傳感器技術外文文獻及中文翻譯

1、Sensor technologyA sensor is a device which produces a signal in response to its detecting or measuring a property ,such as position , force , torque , pressure , temperature , humidity , speed , acceleration , or vibration .Traditionally ,sensors (such as actuators and switches )have been used to s

2、et limits on the performance of machines .Common examples are (a) stops on machine tools to restrict work table movements ,(b) pressure and temperature gages with automatics shut-off features , and (c) governors on engines to prevent excessive speed of operation . Sensor technology has become an imp

3、ortant aspect of manufacturing processes and systems .It is essential for proper data acquisition and for the monitoring , communication , and computer control of machines and systems .Because they convert one quantity to another , sensorsoften are referred to as transducers .Analog sensors produce

4、a signal , such as voltage ,which is proportional to the measured quantity .Digital sensors have numeric or digital outputs that can be transferred to computers directly .Analog-to-coverter(ADC) is available for interfacing analog sensors with computers .Classifications of SensorsSensors that are of

5、 interest in manufacturing may be classified generally as follows: Machanical sensors measure such as quantities aspositions ,shape ,velocity ,force ,torque , pressure , vibration , strain , and mass . Electrical sensors measure voltage , current , charge , and conductivity .Magnetic sensors measure

6、 magnetic field ,flux , and permeablity .Thermal sensors measure temperature , flux ,conductivity , and special heat .Other types are acoustic , ultrasonic , chemical , optical , radiation , laser ,and fiber-optic .Depending on its application , a sensor may consist of metallic , nonmetallic , organ

7、ic , or inorganic materials , as well as fluids ,gases ,plasmas , or semiconductors .Using the special characteristics of these materials , sensors covert the quantity or property measured to analog or digital output. The operation of an ordinary mercury thermometer , for example , is based on the d

8、ifference between the thermal expansion of mercury and that of glass.Similarly , a machine part , a physical obstruction , or barrier in a space can be detected by breaking the beam of light when sensed by a photoelectric cell . A proximity sensor ( which senses and measures the distance between it

9、and an object or a moving member of a machine ) can be based on acoustics , magnetism , capacitance , or optics . Other actuators contact the object and take appropriate action ( usually by electromechanical means ) . Sensors are essential to the conduct of intelligent robots , and are being develop

10、ed with capabilities that resemble those of humans ( smart sensors , see the following ).This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery

11、 A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesio

12、ns inspections, through a manipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lightin

13、g automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.Tactile sensing is the continuous of variable contact forces , commonly by an array of sensors . Such a system is capable of performing within an arbitrary three

14、-dimensional space .has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue, relief, etc. These belong to the no

15、n-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sen

16、sors, etc. It' s surrounding environment for the conduct ofidentification, to determine its campaign to complete some work, this is service robot ' s one of the basic characteristicsIn visual sensing (machine vision , computer vision ) , cameral optically sense the presence and shape of the

17、object . A microprocessor then processes the image (usually in less than one second ) , the image is measured , and the measurements are digitized ( image recognition ) .Machine vision is suitable particularly for inaccessible parts , in hostile manufacturing environments , for measuring a large num

18、ber of small features , and in situations where physics contact with the part may cause damage .Small sensors have the capability to perform a logic function , to conduct two-way communication , and to make a decisions and take appropriate actions . The necessary input and the knowledge required to

19、make a decision can be built into a smart sensor . For example , a computer chip with sensors can be programmed to turn a machine tool off when a cutting tool fails . Likewise , a smart sensor can stop a mobile robot or a robot arm from accidentally coming in contact with an object or people by usin

20、g quantities such as distance , heat , and noise .Sensor fusion . Sensor fusion basically involves the integration of multiple sensors in such a manner where the individual data from each of the sensors ( such as force , vibration , temperature , and dimensions ) are combined to provide a higher lev

21、el of information and reliability . A common application of sensor fusion occurs when someone drinks a cup of hot coffee . Although we take such a quotidian event for granted ,it readily can be seen that this process involves data input from the person's eyes , lips , tongue , and hands .Through

22、 our basic senses of sight , hearing , smell , taste , and touch , there is real-time monitoring of relative movements , positions , and temperatures . Thus if the coffee is too hot , the hand movement of the cup toward the lip is controlled and adjusted accordingly .The earliest applications of sen

23、sor fusion were in robot movement control , missile flight tracking , and similar military applications . Primarily because these activities involve movements that mimic human behavior . Another example of sensor fusion is a machine operation in which a set of different but integrated sensors monito

24、rs (a) the dimensions and surface finish of workpiece , (b) tool forces , vibrations ,and wear ,(c) the temperature in various regions of the tool-workpiece system , and (d) the spindle power .An important aspect in sensor fusion is sensor validation : the failure of one particular sensor is detecte

25、d so that the control system maintains high reliability . For this application ,the receiving of redundant data from different sensors is essential . It can be seen that the receiving , integrating of all data from various sensors can be a complex problem .With advances in sensor size , quality , an

26、d technology and continued developments in computer-control systems , artificial neural networks , sensor fusion has become practical and available at low cost .Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to

27、be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of c

28、ourse we have less than six degrees of freedomFiber-optic sensors are being developed for gas-turbine engines . These sensors will be installed in critical locations and will monitor the conditions inside the engine , such as temperature , pressure , and flow of gas . Continuous monitoring of the si

29、gnals from thes sensors will help detect possible engine problems and also provide the necessary data for improving the efficiency of the engines .傳感器技術傳感器一種通過檢測某一參數(shù)而產生信號的裝置.這一參數(shù)可以是位置、力、力矩、壓力、溫度、濕度、速度、加速度或震動.從傳統(tǒng)意義上來說,傳感器比 如執(zhí)行器、開關可用于限制機器參數(shù)的極限位置.常見的傳感器有a限制工作臺運動的機床停止開關,b具有自動關閉功能的壓力儀表和溫度儀表,c 預防速度超限的調速器.

30、傳感器技術已成為制造過程和系統(tǒng)的重要方面.它對于 數(shù)據(jù)的正確采集、機器和系統(tǒng)的檢測、通訊以及計算機限制是很必要的.傳感器能夠將一種物理量轉換為另一種物理量,因此,傳感器通常被看作 指轉換器.模擬傳感器產生信號,比方電壓信號,該信號與被測物理力量成一定 比例.數(shù)字傳感器具有數(shù)字輸出,該數(shù)字輸出能夠直接被傳遞到計算機上. 模數(shù) 轉換器能夠在模擬傳感器和計算機之間起到接口作用.傳感器的分類在制造業(yè)中,傳感器可以分為以下幾類：機械類傳感器可以用來測量位置、形 狀、速度、力、力矩、壓力、震動、應變和質量.電器類傳感器可以用來測量電 壓、電流、電荷、電傳導率.磁傳感器可以用來測量磁場、磁通量、磁導率.熱

31、傳感器可以用來測量溫度、熱流、熱傳導率以及特殊熱量.其他類型的傳感器有 聲學傳感器、超聲波傳感器、化學傳感器、光學傳感器、放射傳感器、激光傳感 器、光纖傳感器.根據(jù)應用的不同,傳感器可以由金屆材料、非金屆材料、有機材料、無機材料 以及流體、氣體、等離子體和半導體構成.利用這些材料的不同特性,傳感器將 被測的物理量或參數(shù)轉換為模擬信號或數(shù)字信號輸出.比方,普通的水銀溫度計的工作原理就是根據(jù)水銀和玻璃的熱膨脹率的不同而工作的.類似地,當機器某一零件、物體障礙物、被測量與傳感器空間中的障礙物遮擋 住光束時,就可被光電器件感知并檢測到. 接近開關指感知并測量開關與物體 或機器的運動之間的距離可根據(jù)聲學、磁學、電容、光學原理工作.其他執(zhí)行 器依靠接觸物體來執(zhí)行相應的操作通常機電一體化的方法.傳感器對于智能 機器人的限制是不可缺少的,并且通過模仿人類,傳感器的特性得到了很大開展.觸覺傳感技術通過一組傳感器可以連續(xù)不斷的測量接觸力的變化.這樣一個系 統(tǒng)能夠監(jiān)控任意的三維空間.在視覺傳感器機器視覺,計算機視覺中,光學攝像