快速掌握語法的12個(gè)小貼士

1、零基礎(chǔ)學(xué)英語:快速掌握語法的 12個(gè)小貼士我們一直在不斷的學(xué)習(xí)語法規(guī)則,為什么呢 ? 因?yàn)檎Z法知識(shí)是用英語交 流的基礎(chǔ)。1. Memorize 3 Fundamental Capitalization Rules記住三個(gè)基礎(chǔ)的大寫規(guī)則The first word in a sentence. You should always capitalize the first word in a sentence regardless of what type of word it is. 大寫句子里的首字母。不管句子里的第一個(gè)單詞屬于什么類別,都要 大寫其首字母。Proper nouns (name

2、s. These include the names of people, places, days and months, companies, etc. For example: Matthew, Helen, France, Tokyo, Mississippi, Saturday, January專有名詞首字母大寫。包括:人物的名字,地點(diǎn),日期,月份,公司 等。例如:馬修,海倫,法國,東京,密西西比州,星期六,一月等 . Honorifics and titles, as well as their abbreviations. Mr., Mrs., Miss, Doctor (Dr.

3、, President, Lord, etc.大寫敬語及頭銜的首字母。例如:先生,夫人,小姐,醫(yī)生,主席, 公爵等。2. I and Me Aren t InterchangeableI 和 Me 是不可互換的I and me are t interchangeable. They are used in different grammatical constructions. I is a pronoun that serves as a subject of a sentence. For example, Matthew and I went for a walk, both I and

4、 Matthew are subjects of the sentence while went is the verb. Me is a pronoun that serves as an object of a sentence. Me is needed when someone else is performing the action.I 和 Me 是不可互換的 , 它們用于不同的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。 I 是一個(gè)代詞, 是一 個(gè)句子里的主語。例如:馬修和我出去散步,這里 I 和 Matthew 都是句 子里的主語,而 went 是一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞。 Me 是一個(gè)代詞,作為句子里的賓 語。當(dāng)其他人需

5、要執(zhí)行某個(gè)動(dòng)作時(shí)就需要使用 me 。To use the example above: Matthew took me for a walk. Matthew is the subject and me is the object in the sentence. Knowing your subjects and objects will help you use these types of pronouns flawlessly!使用上面的例子:馬修和我一起出去散步。 Matthew 是句子里的主語, me 是句子里的賓語。明確你的主語和賓語會(huì)幫助你無誤地使用這些介詞。 3. Be Ca

6、reful When Using Your and You re小心使用 Your 和 You reThis is probably the most common mistake on the internet today! Your and you re sound absolutely the same, but they have very different meanings and uses.這可能是今天網(wǎng)絡(luò)上最常見的錯(cuò)誤 !Your 和 You re 的讀音聽起來完 全一樣,但是它們的意義和用法完全不同。Your is a possessive determiner that a

7、ttributes something to you:Your 是一個(gè)物主限定詞,用來限定屬于你的東西。Your work is impressive!你的工作簡直令人欽佩 !You re is a contraction of you are:You re 是 you are的縮寫。You re a very successful writer. (You are a very successful writer.你是一個(gè)非常成功的作家。 (你是一個(gè)非常成功的作家。 Mistakes happen when possessive pronouns are confused with verb

8、 contractions, even among native English speakers. Often, you may see phrases like your wrong (instead of you re wrong, youre sister (instead of your sister, etc. These are grammatical errors. They re easy to avoid. Don t repeat them!物主代詞和動(dòng)詞縮寫混淆的錯(cuò)誤經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),即使是本族語使用者也常 犯這樣的錯(cuò)誤。通常情況下,你經(jīng)常會(huì)看到 your wrong(而不是

9、you re wrong , you re sister(而不是 your sister等。這些都是語法錯(cuò)誤,很容 易避免,所以不要重復(fù)犯錯(cuò) !4. Be Careful When Using Their, They re and There小心使用 Their, They re 和 There這是代詞, 縮寫以及副詞混淆的一個(gè)例子。 Let s analyze each of the words in question.下面讓我們在具體的例子中分析每一個(gè)詞。Their is a possessive determiner. When using their, you indicate tha

10、t something belongs to them. For example, Their car has broken down.Their 是一個(gè)物主代詞。當(dāng)使用 their 的時(shí)候,你的意思就是某物是屬 于他們的。例如,他們的車壞了。They re is a contraction of they are. For example, If they re not coming, I m leaving early. (If they are not coming, I m leaving early. They re 是 they are 的縮寫。 例如, 如果他們不來, 我就早點(diǎn)離

11、開。 (如果他們不來,我就早點(diǎn)離開。 There is an adverb indicating a location of something. For example, Your keys are over there, on the table.There 是一個(gè)副詞,說明某物的地點(diǎn)。例如,你的鑰匙在那,在書桌 上。Once you understand the difference between these three words, you won t make a mistake like their nice (instead of they re nice or there d

12、og (instead of their dog ever again!一旦你理解了這三個(gè)詞之間的差別,你就不會(huì)犯類似的錯(cuò)誤,例如, their nice(而不是 they re nice或者 there dog(而不是 their dog! 5. There s a Subtle Difference Between Must and Have To Must 與 Have To有細(xì)微的差別Modal verbs in English serve to indicate possibility, obligation and more. The most common examples of

13、 modal verbs include can, may, must, will and shall. Must is the one indicating an obligation or a necessity to do something.英語中的情態(tài)動(dòng)詞用來說明可能性,義務(wù)或者其他。最常見的情態(tài)動(dòng) 詞包括 can, may, must, will和 shall 。 Must 是用來說明義務(wù)以及做某事的 必要性。I must wake up early to catch a morning train.我必須早點(diǎn)起來去趕早車。However, we could also say:然而

14、,我們也可以說:I have to wake up early to catch a morning train.我不得不早點(diǎn)起來去趕早車。語法上來說,他們都對,但是有什么細(xì)微的區(qū)別嗎 ? 有 !The difference between must and have to is subtle. Both refer to an obligation, but must indicates an opinion or suggestion. Have to is an expression of a more objective obligation coming from an outsid

15、e force.Must 與 have to之間的差別是細(xì)微的。兩者都指義務(wù),但是 must 是 指意見或者建議。 Have to指來自于外部世界的客觀義務(wù)。因此說某個(gè)人必須做她的家庭作業(yè)是你的意見。說她不得不做她的家 庭作業(yè)代表著她必須這樣做。在非正式的場合 must 和 have to不可互換。 在正式一點(diǎn)的場合,熟知 must 和 have to的區(qū)別你就可以把它們區(qū)分開。 6. Always Check for Subject and Verb Agreement時(shí)常檢查主謂是否一致One of the most basic grammar rules in English state

16、s that the subject of the sentence has to agree with its verb. To approach fluency in English, it s crucial to understand subject-verb agreement. The subject of a sentence can be either singular or plural, which will determine what form the verb takes.英語中最基本的語法規(guī)則就是句子的主語必須要和謂語一致。為了流 利地使用英語,了解主謂一致是至關(guān)重

17、要的。句子的主語可以是單數(shù)也可 以是復(fù)數(shù),主語的單復(fù)數(shù)形式?jīng)Q定了它的謂語要采取何種形式。For example:例如:She likes pizza.她喜歡披薩。They like burgers.他們喜歡披薩。But what happens when a sentence gets more complicated? 但是如果一個(gè)句子更加復(fù)雜該怎么辦呢When there s more than one subject connected by and, it s a compound subject that requires a plural.當(dāng)句子中存在由 and 連接的并列主語時(shí),

18、那么這就是一個(gè)復(fù)合主語, 謂語動(dòng)詞需要用復(fù)數(shù)。Lily and Tom want to order pizza. (They want to order pizza. 莉莉和湯姆想要點(diǎn)披薩。 (他們想要點(diǎn)披薩。 But here s where things get really complicated. Sometimes the subject is accompanied by an additional piece of information that follows along with, together with, as well as, such as and more. T

19、hese don t change the subject into a compound subject and don t require a plural verb.但是這里我們要說明的才是真正復(fù)雜的。有時(shí),主語后會(huì)伴隨額外的 信息,由 along with, together with, as well as, such as 或者其他的詞 連接。這種情況下不需要把主語看成是復(fù)合主語,謂語動(dòng)詞也不需要是用 復(fù)數(shù)形式。Lily, just like Tom, wants to order pizza. (She wants to order pizza. So does Tom.莉莉想要

20、點(diǎn)一份披薩,湯姆也是。I, together with Matthew, am going for a walk. (I am going for a walk. Matthew is going with me.我要去散步,馬修和我一起。Note that this a slightly awkward sentence, and using a compound subject like Matthew and I would be preferable here. 注意這個(gè)句子有一點(diǎn)歧義,使用復(fù)合賓語 Matthew and I 會(huì)好一些。 A book, along with a fe

21、w cards and pencils, was on the table. (A book was on the table. There were also a few cards and pencils. 書在桌子上,桌子上還有一些卡片和鉛筆。Notice how these sentence elements provide additional information that can be safely removed. The sentence would be less informative, but still grammatically correct.注意句子中提到的一

22、些附加信息可以被移除。雖然這樣句子可能不那 么富有信息性,但是語法是卻是正確的。A simple way to check for subject and verb agreement is to replace the subject with an appropriate pronoun, like we did in the first sentence above.這里有一個(gè)驗(yàn)證主謂是否一致的簡單方法,可以用一個(gè)合適的代詞來 替換主語,就像我們在第一個(gè)句子里做的一樣。Lily, just like Tom, wants to order pizza. (She wants to ord

23、er pizza.莉莉想要點(diǎn)一份披薩,湯姆也是。 (她想要一份披薩。 Lily and Tom want to order pizza. (They want to order pizza. 莉莉和湯姆想要點(diǎn)一份披薩。 (他們想要點(diǎn)一份披薩。 If the sentence still makes sense, your subject and your verb are in agreement!這樣做,如果句子仍舊有意義,那么你所使用的主語和謂語就是一致 的。7. Mix It Up with Active and Passive Voice主動(dòng)語態(tài)和被動(dòng)語態(tài)混合在一起In many En

24、glish sentences, the subject is the one performing the action described by the verb of the sentence. This is called “ active voice. ”在許多英文的句子里,句子的主語是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者。這就是主動(dòng)語態(tài) While the children played a game in the backyard, their dad prepared dinner.孩子們在后院玩游戲的時(shí)候,他們的爸爸在準(zhǔn)備晚飯。In other instances, the subject is b

25、eing acted upon. Someone else is performing the action! This is “ passive voice.”在其他的情況下,主語是被執(zhí)行者,其他人在完成這個(gè)動(dòng)作。這就是 被動(dòng)語態(tài)。While a game was played by the kids, dinner was prepared by their dad.孩子們在后院玩游戲的時(shí)候,他們的爸爸在準(zhǔn)備晚飯。This sentence also has two clauses, and both of them are written in the passive voice: th

26、e game was played (by the kids while dinner was prepared (by their dad.句子由兩部分組成,兩部分都包含著被動(dòng)語態(tài):游戲由孩子們來玩, 晚飯由爸爸來做。While it s recommended to use passive voice sparingly, you should know how to recognize and use both active and passive voices.我們推薦偶爾使用被動(dòng)語態(tài),但是你應(yīng)該明白如何讓辨認(rèn)并且使用主 被動(dòng)語態(tài)。A good mix of active and pa

27、ssive verbs will make your English, especially written English, varied and colorful. Don t be afraid of combinations!同時(shí)使用主被動(dòng)語態(tài)尤其是你的書面英語富有變化且多彩。要勇敢地 把主被動(dòng)語態(tài)結(jié)合在一起使用。8. For Collective Nouns, Context Is Everything對于集合名詞,語境決定一切Sometimes, a singular noun represents a group of people or a collection of thin

28、gs. Should it take a singular or a plural verb? Is family singular or plural? Is government plural or singular? How about crowd or flock? These types of nouns are known as collective nouns. You ll treat them differently depending on context.有時(shí)候,一個(gè)單數(shù)的名詞代表著很多人或者很多事物。那么這種情況 下,謂語動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該采取單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)呢 ?family 是單

29、數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)呢 ?government 是單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)呢 ?crowd 和 flock 呢 ? 這類名詞被叫做集 合名詞。對待這類詞應(yīng)該視語境而定。First, consider whether you re operating in British English or American English. In American English, collective nouns typically take a singular verb. For example:首先, 要考慮你正在處理的是英式英語還是美式英語。 在美式英語中, 集合名詞的謂語動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式。例如:My family l

30、oves me a lot.我的家人很愛我。The American government is voting on this issue today.美國政府今天將就這個(gè)問題投票。There are two important exceptions that you re likely to encounter in casual conversation: police and people. Police and people always take a plural verb.在日常的交流中,你還會(huì)遇到兩個(gè)重要的特殊集合名詞:police 和 people 。 police 和 peo

31、ple 的謂語動(dòng)詞通常才用復(fù)數(shù)形式。The Boston Police make reports on the matter.波士頓警察正在就這個(gè)問題作報(bào)告。People are starting to wonder what s going on.人們想知道發(fā)生了什么。However, in British English, collective nouns may take a singular or a plural verb, depending on the rest of the sentence. If the collective noun represents a group

32、 acting as one unit, it takes a singular verb. If the collective noun stands for several individuals or things acting independently, it takes a plural verb. For example:然而,在英式英語中,集合名詞的謂語動(dòng)詞既可以采用復(fù)數(shù)形式,也 可以采用單數(shù)形式,這要視句子中的其他成分而定。如果集合名詞代表一 群人但卻以一個(gè)整體出現(xiàn),那么謂語動(dòng)詞使用單數(shù)。如果集合名詞代表幾 個(gè)個(gè)體或者一些事物以單獨(dú)的形式出現(xiàn),那么謂語動(dòng)詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例 如

33、:My family are all coming to the wedding. (“ Family ” stands for several different people who ll arrive at the wedding, not necessarily together.我的家人都來參加婚禮了。 (family代表不同的人, 他們將來參加婚禮, 但是不是必須同時(shí)到達(dá)。 The staff disagree on the deadline for the project. (The staff are employees who have different opinions

34、about the project deadline. 員工們對于這個(gè)方案的最后期限意見不統(tǒng)一。 (staff是不同的雇員,他 們對于方案的最后期限有著不同的看法。 9. Always Use Complete Sentences, Not Sentence Fragments 使用完整的句子而不是句子片段The most basic sentence in English has two elements: a subject and a verb.英語中最基本的句子有兩個(gè)成分:主語和謂語。She sings.她唱歌。I write.我寫作。Having a subject and a ve

35、rb is the minimum requirement for English sentences. If either of those is missing, the sentence isn t complete. Sentence fragments shouldn t be used alone.在一個(gè)英文句子中,主語和謂語是最基本的存在。兩者中的任何一個(gè) 丟失,句子都不是完整的。句子片段不能夠單獨(dú)使用。Make it a rule for yourself to always write in complete sentences. Check if there s a sub

36、ject and a verb in your sentence. If not, insert one! Connecting sentence fragments into more complex sentences will make your English speech and English writing correct and varied.寫完整的句子應(yīng)該成為你為自己制定的規(guī)則。寫好之后要檢查句子里 是否有主語和謂語。如果沒有,要補(bǔ)充上。把句子片段連接起來組成更加 完整的句子會(huì)使你的英文演講和英文寫作富有變化且正確。10. Learn Some Question Tags

37、to Simplify Your Life使用反義疑問句使生活更加簡單You know those short questions that sometimes get added to the end of a sentence, don t you? These are called question tags, and they re neat, aren t they? They can make your life easier, especially in an English conversation, because they allow you to easily turn

38、statements into yes or no questions.你認(rèn)識(shí)那些放在句尾短的疑問句吧,是不是 ? 他們被稱作反義疑問句, 這些句子很簡潔,不是嘛 ? 使用他們能夠使生活更加簡單,尤其是在使用英 語交流的時(shí)候,因?yàn)樗麄兡軌虬涯愕年愂龊苋菀椎霓D(zhuǎn)化成帶有 yes 或者 no 的問題。The rule for forming a question tag is simple: if the main verb of the sentence is positive, the question tag takes its negative form. If the main verb

39、of the sentence is negative (has “ not ” in it, the question tag takes its positive form. A question tag will always conform to the main verb of the sentence.反義疑問句的使用規(guī)則很簡單:如果主句謂語動(dòng)詞是肯定的,那么反 義疑問句的謂語動(dòng)詞就用否定的形式。如果主句謂語動(dòng)詞是否定的 (句子中 含有 not, 反義疑問句的謂語動(dòng)詞就采用肯定的形式。反義疑問句的謂語動(dòng) 詞常與逐句地謂語動(dòng)詞一致。She forgot her lunch, didn

40、 t she? or She didn t forget her lunch, did she?她忘記吃午飯了不是嘛 ? 或者她沒有忘記吃午飯,是嘛 ?However, here s another thing to remember: if the main verb of the sentence is “ I am,” the question tag that corresponds is “ aren t I.”這里我們還需要記住另一個(gè)規(guī)則:如果主句的主語和謂語是“ I am” , 那么反義疑問句相應(yīng)的形式就應(yīng)該是“ aren t I ”。I am going to have to

41、change my plans, aren t I?我不得不改變我的計(jì)劃,不是嘛 ?If you don t feel like using a contraction to form a negative question tag, be careful with the placement of “ not. ”如果你不想使用縮寫形式的反義疑問句,要額外注意 not 的位置。 She forgot her lunch, did she not?她沒有忘記吃午餐。不是嘛 ?11. Feel Free to Use Dangling Prepositions自如地使用懸垂介詞Whenever

42、a preposition gets separated from its object in the sentence (or when it doesn t have an object at all, it becomes a dangling preposition.當(dāng)介詞在句子中與它的賓語分開使用時(shí) (或者它根本就沒有賓語時(shí) , 它 就變成了懸垂介詞。Whom are you talking to?你在跟誰說話 ?You can come downstairs; there s nothing to be afraid of. 你可以下樓,沒什么可害怕的。You may encoun

43、ter native English speakers who believe it s incorrect to end a sentence with a preposition. However, dangling prepositions aren t a grammatical error.你可能會(huì)遇到一個(gè)以英語為母語的人,他認(rèn)為以介詞結(jié)束一個(gè)句子是 錯(cuò)誤的。然而,懸垂介詞在語法上并不是錯(cuò)誤的。Actually, avoiding dangling prepositions may result in some awkward sentences!事實(shí)上,不把懸垂介詞至于句尾還會(huì)引起句子的歧義。For example:例如:To whom are you talking?你在跟誰說話 ?You can come downstairs; there s nothing of which to be afraid. 你可以下樓,沒有什么好害怕的。These sentences are correct, but not very desirable. As long as you understand dangling prepositions and their grammatical