qingchx27ing,manchudynasty,16441911

1、Qiiig (Ch'ing、Manchu) Dynasty, 1644-1911I. Manchurians take advantage of inner turmoil to take over the country.A. They are admirers of Chinese government methods so they continue to rule in the Confucian manner and use many of the conquered bureaucrats in their government.B. The civil service g

2、o through different levels of exams to their appointments, and support local magistrates (who can not be from the area)C. Resistance at first was strong as the population of China drastically lowered at this time. However, over time the peace and prosperity brought by strong rulers revived the popul

3、ationTHE FFVG &HNE5ED To maintain control, the new nilers required all men to shave front part of head and put remaining hair into a single pigtail of hair on the back of the head (a queue) and to wear Machurian style clothing. The penalty for not doing this was death.E The Qing emperors expande

4、d the boundaries of China to include Outer Mongolia, Tibet, Turkestan, andTaiwan. A treaty with the Russians set a stable border between Hie two big countries in the late 1600s.II. Kangxi (1662-1722) is one of the greatest emperors in Chinese history.A. At first, intellectuals were brought under sta

5、te control, and no one was allowed to speak against the government. Kangxi relaxed these controls somewhat B. He commissioned a huge Encylopedia of Chinese Writings (5,000 volumes) to be compiled and this kept many intellectuals busy and began to draw them back into support for the government.C He a

6、lso initiated the Kangxi Dictionary.D. During this time, the greatest Chinese novel The Dream of the Red Chamber, was writtenIII. The economy flourished and China was the richest and most prosperous country in the world during the 1600s.A. There was a huge internal maiket to share commodities. Being

7、 such a large country, there was a wide variety of goods available internally and the rivers and canals facilitated this tradeB. Also, labor shortages were easily remedied because of easy migration from one area to anotherC. Although merchants were low on the social scale, the government didn't

8、interfere with the running of commerce and didnt 亡ven tax it (they tax land instead).D. China feelt no need to create labor-saving devices or to establish colonies elsewhereE Trade with Europeans flourished in the 1600s, though the Chinese were not interested in European goodsust wanted silver Chine

9、se controlled this foreign trade, limiting the Europeans to particular ports and Chinese tradersF. The economy was still mainly based on agriculture, though a flourishing porcelain industry is a significant part of the econo my.European contact was considered good and badA. As contact with various E

10、uropeans grew, the Chinese Emperors became rather wary of their unsettling influence on their culture and finally decided to shut themselves off from Europeans Although this gave them some stability at the time, it kept them from gaining the technological advances that were occurring in the West at

11、that point (which meant that they could not defend themselves later when Westerners determined they wanted what China had.)B. They also had a high regard for their own civilization,compared to any others,C Portuguese reached China in 1514. The Spanish come in 1565 and claimed thePhillipines and bega

12、n trading with China through Manila port The British and Dutch East India Companies begin trade in the 1600s and were assigned by the Chinese to the port at Canton.The Voyages of Zheng HeZheng He was a Muslim who served as a close confidant of the Yongle Emperor of China (reigned 1403-1424), the thi

13、rd emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Originally named Ma Sanbao (，馬 三保)、he came from Yunnan Province Both his father and grandfather had travelled on pilgrimage to Mecca, and no doubt he heard them recounting tales of travels to far away lands After the Ming army conquered Yunnan, he was taken captive Th

14、e name Zheng He was given by the emperor. He studied at Nanjing Taixue (The Imperial Central College)His missions showed impressive demonstrations of organizational capability and technological might, but did not lead to significant trade, since Zheng He was an admiral and an official, not a merchan

15、t. There were also rumors that he was at least seven feet tall.According to Chinese sources, the fleet comprised 30,000 men and over 300 ships at its height.The 1405 expedition consisted of 27,800 men and 317 ships, composed of:Treasure ships used by the commander of the fleet and his deputies (nine

16、-masted, about 120 meters (400 ft) long and 50 m (160 ft) wide).HHorse ships", carrying tribute goods and repair material for the fleet (eight-masted, about 103 m (339 ft) long and 42 m (138 ft) wide)"Supply ships' containing food-staple for the crew (seven-masted, about 78 m (257 ft)

17、long and 35 m (115 ft) wide)."Troop transports1 six-masted, about 67 m (220 ft) long and 25 ni (83 ft) wide). f,Fuchuan warships*five-masted, about 50 m (165 ft) long).nPatrol boats", eight-oared, about 37 m (120 feet) long)."Water tankers11, with 1 month supply of fresh water.MING CH

18、INA 1368 - 1644136.8 1421 1522 to1566Ming dynasty est. at 畑king Cgitsl moved to Feking Mongol incursion? and Japanese se pirate attacksJ China 1400China 1644Silk roadJAPHNJedo'592 * Kyoto NagasakiOmuzAyuthiaMogul Empire- 1605Karakorum -Pekin 勺Tang* 乂冥駕貰咖 HangchouJapanese sea pirsunnrr CantonH矗iJ

19、iddailippinesSp.1564/處Csliou-tMogadishuCheng-ho's naval 歸tio nw 1405-33According to Ibn Battuta, who visited China in 1347: We stopped in the port of Calicut, in which there were at the time thirteen Chinese vessels, and disembarked On the China Sea travelling is done in Chinese ships only, so w

20、e shall describe their arrangements. The Chinese vessels are of three kinds; large ships called chunks (junks), middle sized ones called zaws (dhows) and the small ones kakams. The large ships have anything from twelve down to three sails, which are made of bamboo rods plaited into mats. They are never lowered, but turned