英語(yǔ)構(gòu)詞法（課堂PPT）

1、1構(gòu)構(gòu) 詞詞 法法 -By Miss Liu -By Miss Liu2一：構(gòu)詞法分類(lèi)一：構(gòu)詞法分類(lèi)1 1派生詞派生詞： 詞根詞根 ( (或單詞或單詞) ) 附加前綴、后綴構(gòu)成新詞叫派附加前綴、后綴構(gòu)成新詞叫派生詞生詞rich-enrich home-homelessrich-enrich home-homeless2 2 轉(zhuǎn)換法轉(zhuǎn)換法：把一個(gè)詞由一種詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)用為另一種詞類(lèi)：把一個(gè)詞由一種詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)用為另一種詞類(lèi) back n. back n.背背- back v.- back v.支持支持 slow adj. slow adj.慢的慢的-slow v. -slow v. 減慢減慢3 3合成法合成法

2、：由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單詞合成一個(gè)單詞：由兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上單詞合成一個(gè)單詞 blackboard hand-made blackboard hand-made 手工制作的手工制作的語(yǔ)法填空中必有一道題是考查詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換語(yǔ)法填空中必有一道題是考查詞類(lèi)轉(zhuǎn)換的?？疾椴煌~性在句中的不同用法，的?？疾椴煌~性在句中的不同用法，其中主要涉及到以下三條：其中主要涉及到以下三條：1. 在句中修飾動(dòng)詞或形容詞等作狀語(yǔ)在句中修飾動(dòng)詞或形容詞等作狀語(yǔ), 用用副詞；副詞；2. 在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ)在句中作定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或補(bǔ)語(yǔ), 一般用形一般用形容詞；容詞；3. 作主語(yǔ)、及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)、及物動(dòng)詞或者介詞的賓語(yǔ),

3、用用名詞。名詞。4派生法 派生法又叫詞綴法，即在一個(gè)單詞前或其后加上詞綴，構(gòu)成新的單詞。中學(xué)英語(yǔ)中以派生法生成的詞匯占整個(gè)中學(xué)詞匯總量的25。5一、前綴一般說(shuō)來(lái)前綴不會(huì)改變一個(gè)詞的詞性。1. 否定前綴(1) un-a. un +形容詞：unfit, unhappy, unfair, unlucky, unfortunate, unkind, unimportant, unnecessary, uncomfortable, unselfish, unusual, uncommon, unexpected, unknown, unthinkable, unbelievable, unseen, u

4、nforgettable, unwise, unhealthy, unpleasant, unable, untrue 6b. un+副詞：undoubtedly, unexpectedly, unfortunately, unusually, unhappily, unluckily由un形容詞構(gòu)成的詞除了unknown, unseen, unfit等詞之外，其它詞都可變?yōu)榧?ly的副詞（個(gè)別形容詞尾需要變動(dòng)）。c. un動(dòng)詞：uncover, untie, unlock, undress, undo, unpack7(2) im形容詞：impossible, impolite(3) in形

5、容詞：incorrect, incomplete, invisible, independent(4) ir形容詞：irregular(5) mis動(dòng)詞：misspell, misunderstand, mistake8(6) dis-a. dis名詞：dishonour, disease, discomfortb. dis形容詞：dishonest, discouragedc. dis動(dòng)詞：disappear, dislike, discover, disclose, disagree, discomfort, dismiss92、表示空間、位置關(guān)系的前綴(1) a，大多加在音節(jié)較少的名詞或

6、不及物動(dòng)詞上構(gòu)成新詞，表示“在之上、向、處于狀態(tài)”：ahead, abroad, aside, alive, awake, above, about等。(2) fore，表示“在前面”：forehead, foreground, forearm, foreleg(3) in, il, im, ir表示“向內(nèi) 在內(nèi)”：inside, include, import(4) inter，表示“在間、相互”：international(5) intro，表示“在（向）內(nèi)”：introduce10(6) out，表示“向外”：outside, outlook, outdoors, outflow(7)

7、over，表示“在上面的、在外的”：overhead, overlook, overcoat, overcome, overtime, overgrow(8) pre，表示“在前”：prefix, preposition(9) pro，表示“在（向）前”：progress, programme(10) sur，表示“在上”：surface, surround11(11) trans，表示“轉(zhuǎn)移”：translate(12) under，表示“在下”：undergraound, underline(13) up，表示“向上”：upward, upset, upstairs(14) be，表示“在

8、，靠近”：before, behind, below, between, beyond(15)ex，表示“向外，從出來(lái)”：exchange, export(16) tele，表示“遠(yuǎn)”：telephone, television, telegram, telegraph123、表示時(shí)間、序列關(guān)系的前綴(1) fore，表示“在前，預(yù)先”：foreword, foresight, foretell(2) mid，表示“中間”：midnight, midsummer, midautumn(3) post，表示“在后”：postwar, postlistening(4) re，表示“重復(fù)”：revi

9、ew, retell, rewrite, replace, return, rebuild(5) extra，表示“格外、超越”：extraordinary(6) over，表示“超過(guò)”： overcome, overeat, overpass (7) super，表示“極、超”：supermarket, superpower, superman, superpower134、表示共同、相等關(guān)系(1) com（在b, m, p前），col，con， cor（com在g, l, r及其它輔音前）： company, cnnect, correct(2) co：cooperate, coexist

10、(3) sym：sympathy, symphony 145、表示整個(gè)、完全關(guān)系(1) al：alone, almost, altogether(2) over：overall, overflow, overfall156、表示“離、離開(kāi)”(1) a：arise, away, apart (2) de：depart, dewater, decolour(3) se：separate, select(4) for：forget, forgive167、變換詞類(lèi)作用的前綴(1) enem：enable, enlarge, enrich, enclose, empower(2) ad，ac，af，a

11、g，an，ap，ar，as，at，（ad在c, f, g, I, n, p, r , s, t前的變體）：adapt, across, affect, appear, arrange, assist, attend, attract178、表示加強(qiáng)意義(1) a：ashamed, arouse, amuse(2) ad：address, admire, advise, advance(3) be：belong, believe18二：派生詞二：派生詞1 常見(jiàn)名詞的綴1） 動(dòng)詞+-er/-or名詞 villager teacher actor operator操作員 user performer

12、 2) 動(dòng)詞+ee名詞（ 表示“受動(dòng)者，行動(dòng)者”） interviewee 被采訪者 trainee 培訓(xùn)生 payee 收（受）款人 employee193) -ist 表示“從事研究者；信 仰主義者”。如： pianist鋼琴家 scientist科學(xué)家 artist藝術(shù)家 chemist藥劑師4) -dom 表示“等級(jí)，領(lǐng)域，狀態(tài)”。如： freedom自由 kingdom王國(guó) wisdom智慧20 5)以ent/ant結(jié)尾的形容詞 -ance/ence結(jié)尾的名詞violent(violence) distant(distance) present(presence) absent(ab

13、sence) obedient(obedience) competent ( c o m p e t e n c e ) 能 力 , 勝 任 , 稱(chēng) 職 intelligent(intelligence)智力 confident(confidence) patient(patience) convenient (convenience) elegant(elegance) different(difference)21注意：特殊ent結(jié)尾的形容詞 -ency結(jié)尾的名詞current -currency fluent -fluency urgent-urgencyfrequent-frequen

14、cy efficient-efficiency226) 動(dòng)詞+(a)tion/sion名詞 express /graduate /impress / devote -expression/graduation/impression/devotion persuade/divide /decide /conclude/expandpersuasion/division/decision/conclusion/expansion admit/ permit admission/permissionobserve/consider/ transport /determine/organize/inv

15、ite observation/consideration/transportation/organization/invitation23 注意：compete /apply/ solve /intendcompete-competitionapply-applicationsolve-solutionintend-intention247)動(dòng)詞/形容詞+y 名詞injure-injury discover-discoveryrecover-recovery deliver -deliverydifficult-difficulty modest-modestyhonest-honesty注

16、意：safe- safety secure- security brave-bravery 258）動(dòng)詞+ment名詞agree-agreement adjust-adjustment arrange-arrangement manage-management argue-argument govern-government acknowledge-acknowledgement punish-punishment employ-employment entertain-entertainment announce-announcement appoint-appointment embarr

17、ass-embarrassment state-statement encourage-encouragement 269） 形容詞/動(dòng)詞+th 名詞 strong-strength wide-width long-length deep-depth warm-warmth grow-growth10) 形容詞+ ness名詞 kind-kindness happy-happiness11）動(dòng)詞al結(jié)尾的名詞arrive-arrival survive-survivalapprove-approval propose-proposalrefuse-refusal272.常見(jiàn)形容詞的后綴1）名詞

18、+-ful/-less(意思與原詞相反) 形容詞 care careful careless power powerful powerless hope hopeful hopeless pain painful painless use useful useless282) 名詞+y 形容詞 dust- /dirt- /salt-/wind-/ fog-/water-/rain- /sun-/cloud-/taste-fog-foggy sun-sunny taste-tastyhealth-/wealth-3) 名詞/動(dòng)詞 +- able /-ible 形容詞 rely-reliable

19、terror-terrible value-valuable belief-believable forgive-forgivable change-changable consider-considerable comfort-comfortable294)名詞+al形容詞 naturenatural person-personal nation-national education-educational5)名詞+ly形容詞 love-lovely live-lively friend-friendly dead-deadly week-weekly306) 動(dòng)詞的2個(gè)形容詞frighte

20、n (frightening/frightened) terrify (terrifying/terrified) amaze (amazing/amazed) astonish (astonishing/astonished)shock (shocking/shocked) surprise (surprising/surprised) puzzle (puzzling/puzzled) disappoint (disappointing/disappointed)excite(exciting/excited) interest(interesting/interested)313常見(jiàn)副詞

21、的后綴1）-ly表示方式或程度。 personal personally 個(gè)人地 entire-entirely（注意true- truly）angry angrily生氣地 terrible terribly可怕地flexible- flexibly possible-possibly simple- simply probable-probably 322) -ward（s）朝，向 back backwards 向后 up upwards 向上 out outwards 向外 3) wide 用于名詞之后表范圍。 nation nationwide 全國(guó)性地 world worldwide

22、 全世界地4常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞的后綴1）-(e)n使成為，引起，使有某些形容詞后-(e)n weak weaken(使)虛弱，減弱 short shorten縮短 sharp sharpen(使)變鋒利,明朗33某些名詞后-(e)n fright frighten（使）驚嚇 length lengthen加長(zhǎng) strength strengthen加強(qiáng)-en放在某些形容詞前 rich-enrich large-enlarge2) (i)fy 使化，使成 beauty beautify美化 pure purify提純 simple simplify使簡(jiǎn) class classify.分類(lèi) quality

23、qualify取得資格（或?qū)W歷） 343) ize/-ise 做成，變成，化 real realize意識(shí)到 organ organize組織 apology apologize道歉 modern modernize使現(xiàn)代化 normal normalize 使正?；?civil-civilize 使文明35三：合成法1. 復(fù)合名詞的主要構(gòu)成方式有： (1)名詞+名詞 如：newspaper報(bào)紙 teamwork 協(xié)作 (2)形容詞+名詞 如：blackboard 黑板 highway 公路 (3)副詞+名詞 如：overcoat大衣 underground 地鐵 (4)名詞+介詞短語(yǔ) 如：f

24、ather-in-law岳父 mother-in-law 岳母362. 復(fù)合動(dòng)詞的主要構(gòu)成方式： (1)副詞+動(dòng)詞 如：update更新 overlook 忽視 (2)名詞+動(dòng)詞 如：sun-bathe日光浴 proof-read 校對(duì) 3. 復(fù)合代詞的主要構(gòu)成方式： (1)代詞賓格或物主代詞+self/selves 如: ourselves itself (2)某些不定代詞+body/ thing / one 如: nobody everything. 374. 復(fù)合形容詞的主要構(gòu)成方式： (1)名詞+形容詞 如：colour-blind色盲的 (2)副詞+形容詞 如：over-sensit

25、ive過(guò)敏的 (3)名詞+分詞 如：hand-made手工制作的(4) 形容詞+名詞 如：good-looking好看的 (5) 副詞+分詞 如：well-meant好意的 outstanding 出色的 38(6) 形容詞+名詞 如：gentleman 紳士 greengrocer 水果商 (7)形容詞+名詞+ -ed 如： ill-mannered 不禮貌的 (8)數(shù)詞+名詞+(-ed) 如：two-faced兩面派的 one-sided 片面的 (9)名詞+名詞+-ed 如：iron-willed有鋼鐵意志的395. 復(fù)合副詞的主要構(gòu)成方式： 1)名詞+名詞, 如：sideways向旁邊

26、 (2)名詞+副詞, 如：headfirst頭朝下 (3)形容詞+名詞, 如：meanwhile同時(shí) (4)介詞+名詞, 如：beforehand事先40四：轉(zhuǎn)化法(有大量的動(dòng)詞可以轉(zhuǎn)化為名詞) have a look (chat, talk, wash, swim, rest, try, quarrel, interview, taste) make a study (guess, visit, call, survey, jump, slip, change, answer) come to a stop (end, pause) 41一一 練習(xí)題練習(xí)題1. He must be _ (m

27、ental) disabled.1. He must be _ (mental) disabled.2. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled _ 2. His teacher took a deep drink, smiled _ (warm), and thanked his student very much for the (warm), and thanked his student very much for the sweet water. sweet water. 3. But Jane knew from past experience

28、that her 3. But Jane knew from past experience that her _ (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her (choose) of ties hardly ever pleased her father. father. mentallywarmlychoice424. This proverb is saying we have to let 4. This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their _(nature) course.thin

29、gs go in their _(nature) course.5. We drank together and talked _ 5. We drank together and talked _ (merry) till far into the night. (merry) till far into the night. 6. All facts are the source of _ 6. All facts are the source of _ (conclude).(conclude). naturalmerrilyconclusion437. I won7. I wont d

30、o the purchase because the t do the purchase because the price of this dress is _price of this dress is _(reason)._(reason).8. However, most _(science) agree 8. However, most _(science) agree that EQ has a lot to do with _ that EQ has a lot to do with _ (educate).(educate).9. Excellent oral and writ

31、ten _ 9. Excellent oral and written _ (communicate) skills in Chinese and English (communicate) skills in Chinese and English are of _ (important).are of _ (important).unreasonablescientistseducationcommunicationimportance4410. It is your _ (free) to do what you want 10. It is your _ (free) to do wh

32、at you want after class.after class.11. He devoted much money to building schools in 11. He devoted much money to building schools in _(mountain) areas. _(mountain) areas. 12. Unfortunately, my car broke down on a _ 12. Unfortunately, my car broke down on a _ (mud) road. (mud) road. 13. To make myse

33、lf _, I would do some 13. To make myself _, I would do some _exercise after work. (relax) _exercise after work. (relax) freedommountainousmuddyrelaxedrelaxing4514. We _ (apology) for the late 14. We _ (apology) for the late departure of this flight. departure of this flight. 15. The article can _(lo

34、ng) out a 15. The article can _(long) out a little by adding some examples. little by adding some examples. 16. His illness _(worse) during the 16. His illness _(worse) during the night. night. 17. The black people were against slavery 17. The black people were against slavery a n d f o u g h t f o

35、r t h e i r f r e e d o m a n d f o u g h t f o r t h e i r f r e e d o m _(brave)._(brave).apologizelengthenworsenbravelybravely4618. He went out of the office _ 18. He went out of the office _ (hurry) to run after her. (hurry) to run after her. 19.One _(investigate) described 19.One _(investigate)

36、 described the robbery as a the robbery as a “_ (profession) _ (profession) jobjob”. . 20.Letting that animal escape was no 20.Letting that animal escape was no a c c i d e n t ; y o u d i d i t a c c i d e n t ; y o u d i d i t _(intention)._(intention).hurriedlyinvestigationprofessionalintentional

37、ly47二、請(qǐng)根據(jù)中文含義寫(xiě)出下列常見(jiàn)復(fù)合詞：二、請(qǐng)根據(jù)中文含義寫(xiě)出下列常見(jiàn)復(fù)合詞：復(fù)合詞復(fù)合詞詞性詞性中文意義中文意義1.n.護(hù)照護(hù)照2.vt.下載下載3.n.降雨量降雨量4.adj.非凡的非凡的5.adj.超重的超重的passport downloadrainfall extraordinary overweight 48復(fù)合詞復(fù)合詞詞性詞性中文意義中文意義6.n.打字機(jī)打字機(jī)7.vt.克服克服, 戰(zhàn)勝戰(zhàn)勝8.adj 坦率的坦率的9.n.女推銷(xiāo)員女推銷(xiāo)員10.adv.在戶(hù)外在戶(hù)外outdoors outspoken/straightforward typewriter saleswoman overcome 即時(shí)練習(xí)：即時(shí)練習(xí)：根據(jù)黑體詞在句中所作句子成根據(jù)黑體詞在句中所作句子成分分, 判斷其詞性及其意義。判斷其詞性及其意義。1.In particular, there was (and perhaps still is) a belief in fairies (仙女仙女) 名詞名詞 in particular 尤其尤其, 特別是特別是2. Only thus