分詞作狀語的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致的種種情況

1、分詞作狀語的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致的種種情況英語中常把分詞或分詞短語放在句首,作時(shí)間、原因、條件、方式、伴隨狀況、結(jié)果、目的 及讓步等狀語,分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語必須與句中的主語相同(即保持一致 ,否則句 子就是錯(cuò)誤的。例如:1. Entering the room , I found the walls newly-painted. (對(duì)我走進(jìn)房間時(shí),發(fā)現(xiàn)墻壁油漆一新。Entering the room, the first thing that met eyes was the newly-painted walls. (錯(cuò)2. Badly wounded the soldier w

2、as sent to hospital at once. (對(duì)士兵受了重傷,立即被送到醫(yī)院。Badly wounded, we sent the soldier to hospital at once. (錯(cuò)3. Being very busy, I could not afford the time to go to the cinema. (對(duì)我因?yàn)樘?不能花時(shí)間去看電影了。Being very busy, the film tickets were given to others. (錯(cuò)4. Led by the Party, we are making great progress

3、in our work. (對(duì)在黨的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)下,我們的工作有很大的進(jìn)展。Led by the Party, great progress in our work is being made. (錯(cuò)5. Written in haste, the letter had some mistakes. (對(duì)由于寫得匆忙,這封信里有幾個(gè)錯(cuò)誤。Written in haste, he made some mistakes in the letter. (錯(cuò)6. Running after each other in the street, the two boys were knocked down by

4、a bike. (對(duì) 兩個(gè)男孩在馬路上相互追逐的時(shí)候被自行車撞倒了。Running after each other in the street, a bike knocked down the two boys. (錯(cuò)但在實(shí)際語言中, 時(shí)?？梢杂龅椒衷~或分詞短語作狀語時(shí), 其邏輯主語與整個(gè)句子的主語不 一致的現(xiàn)象, 但整個(gè)句子的語法結(jié)構(gòu)又是正確的情況, 尤其是在科技作品和英美文學(xué)作品中 很為普遍, 這種分詞在語法上稱為游離分詞 (unattached participle 或稱為無關(guān)分詞 (unrelated participle 或稱為懸垂分詞(dangling participle 。下

5、面就來談?wù)勀軌虺闪⒌那樾?一、在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中,分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語與整個(gè)句子的主語不一致。如: 1. The professor entered the lab, his students following him. (伴隨狀況那位教授走進(jìn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室,學(xué)生們?cè)诤竺娓?. A few seconds later, he was looking at the screen again with the machinery turned on. (伴 隨狀況幾秒鐘后,他開了機(jī)器,盯著熒光屏。3. The day being very wet, Mary wore her new mackin

6、tosh. (原因狀語因?yàn)檫@天是陰雨天氣,瑪麗穿上她的新雨衣。4. The authorities having arrived and taken the seats reserved for them , the ceremony began . (時(shí)間狀語在負(fù)責(zé)人到達(dá)并在為他們保留的座位上就座以后,典禮就開始了。5. Weather permitting, the ship will leave the harbour at dawn. (條件狀語如果天氣不錯(cuò)的話,船將在黎明時(shí)離港。6. He lay on his back, his knees drawn up. (方式狀語他蜷著腿,

7、仰面躺著。二、 只有一些分詞或分詞短語可用來表示說話人的態(tài)度或看問題的角度, 這些分詞或短 語已轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楠?dú)立成份,含有 " 泛指 " 之意,在句中常作插入語,這時(shí)分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語也可以不必和全句的主語保持一致。如:1. Judging from his appearance, he looks like an old doctor.從外表看,他像一位老醫(yī)生。2. Strictly speaking, her pronunciation is not quite good.嚴(yán)格地說,她的發(fā)音不十分地道。3. Taken as a whole, there is noth

8、ing wrong with the article.總地來說,這篇文章沒有什么問題。4. Looking at the question objectively, what he said is something believable.客觀地看,他說的話還有些可信之處。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞短語有:frankly speaking 老實(shí)地說,坦率地說generally speaking 一般地說strictly speaking 嚴(yán)格地說properly speaking 確切地說來talking or taken one with another 總地看來taken as a whole 總地

9、來說這種分詞短語可以說是一種句子狀語,也可以看作是一個(gè)句子的獨(dú)立成份。三、 有些現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞已具有介詞或連詞的性質(zhì), 由它們組成的詞組作狀語時(shí)其 邏輯主語和整個(gè)句子的主語不必保持一致。如:1. He couldn't attend the meeting owing to illness.他因病沒能出席會(huì)議。2. According to the text, please answer the following questions.請(qǐng)按照課文的內(nèi)容,回答下面問題。3. The boy did quite well considering the circumstances.考慮

10、到具體情況,可以說這孩子干得很不錯(cuò)了。4. Regarding the case, he knew nothing.關(guān)于這件事,他一無所知。經(jīng)常這樣用的分詞有:admitting that(conj . confessing that,承認(rèn)assuming that(conj . if ,假定barring (prep . except ,除以外,除非considering (prep . in view of. . . , having regard of. . .鑒于,就而論concerning (prep . about ,關(guān)于excepting (prep .&conj . l

11、eaving out, excluding ,-often after not, always , without ,除之外,包括failing (prep . in default of. . . , in the absence of. . .若缺少時(shí),如果沒有owing to(prep . because of. . . , on account of. . . ,因?yàn)?由于providing /provided that(conj . on condition that,假若,倘使regarding (prep . with reference to. . . , about ,關(guān)于,

12、有關(guān)seeing that(conj . in view of the fact that; considering , 鑒于的事實(shí), 由的緣故 上述諸詞有些已完全變成了介詞或連詞。四、 在有些句子中, 作狀語的分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語并不是整個(gè)句子的主語, 而是 包含在句子的另一個(gè)成份之中,大多數(shù)是賓語和定語。如:1. Seeing her health sinking rapidly, alarm seized her father's heart.她父親看到她的健康狀況急劇惡化,非常驚慌。 (seeing 的邏輯主語是 heart 的定語 herfather 2. His sum

13、mer holidays were spent in the countryside, helping the farmers with their work. 他在鄉(xiāng)下度過暑假,假期中幫助農(nóng)民干活。 (helping 的邏輯主語是 holiday 的定語 his 3. Running to school, a terrible thought struck her.跑到學(xué)校時(shí),她突然產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)可怕的念頭。 (running 的邏輯主語是 struck 的賓語 her 注:1. 若邏輯主語在句中根本沒有出現(xiàn), 以上下文推測(cè), 常為泛指人稱代詞 (we , you , one 等。如:Facin

14、g north, there is a large mountain on the right.面向北方,右邊有座大山。2.其邏輯主語為整個(gè)句子,該分詞短語相當(dāng)于關(guān)系代詞 which 引導(dǎo)的特殊定語從句。 如:The bus was held up by the snowstorm, thus causing the delay.公共汽車為大雪所阻,因而耽擱了。First of all, this difficult problem has to be tackled, thus enabling us to proceed to the others. 首先這個(gè)難題必須解決,這樣我們才能解決

15、其它的問題。五、 如果句子的謂語是被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí), 作狀語的分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語不是整個(gè)句子 的主語, 而是包含在由 by 引起的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者或發(fā)出者中, 盡管 by 引起的動(dòng)作執(zhí)行者大多不 寫出來。如:1. Ideas can be expressed completely usingsimple sentence.用簡(jiǎn)單的句子也可以表示出完整的意思來。 (using 的邏輯主語包含在 by 沒有寫出來之中2. Knowing as much as you do, the situation is easily explained.像你這樣了解情況, 很容易解釋這一局面。 (knowing 的邏輯主語包含在 by 沒有寫出來之中六、如果句子的主語是非人稱代詞 it 時(shí),作狀語用的分詞或分詞短語的邏輯主語也可 不