞尾力口 s, 如：work - works create - createsb. 動(dòng)詞如果以 ch, sh, s, x 或 o 結(jié)尾時(shí),需力口 es, 如：teach - teaches fix - fixesc.動(dòng)詞以輔音加 y結(jié)尾時(shí),先變 y為i,再加es,如：cry - cries reply - repliesd. be助動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式在一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)和現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)中寫為is,在過去時(shí)態(tài)寫為 was.e.助動(dòng)詞have的單數(shù)形式寫為 has.f.當(dāng)主語為I時(shí),be動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式寫為 am ,過去時(shí)用 was.She works hard from morni

25、ng to night.她從早到晚辛勤工作.He teaches modern Chinese literature in the university. 他在大學(xué)教現(xiàn)代中國(guó)文學(xué).When the curtain rises , Juliet is writing at her desk. 幕啟時(shí),朱麗葉在辦公桌旁寫東西.He is a genius. 他是個(gè)天才.The water is boiling .水正開著呢.He was only three years old when his mother died. 他母親去逝時(shí)他才三歲.The river was threatening t

26、o overflow its banks.河水大有決堤之勢(shì).10The notice was put above the door.布告貝占在門的上方.She has three kids. 她有三個(gè)小孩.He has cheated me.他騙了我.I am afraid of him. 我很怕他.Hearing that news, I was really sad.聽到那個(gè)消息后,我真的很傷心.謂語動(dòng)詞與非謂語動(dòng)詞謂語動(dòng)詞也稱限制性動(dòng)詞,在句中作謂語,受到主語的限定.謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)上要與主 語保持一致,并有時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài),語氣等變化.各種時(shí)態(tài),語態(tài)和語氣的內(nèi)容詳見有關(guān)章節(jié).He wrot

27、e a novel last year.他去年寫了一本小說.They speak French.他們講法語.She is a teacher.她是一位老師.非謂語動(dòng)詞也稱非限定動(dòng)詞,在句中不能單獨(dú)作謂語,不受主語所限定.非謂語動(dòng)詞包括：不定式,動(dòng)名詞,現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞. 這四種非謂語動(dòng)詞的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容請(qǐng)見相關(guān)章節(jié).We hope to see you again.我們希望再見到你.不定式Please stop talking now.請(qǐng)別講話了 .動(dòng)名詞He sat in the armchair, reading a newspaper.他坐在扶手椅里讀報(bào).現(xiàn)在分詞This is a lett

28、er written in blue ink. 這是一封用藍(lán)墨水寫的信.過去分詞持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞和瞬間性動(dòng)詞1 .持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示持續(xù)的行為或狀態(tài),常見的有be, clean, do, drink, drive, eat, fly, have, keep, know, learn, lie, live, play, rain, read, run, sing, sit, sleep, speak, smoke, snow, stand, stay, study, talk, wait, walk, wear, work, write1持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)態(tài),并可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語連用

29、.一段時(shí)間的狀語如for three years, since last month, how long, during the past two months等.如：I know her very well because we have been friends for over ten years. 我很了解她, 由于 我們已是十年的老友.I have learned English since I came here.自從我來至U這兒就學(xué)英語了.2持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞不能與表示短暫的時(shí)間狀語點(diǎn)時(shí)間連用.如:It rained at six yesterdaymorning.這句話語法上是有錯(cuò)的.

30、由于 at six表示點(diǎn)時(shí)間",而rain是持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞.如果11要用持續(xù)性動(dòng)詞表示一時(shí)短暫的動(dòng)作,可以在其前加上 come to, begin to, start to, get to 等.It started to rain at six yesterday morning.昨天上午 6 點(diǎn)開始下雨.When did you get to know him? 你什么時(shí)候熟悉他的.2 .瞬間性動(dòng)詞瞬間性動(dòng)詞表示短暫的不能持續(xù)的動(dòng)作.常見的有：admit, arrive, become, begin, borrow, buy, break, close, come, die, enter, fall,