定語從句_語法知識歸納

1、定語從句語法知識歸納定語從句語法知識歸納一、基本概念（一） 定語從句在復(fù)合句中作定語，修飾名詞或代詞的從句叫定語從句。（二）先行詞被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。 一般情況下，定語從句緊跟先行詞。但也有因 各種原因定語從句與先行詞被分割的現(xiàn)象。（三）關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞。與先行詞關(guān)系密切，因此緊跟先行詞，并在定語從句中充當(dāng) 一個成分。關(guān)系代詞有：who, whom, which, that和whose,另外，as也可充當(dāng) 關(guān)系代詞。關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)主語、賓語、表語和定語。 關(guān)系副詞有： when, where和why。在定語從句中充當(dāng)狀語。一.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句關(guān)系代詞

2、的用法（一）基本用法根據(jù)先行詞的不同，和在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞植煌?，選用不同的關(guān)系代詞。如下表：關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān)系who人主語，賓語Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom,which 和代詞whom人賓語Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy （whom） she loved died in the war.that在從句 中做賓語 時，?？梢?省略，但介 詞提前時后 面關(guān)系代詞 不能省略， 也/、可以用thatwhose人，物定語I lik

3、e those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my classmate.that人，物主語，賓語A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star （that） I want to see very much.which物主語，賓語The book （which） I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.

4、as人，物主語，賓語He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as做賓行-般不省略例如：（注意關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑?Do you know the professorwho/that will give us a speech next week （作主語） I read a report about his new novethat/ which will soon be published.（作主語） The plan that/which

5、 they argued aboutwas settled at last.（作賓語） This is the new secretary （who/whom/that） I would like to introduce to you.（作賓語） The soldier whose legs were badly wounded was operated on without delay.（作定語）注意：關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語時可以省略，充當(dāng)主語時則不能。（見上例）（二）關(guān)系代詞that代替which的一些情況which, that在代替物時，一般可以通用。但在有些情況下，只用that

6、。 先行詞是最高級形容詞或它的前面有最高級形容詞修飾時。例如： This is the bestthat has been used against pollution English is the most difficult subject that you will learn during these years. 先行詞是序數(shù)詞，或它前面有一個序數(shù)詞時。例如： This is the last place(that) I want to visit. It is the first American movie of this kind that I ve ever seen(3)

7、先行詞是 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, non籌 代詞時。例如： You should hand in allthat you have We haverit got much that we can offer you 先行詞前面有 the only, the very, any, few, little, no, all, much, every 等修飾 時。例如： The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. The little

8、 money (that) he hadwas stolen.(三)其它情況 先行詞既有人又有物時。例如： Do you know the things and personshat they are talking about? The bike and its rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. 主句已有疑問詞 who或which時。例如： Which is the bike that you lost? Who is the woman that was praised at the m

9、eetin?(四)宜用who,而不用that的一些情況(1) 先行詞是 one, ones, anyone寸。例如： One who has nothing to fear for oneselfdares to tell the truth. Don't tell anyone about the newswho oughtnt to know it.先行詞是those時。例如： Those who were not fit for their work could not see the beautiful clothes made of the magic cloth.(五)與w

10、hose有關(guān)的問題whose是代詞的所有格，它既可以代人也可以代物。例如： I saw a womanwhose bag was stolen Please show me the bookvhose cover is red. 當(dāng)whose表示物與物的所有格關(guān)系時，亦可用 of which的形式。例如： The building whose roof you can see from heris a new restaurant.f The building, the roof of which you can see from hereis a new restaurantf The bu

11、ilding, of which the roof you can see from heres a new restaurant.三、介詞前提的問題關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)介詞賓語時，介詞可以前提至關(guān)系代詞前。例如：Have you seen the penjwhich) I wrote the note with just now? (which 作介詞 with的賓語） f Have you seen the pewith which I wrote the note just now?但是，要注意的是：介詞前提后，先行詞是人或物，關(guān)系代詞分別只能用whom和which,而不再用that

12、或who。介詞前提后，關(guān)系代詞不再能省略。 有些含有介詞的短語動詞中的介詞不能前提，如：look for, look after, take careof等。Who is the old man to whom you were talking ?或 Who is the old man (that/ whom) you were talking to?These are the sheepwhich/that) the boy took care of四、關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時，從句中的主謂一致關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)上應(yīng)與先行詞一致。例如： Who is t

13、he guythat is reading over there? The number of people that are going to the exhibition is expected to be over 25,000. All that needs to be donehas been done. He is one of the studentswho use computer a lot for study Timmy is the only one of the pupils that has failed the exam例中的all意為“一切”，作單數(shù)。例中沒通過考

14、試的學(xué)生事實上只有一人，因此謂語動詞也用單數(shù)。定語從句(二)關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句一、“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)1 .可代替 when, where, why, that等關(guān)系詞e.g. There is no reasofor which (why)we shouldn't be friends.2 .介詞后面的關(guān)系詞不能省略。e.g. Here is the moneywith which to buy a piano.3 . that前不能有介詞。4 .某些在從句中充當(dāng)時間，地點或原因狀語的“介詞+關(guān)系詞”結(jié)構(gòu)可以跟關(guān)系副詞 when 和 where 互換。e.g. This is

15、the housein which I lived two years ago.This is the housewhere I lived two years ago.Do you remember the dayon which you joined our club?Do you remember the daywhen you joined our club?、關(guān)系副詞的用法:關(guān)系詞先行詞從句成分例句備注關(guān) 系 副 詞when時間時間狀語I will never forget the day when we met there.可 用 onwhich代替where地點地點狀語This

16、is the house where I was born.可用 in which代替why原因原因狀語I can' tmagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用 forwhich代替（一）基本用法關(guān)系副詞起連接主句和從句的作用，又在從句中作狀語，when, where和why分別表示時間，地點和原因。1. when在從句中作時間狀語。常用 on which, in which, at which, during which等代替。e.g. April the first is the day when people make fu

17、n of others.=April the first is the day on which people make fun of others.2. where在從句中作地點狀語。?？捎蒳n which, on which, at which, on which等取代。e.g. This is the housewherehe lived two years ago.=This is the housein which he lived two years ago.3. whywhy在定語從句中作原因狀語?？捎胒or which代替。why不可引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，此時可用for whi

18、ch代替。e.g. This is the reasonwhy he went away.=This is the reasonfor which he went away.(二)關(guān)系副詞?？捎谩敖樵~+關(guān)系代詞”的結(jié)構(gòu)改寫這里的關(guān)系代詞只限于which和whom,例如 I will never forget the night when I met you for the first time.=I will never forget the night on which I met you for the first time. This is the house in which I li

19、ved two years ago.=This is the house where I lived two years ago. We don't know the reason for which he suddenly fell ill.=We don't know the reason why he suddenly fell ill.注意：并不是所有的介詞 +關(guān)系代詞的結(jié)構(gòu)都可用關(guān)系副詞替代。例如：I am very impressed by the way in which he works.這里in which代表的是in the way,在句中作方式狀語。只有當(dāng)

20、介詞+關(guān)系代詞結(jié)構(gòu)作表 示時間、地點和原因的狀語時，才能相應(yīng)地用when, where和why代替。(三)如何判斷是用關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞這本質(zhì)上取決于關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?。前者充?dāng)主語、賓語、 表語或定語，后者充當(dāng)狀語。試比較下面兩組句子： This is the factory that/which produces radios.This is the factory where radios are produced.第一句中劃線部分在從句中作主語，故而應(yīng)選用關(guān)系代詞：The factory produces radios.而第二句中劃線部分在從句中作地點狀語故而應(yīng)

21、選用關(guān)系副詞:Radios are produced in the factory. Do you remember the days (that) we spent together ?Do you remember the days when we worked together ?第一句中關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語：We spent the days together.而第二句中關(guān)系副詞作時間狀語： We worked together during the days.(四)一些需要特殊記憶的關(guān)系詞的用法1. I don't like the way in which he look

22、 at people.當(dāng)先行詞是 way時，除了 in which ,還可以用that來引導(dǎo)定語從句。that還經(jīng)常省略。 又如： Judging from the way he walked, I believe he was wounded in the leg.2. Finally came the day when he had to leave his hometown.當(dāng)先行詞為time, moment, day等，并在從句中作狀語時，從句也可以用that引導(dǎo)，that也常省略。又如： It was the first time (that) we had stayed up so

23、 late. The moment (that/when) he sent the mail, John realized what a mistake he had made. She was the only girl I went steady with during the four years (that /when) I was at university .三、關(guān)系副詞的省略:1 . the time, every time, each time, the momen等后的關(guān)系副詞可以省略。e.g. By the time (when) he was fourteen years

24、 old, Jim had learnt more than two thousand English words.2 .在某些表示地點的名詞后，關(guān)系副詞有時也可以省略。如the place等。e.g. This is the place Wher。I saw him last time.3 .先行詞the reason后面的關(guān)系副詞可以省略。e.g. The reasonWhy) he came here is quite clear.4 .當(dāng)先行詞是way時，關(guān)系副詞常常省略。e.g. I know the way (that) he learns English.四、判斷關(guān)系代詞與關(guān)系副

25、詞的方法：1 .用關(guān)系代詞，還是關(guān)系副詞完全取決于從句中的謂語動詞。及物動詞后面沒有賓語，就必須要求用關(guān)系代詞；而不及物動詞則要求用關(guān)系副詞。判斷下列句子的對錯(x) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(x) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.(，) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.(，) I'll never forget the days

26、(which) I spent in the countryside.習(xí)慣上總把表地點或時間的名詞與關(guān)系副詞where, when聯(lián)系在一起。止匕兩題錯在關(guān)系詞的誤用上。定語從句(三)非限制性定語從句非限制性定語從句起補充附帶說明的作用，缺少它也不會影響全句的理解， 譯為漢語時常常不譯作定語，而根據(jù)句意翻譯為相應(yīng)的其他形式的從句。它與主語的關(guān)系不像限定性定語從句的關(guān)系那樣密切。 在非限定性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開，如果把非限定性定語從句放在句子中間，其前后都要用逗號與主句隔開。1.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞如下表所示:指代對象指代人指代物主格who賓語whomwhich, as所有格w

27、hom, of whom, whosewhich, of which, whose注意：關(guān)系代詞that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where不可用why。2 .運用非限定性定語從句的情況:(1)關(guān)系代詞指代整個主句內(nèi)容e.g. Our new house has a lovely gardenw hich makes us very happy.(2)當(dāng)先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last ye

28、ar.(3) 當(dāng)出現(xiàn) some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which, whom等結(jié)構(gòu)時e.g. You ve made many mistakesmost of whiclwere due to your carelessness,3.限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別:類別語法意義及特征例句限制性定 語從句對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分 密切，寫時不用逗號分開。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性 定語從句對

29、先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當(dāng)一個插入語，不能用 that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代 詞做賓語時也不能省略。His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.非限制性定語從句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定語從句：非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，它不是對先行詞進行修飾或確定，只是對 先行詞作些附加的說明。專有名詞通常被非限制性定語從句所修飾。例如：地名，人名，國非限制性定語從句不是先行詞必不可少的修飾語，因此如果去掉從句，主句的意思仍然清楚。 從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開，翻譯時復(fù)合句通常譯成兩句

30、話。(4)與限制性定語從句一樣，非限制性定語從句也可用關(guān)系代詞who, which, whom, whose, as 和關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why引導(dǎo)。that不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。例如： We will fly to Xi 'an first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days. My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year. As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state. 非限制性定語從句中值得

31、注意的幾個問題在which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，先行詞可以是一個名詞或代詞，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至整個句子。例如： My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isn't running well.先行詞是 car He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true .先行詞是 he had never seen her beforewhich和as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句比較which和as都可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，并且先行詞都可以是一句句子，

32、但which通常指代上文提到的情況，而 as則可以指代上文或下文。as在這類句子中經(jīng)常有“正如”的意思。另外，as還經(jīng)常與such, the same等連用。（見第一講中as引導(dǎo)的定語從句）例如： He has to work on Sundays, which he doesn t like. As we expected, he gave a wonderful performance. Mike is late, as is often the case. I never heard such stories as he told. She knew he felt just the s

33、ame as she did. 在從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞which, who, whom 一般不省略。例如： Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace. He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.4. as與 which的區(qū)另1J:定語從 句區(qū)別例句限制性 定語從 句中名詞前后such和the same修飾時，關(guān)系代 詞用as不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Don' tread

34、 such books as you can ' understand.非限制 性定語 從句中as和which都可以指代前卸整個主句。如 果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主 句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as;而which 引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如” 的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn ' expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.tt關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句 和su

35、ch連用，這時的 as相當(dāng)于 who, which。有時such和as連在一起例如： Wendy is not such a fool as she looks. Such cars as I saw were too expensive to me. We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.注意：這種用法和 such that的區(qū)別在suchas中，as是關(guān)系代詞，它在從句中充當(dāng)成分。例中作looks的表語，在例和中分別作saw和had的賓語。而在suchthat中that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句，解釋為“以至于

36、"。that不充當(dāng)任何成分，只起語法上的連接作用。例如： She gave me such a surprisethat I couldn t say anything at that moment. His idea was such a good one that we all agreed to use it.和same連用例如： You must show my friend the same respect as you show me. She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does.引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句例如： She was the one I met at the party, as you kno