2015年6月四級(jí)考試閱讀真題(ReapingtheRewardsofRisk-Taking)

1、Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondi

2、ngletteronAnswerSheet2.ReapingtheRewardsofRisk-TakingA)SinceSteveJobsresignedaschiefexecutiveofApple,muchhasbeensaidabouthimasapeerlessbusinessleaderwhohascreatedimmensewea1thforshareholders,andguidedthedesignofhitproductsthataretransformingentireindustries,likemusicandmobilecommunications.B)Alltrue

3、,butletsthinkdifferent,toborrowtheAppletingmarkesloganofyearsback.LetslookatMr.Jobsasarolemodel.C)Aboveall,heisaninnovator(倉(cāng)新者).HiscreativeforceisseeninproductssuchastheiPod,iPhone,andiPad,andinnewbusinessmodelsforpricinganddistributingmusicandmobilesoftwareonline.Studiesofinnovationcometothesamecon

4、clusion:youcantengineerinnovation,butyoucanincreasetheoddsitoccurring.AndMr.Jobs*careercanbeviewedasaconsistentpursuitofimprovingthoseodds,bothforhimselfandthecompanieshehasled.Mr.Jobs,ofcourse,hasenjoyedsingularsuccess.Butinnovation,broadlydefined,isthecrucialingredientinalleconomicprogress-higherg

5、rowthfornations,morecompetitiveproductsforcompanies,andmoreprosperouscareersforindividuals.AndMr.Jobs,manyexpertssay,exemplifieswhatworksintheinnovationgame.D)“WecanlookatandlearnfromSteveJobswhattheessenceofAmericaninnovationis,“saysJohnKao,aninnovationconsultanttocorporationsandgovernments.Manyoth

6、ernations,Mr.JohnKaonotes,arenowaheadoftheUnitedStatesinproducingwhatareconsideredtherawmaterialsofinnovation.Theseincludegovernmentfinancingforscientificresearch,nationalpoliciestosupportemergingindustries,educationalachievement,engineersandscientistsgraduated,eventhespeedsofcultureofothercountries

7、doesntsupofinnovationthatSteveJobsexemplifies,asAmericadoes,hnKaosays”.Mr.JoF) Workersofeveryrankaretoldthesedaysthatwide-rangingcuriosityandcontinuouslearningarevitaItothrivinginthemoderneconomy.Formaleducationmatters,careercounselorssay,butreal-lifeexperienceisoftenevenmorevaluable.G) Anadoptedchi

8、ld,growingupinSiliconValley,Mr.Jobsdisplayedthosetraitsearlyon.Hewasfascinatedbyelectronicsasachild,buildingHeathkitdo-it-yourselfprojects,likeradios.Mr.JobsdroppedoutofReedCollegeafteronlyasemesterandtraveledaroundIndiainsearchofspiritualenlightenment,beforereturningtoSiliconValleytofoundApplewithh

9、isfriend,StephenWozniak,anengineeringwizard(奇才).Mr.JobswasforcedoutofApplein1985,wentoffandfoundedtwoothercompanies,NextandPixar,beforereturningtoApplein1996andbecomingchiefexecutiveinl997.H) Hispathwasunique,butinnovationexpertssaythepatternofexplorationisnotunusual.ItsoftenpeoplelikeSteveJobswhoca

10、ndrawfromadeepreservowodiverseexperiencesthatoftengeneratebreakthroughideasandinsights,Gregersen,aprofessorattheEuropeanInstituteoffiusinessAdministration.I）Mr.Gregersenisacoauthor-ofanewbook,TheInnovatorsDNA,whichisbaseonaneight-yearstudyof5000entrepreneurs（倉(cāng)ll業(yè)者）andexecutivesworldwide.Histwocollab

11、oratorsandco-authorsareJeffDyer,aprofessoratBrighamYoungUniversity,andClaytonChristensen,aprofessorattheHarvardBusinessSchool,whose1997bookTheInnovatorDilemmaspopularizedtheconceptofdisruptive（顛覆性的）innovation.J） Theacademicsidentifyfivetraitsthatarecommontothedisruptiveinnovators:questioning,experim

12、enting,observing,associatingandnetworking.Theirbundleofcharacteristicsechoestheceaselesscuriosityandwillingnesstotakerisksnotedbyotherexperts.Networking,Mr.HalGregersenexplains,islessaboutcareerbuildingrelationshipsthanaconsistentsearchfornewideas.Associating,headds,istheabilitytomakeidea-producingc

13、onnectionsbylinkingconceptsfromdififerentdisciplines.K） Innovatorsengageinthesementalactivitiesregularly,Mr.Gregersenahabitforthem.Innovativecompanies,accordingtotheauthors,typicallyenjoyhighervaluationsinthestockmarket,whichtheycallaninnovationpremium（溢價(jià)）“Itiscalculatedbyestimatingtheshareofacompan

14、y?svaluethatcannotbeaccountedforbyitscurrentproductsandcashflow.Theinnovationpremiumtriestoquantify（量化）investors1betsthatacompanywilldoevenbetterintheftiturebecauseofinnovation.L)Apple,bytheircalculations,hada37percentinnovationpremiumduringMr.Jobs*firsttermwiththecompany.Hisyearsinexileresultedina3

15、1percentinnovationdiscount.Afterhisreturn,Applefortunesimproved?sgraduallyatfirst,andimprovedmarkedlystartingin2005,yieldinga52percentinnovationpremiumsincethen.M)Thereisnoconclusiveproof,butMr.HalGregersensaysitisunlikelythatMr.Jobscouldhavereshapedindustriesbeyondcomputing,ashehasdoneinhissecondte

16、rmatApple,withouttheexperienceoutsidethecompany,especiallyatPixar-thecomputer-animation(動(dòng)畫制作)studiothatcreatedastringofcriticallyandcommerciallysuccessfulmovies,suchas“ToyStory”anN) Mr.JobssuggestedmuchthesamethingduringacommencementaddresstothegraduatingclassatStanfordUniversityin2005.“Itturnedoutt

17、hatgettifiromApplewasthebestthingthatcouldhaveeverhappenedtome,“hetoldthestudents.Mr.Jobsalsospokeofperseverance(堅(jiān)持)andwillpower.“Sometimeslifehitsyouintheheadwithabrick,“hesaid.O) Mr.Jobsendedhiscommencementtalkwithacalltoinnovation,bothinoneschoiceofworkandinoneslife.Becurious,experiment,takerisks

18、,hesaidtothestudents.HisadvicewasemphasizedbythewordsonthebackofthefinaleditionofTheWholeEarthCatalog,whichhequoted:Stayhungry.Stayfoolish.”Mr.Jobssaid,“Ihavealwayswishedthatfbrelfmys.Andnow,asyougraduatetobeginanew,Iwishthatforyou.”46. SteveJobscalledonStanfordgraduatestoinnovateinhiscommencementaddress.47.