英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)及倒裝句

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)及倒裝句語(yǔ)法歸納總結(jié)一. 詞類英語(yǔ)詞類分十種：名詞、形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、冠詞、動(dòng)詞、副詞、介詞、連詞、感嘆詞。1. 名詞(n.：表示人、事物、地點(diǎn)或抽象概念的名稱。例：boy, morning, bag, home, class, orange.2. 代詞(pron.：主要用來(lái)代替名詞。例：who, she, you, it .3. 形容詞(adj.：表示人或事物的性質(zhì)或特征。例：good, right, white . 4. 數(shù)詞(num.：表示數(shù)目或事物的順序。例：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5. 動(dòng)詞(v.：

2、表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。例：am, is,are,have,see .6. 副詞(adv.：修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞或其他副詞，說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、程度等。例：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7. 冠詞(art.：用在名詞前,幫助說(shuō)明名詞。例：a, an, the.8. 介詞(prep.：表示它后面的名詞或代詞與其他句子成分的關(guān)系。例：in, on, from, above, behind.9. 連詞(conj.：用來(lái)連接詞、短語(yǔ)或句子。例：and, but, before .10. 感嘆詞(interj.：表示喜、怒、哀、樂(lè)等感情。例：oh, well, hi,

3、hello.二. 句子成分英語(yǔ)句子成分分為七種：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。1. 主語(yǔ)是句子所要說(shuō)的人或事物,回答是“誰(shuí)”或者“什么”。通常用名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。例：Im Miss Green. 我是格林小姐。2. 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),回答“做(什么”。主要由動(dòng)詞擔(dān)任。例：Jack cleans the room every day. 杰克每天打掃房間。3. 表語(yǔ)在系動(dòng)詞之后,說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么樣”。通常由名詞、代詞或形容詞擔(dān)任。例：My name is Ping ping. 我的名字叫萍萍。4. 賓語(yǔ)表示及物動(dòng)詞的對(duì)象或結(jié)果,回答做的是“

4、什么”。通常由名詞或代詞擔(dān)任。例：He can spell the word. 他能拼這個(gè)詞。有些及物動(dòng)詞帶有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ),一個(gè)指物,一個(gè)指人。指物的叫直接賓語(yǔ),指人的叫間接賓語(yǔ)。間接賓語(yǔ)一般放在直接賓語(yǔ)的前面。例：He wrote me a letter. 他給我寫了一封信。有時(shí)可把介詞to或for加在間接賓語(yǔ)前構(gòu)成短語(yǔ),放在直接賓語(yǔ)后面,來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)間接賓語(yǔ)。例：He wrote a letter to me. 他給我寫了一封信。5. 定語(yǔ)修飾名詞或代詞,通常由形容詞、代詞、數(shù)詞等擔(dān)任。例：Shanghai is a big city. 上海是個(gè)大城市。6. 狀語(yǔ)用來(lái)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞，通常由副

5、詞擔(dān)任。例：He works hard. 他工作努力。7. 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明賓語(yǔ)怎么樣或干什么,通常由形容詞或動(dòng)詞充當(dāng)。例：They usually keep their classroom clean. 他們通常讓教室保持清潔。The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself. 老師要我自學(xué)法語(yǔ)。注意：同位語(yǔ)通常緊跟在名詞、代詞后面，進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明它的情況。例：Where is your classmate Tom ? 你的同學(xué)湯姆在哪里？三. 英語(yǔ)中的五種基本句型1. 基本句型一： （主謂） 謂語(yǔ)通常是不及物動(dòng)詞。例：The moon r

6、ose. 月亮升起了。What he said does not matter. 他所講的沒(méi)有什么關(guān)系。2. 基本句型二： （主謂表）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語(yǔ)身份或狀態(tài)的表語(yǔ)構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語(yǔ)，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn, stay, remain等屬另一類，表示變化。另外感官動(dòng)詞如sound, smell, listen, taste等用法同be動(dòng)詞。be 本身沒(méi)有什么意義，只起連系主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)的作用。

7、其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。例：This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 這是本英漢辭典。The dinner smells good. 晚餐的氣味很好。3. 基本句型三： （主謂賓）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語(yǔ)產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。例：He has refused to help them. 他拒絕幫他們的忙。They ate what was left over. 他們吃了剩飯。4. 基本句型四： O間 直 （主謂間賓直賓）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特

8、點(diǎn)：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。通常這一間接承受者用一個(gè)介詞來(lái)連接，當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承受者之前時(shí)，這一介詞往往被省略。例：He brought you a dictionary. 他給你買了一本字典。I told him that the bus was late. 我告訴他汽車晚點(diǎn)了。5. 基本句型五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)還不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來(lái)補(bǔ)足賓語(yǔ)，才能使意思完整。例：They painted the door gree

9、n. 他們把門漆成綠色。I saw them getting on the bus. 我看見(jiàn)他們上了那輛公共汽車。但常用的英語(yǔ)句子并不都像基本句型這樣簡(jiǎn)短，這些句子除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語(yǔ)而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語(yǔ)可以是單詞（主要是形容詞、副詞和數(shù)詞），也可以是各種類型的短語(yǔ)（主要是介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式短語(yǔ)和分詞短語(yǔ)）。下面以基本句型五為例：We found the hall full. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)禮堂坐滿了。We found the great hall full of students and teachers. 我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師。We fo

10、und the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師，在聽(tīng)一個(gè)重要報(bào)告。We found the great hall full of students and teachers listening to an important report made by a comrade from the People's Daily on current affairs in East Europe.我們發(fā)現(xiàn)大禮堂坐滿了學(xué)生和教師，在聽(tīng)人民日?qǐng)?bào)的一位同

11、志作有關(guān)東歐局勢(shì)的重要報(bào)告。倒裝句英語(yǔ)句子的自然語(yǔ)序是主語(yǔ)在前，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在后。如果把謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，就稱為倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)；如果謂語(yǔ)全部放在主語(yǔ)之前，就稱為完全倒裝；如果只把助動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞放在主語(yǔ)之前，就稱為部分倒裝。完全倒裝1. 以here, there, now, then開(kāi)頭，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是be, come, go, follow 等詞，主語(yǔ)為名詞。例：Now comes your turn to answer the questions.2. 以u(píng)p, down, out, in, away, off 等表示移動(dòng)方向的副詞開(kāi)頭的句子, 謂語(yǔ)通常為go, come, rush, f

12、ly, fall 等不及物動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)為名詞。例：Out rushed the boy.【注意】 以上兩種句型中，若主語(yǔ)是代詞，即使here, there, now, then, up, down, out, in, away, off 等放在句首，也不用倒裝。例：Out he rushed. Here you are!3. 表示地點(diǎn)的介詞短語(yǔ)或副詞 (短語(yǔ)如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house, in the middle of the room等 位于句首，謂語(yǔ)是不及物動(dòng)詞，主語(yǔ)是名詞。例：Between the two bui

13、ldings stands a tall tree.East of the city lies a big river.4. 表語(yǔ)位于句首，構(gòu)成 “形容詞 / 現(xiàn)在分詞 / 過(guò)去分詞+連系動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)” 結(jié)構(gòu)。例：Present at the meeting were Professor Smith and many other guests.5. 代詞such作表語(yǔ)，位于句首時(shí)。例：Such are the facts: no one can deny (拒絕 them.6. 保持句子平衡或使上下文銜接更緊密時(shí)。例：Inside the pyramids (金字塔 are the rooms

14、for the kings and queens and long passages to these rooms.例題賞析： Is everyone here? Not yet. Look , there _ the rest of our guests!A. come B. comes C. is coming D. are coming【解析】謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)后面的主語(yǔ)可知是完全倒裝，因此選擇A。完全倒裝練習(xí)1. _ a beautiful palace _ the foot of the hill.A. There stand; at B. There stands; underC. St

15、ands there; under D. There stands; at2. _ from the top of the building when the policeman pointed the gun at him.A. Jumped down the robber B. Jumped the robber downC. Down jumped the robber D. Down the robber jumped3. _ are the days when teachers were looked down upon.A. Gone B. Go C. To go D. Going

16、4. At the meeting place of the Yangtze River and the Jialing River_, one of the ten largest cities in China.A. lies Chongqing B. Chongqing lies C. does lie Chongqing D. does Chongqing lie 5. For a moment nothing happened, then _ all shouting together. A. voices had come B. came voices C. voices woul

17、d come D. did voices come部分倒裝1. only修飾副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)從句，且放在句首時(shí)。例：Only in this way can we learn English well.Only when he returned did we find out the truth.【注意】（1）only在句首修飾狀語(yǔ)從句時(shí)，從句不倒裝，主句需部分倒裝。（2）only在句首修飾主語(yǔ)時(shí)，句子不倒裝。例：Only Senior 3 students are allowed to enter this reading room.2. never, hardly, scarcely,

18、 seldom, little, not until, not, in no case等表示否定意義的副詞或短語(yǔ)位于句首。例：Hardly had we arrived home when it began to rain.Not until he took off his dark glasses did I recognize him.3. 表示前句所說(shuō)的某種情況也適合于另外的人或物，用 “so/neither/nor+助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+主語(yǔ)”。例：He is a teacher. So am I.【注意】（1）“so+主語(yǔ)+助動(dòng)詞/be動(dòng)詞/情態(tài)動(dòng)詞”是對(duì)前面內(nèi)容的肯定或附和。

19、例： - It is a fine day today. - So it is.（2）若前句情況較復(fù)雜，既有否定又有肯定，或既有be動(dòng)詞又有助動(dòng)詞，則用“So it is with sb./sth.” 或 “It is the same with sb./sth.” 結(jié)構(gòu)。例：Tom is a student and he studies hard. So it is with his sister.4. not onlybut also連接并列的句子，且not only放在句首時(shí)，前句倒裝，后句不倒裝。例：Not only does he know English well, but als

20、o he speaks fluent French.5. neithernor連接并列的句子，前后兩句都倒裝。例：Neither will he settle in America nor will he allow his children to do so.6. sothat; suchthat中的so或such及修飾的成分放于句首時(shí)前句倒裝，后句不倒裝。例：So angry was the father that he could not say a word. （因?yàn)橹^語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞只有一個(gè)be動(dòng)詞，因此be放在主語(yǔ)之前，形成全部倒裝。）So fast did time fly that ha

21、lf a year had gone by before I knew it.7. as引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語(yǔ)從句中，表語(yǔ) (名詞、形容詞、狀語(yǔ) (副詞、動(dòng)詞原形位于句首，主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)語(yǔ)序不變。表語(yǔ)是可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)時(shí)，冠詞省略。例：Try as I would, I couldnt make him change the plan. 8. 當(dāng)if虛擬條件句中謂語(yǔ)部分含有were, should 或助動(dòng)詞had時(shí)，可以省略if，把were, should或had放到句首，形成部分倒裝。例：Were it to rain tomorrow, we would not go sightseeing.9. 在以o

22、ften, well, many a time, now and again 等方式或頻度副詞(短語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭的句子中,要用部分倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。例：Often have we made that test.10. 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里 例：May you succeed! 例題賞析：1. Its nice. Never before_ such a special drink! Im glad you like it. A. I have had B. I had C. have I had D. had I【解析】never是否定副詞，置于句首，句子要部分倒裝；由語(yǔ)意可知說(shuō)話人以前從未喝過(guò)這樣特別的

23、飲料，應(yīng)該用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)，故選C項(xiàng)。2. Only when he reached the tea-house _ it was the same place hed been in last year. A. he realized B. he did realize C. realized he D. did he realize【解析】Only引導(dǎo)的狀語(yǔ)從句位于句首，應(yīng)把主句中動(dòng)詞的助動(dòng)詞提前構(gòu)成部分倒裝，故選D項(xiàng)。部分倒裝練習(xí)6. Little _ about her own safety, though she was in great danger herself.A. did Ro

24、se care B. Rose did care C. Rose does care D. does Rose care 7. Not until I came home last night _ to bed. A. Mum did go B. did Mum go C. went Mum D. Mum went 8. It was announced that only when the fire was under control _ to return to their homes. A. the residents would be permitted B. had the resi

25、dents been permittedC. would the residents be permitted D. the residents had been permitted9. Have you ever seen anything like that before? No, _ anything like that before.A. I never have seen B. never I have seen C. never have I seen D. I have seen10. Only when the meeting was over_ go back to meet

26、 his friend.A. he could B. he was able toC. was he able to D. was able to he倒裝句練習(xí)1. Many a time _ swimming alone. A. the boy went B. went the boyC. did the boy go D. did go the boy2. At no time _ the rules of the game. It was unfair to punish them.A. they actually broke B. do they actually breakC. did they actually break D. they had actually broken3. Not once _ to Michael that he could one day become a top student in his class.A. occurred it B. it did occur C. it occurred D. did it occur4. John opened the door . There _ he had never se