2021年從題型層面剖析托福閱讀備考

1、2021年從題型層面剖析托福閱讀備考從題型層面剖析托福閱讀備考詞:（詞匯題）考查詞匯,首先重量.沒有一定的詞匯量,寸步難行.-詞匯題中很大一部分就是考查單詞的直接含義,如果認識該單詞與選項,幾乎可以立刻匹配,秒選正確答案.如果同學在這一部分出現(xiàn)問題,務(wù)必好好積累詞匯量,詞到病除.除了量,還需要考查學生能否理解該單詞放入文本環(huán)境（conte_t）后產(chǎn)生的細微.甚至與原意大相徑庭的引申含義.-詞匯題中真正造成困擾的部分正是考查單詞文本含義的,需要考生將單詞放入語境細致考查是否通順,才能選出答案.詞匯題每篇至少3題,一套閱讀至少9題,占總題量近25%,可見詞匯之重要.而詞匯更是閱讀最小也是最基礎(chǔ)的單

2、位,如果詞匯不過關(guān),隱患無窮,導致其他題目做錯,實在是首要中的首要.句:（句子改寫Paraphrase,句子插入insert,句子目的purpose,事實信息題facts,否定排除題non-facts,推理題infer）句子改寫題Paraphrase:考查單個句子的理解.要求學生去對單獨一個句子（通常是長難句,長在哪?難在哪?）理解后選出選項中意思最接近的一項,即在不改變原句核心含義的前提下改寫原句.想要改寫一個句子,其必要條件必是對該句子徹底深入的理解,抓住核心內(nèi)容,理清句子邏輯.句子目的題Purpose:一個句子除了有表義性（傳遞信息）,還有結(jié)構(gòu)性（服務(wù)作者的寫作意圖）.Whydoesth

3、eauthormention作者為什么要提到考查學生對作者寫作意圖.句子功能的理解句子插入Insert:在理解單個句子的基礎(chǔ)上,考查學生對多個句子內(nèi)容及關(guān)系的把握.將一個句子插入到段落中合適的地方,必然要考查學生對被插入句子本身及上下文多個句子之間內(nèi)容和邏輯上的聯(lián)系事實信息題Facts與否定事實信息題non-facts:在具備了理解單個句子及多個句子含義.功能之后,考查閱讀能力的核心要素提取信息即獲取知識的能力（看書讀報的目的不就是獲取信息嗎?）對于提取信息從兩方面考查是否準確與是否全面.是否準確-即事實信息題,基于原文,獲得信息,回答針對一個事實信息的提問,如果答對了,即可認為你獲得的信息是

4、準確的.是否全面-即否定排除題.原文可能提供對于一個主體多方面多層次的介紹,在大量信息中把回答問題所需要的信息全部篩選出來,把不符合要求的答案去除,體現(xiàn)了對信息掌握的全面.推理題Infer:在獲取原文提供的最基本的信息后,能否通過邏輯思維做出最基本的一些推理或判斷?如:根據(jù)人類屬于哺乳動物,哺乳動物是胎生的是否可以得出人類是胎生的這一結(jié)論?段:（段落主旨題MainIdea,段落結(jié)構(gòu)題Organization,段落關(guān)系題Relationship）古人寫作,原本是沒有段落,也沒有標點之分的.將多個,內(nèi)容上服務(wù)于同一主旨,的句子,按照一定的秩序（結(jié)構(gòu)）排列起來,就形成了段落.考生能否理解一段話想表達

5、的主要觀點?這需要一定的總結(jié)能力;能否發(fā)現(xiàn)該段句子究竟以什么秩序（結(jié)構(gòu)）來排列?而兩段話之間,又從內(nèi)容上有什么樣的聯(lián)系?文:（全文主旨題,多選匹配題）托福閱讀中其實并沒有真正意義上對全文內(nèi)容理解的考查,或者說非常的少.之所以將全文主旨題和多選匹配羅列于此,僅因為從某種意義上該類題目需要讀完全文后才可作答.而實質(zhì)上,全文主旨題其實還是對多個段落內(nèi)容的總結(jié);多選匹配是對討論對象信息的提取,與事實信息題即為相似,只不過要從全文范圍的內(nèi)找信息.做題過程中比做題更重要的是什么?1. chainofthoughts完整的思維鏈條至關(guān)重要2. Fle_ibleMind彈性思維,靈活地閱讀,靈活地處理問題,絕

6、非依葫蘆畫瓢3. 良好的做題習慣（如讀完全部題干,不跳讀;圈畫關(guān)鍵詞;不漏讀選項等,細節(jié)決定成敗,習慣決定細節(jié)）托福閱讀高分練習素材之有學識的表現(xiàn)OnethingIhavefoundoutisthathowsmartorhoweducatedapersonishasnothingtodowithhowmanyyearshespentinschool.IhaveseenplentyofpeoplewhograduatedfromcollegewhodonthavethesenseGodgaveaturkey-inotherwords,theywereeducatedbeyondtheirinte

7、lligence-andplentywhostoppedevenbeforetheygraduatedfromhighschoolwhohavedoneane_cellentjobofeducatingthemselves.Isupposethenecessaryqualitywouldbemotivation.Imnotsurehowanybodywouldmakeitthroughfouryearsofcollegeandstillbeas,.um,unknowingasthedaytheyentered.Ortwelveyearsofhighschoolforthatmatter.Wep

8、rovidetwelvefreeyearsofeducation,orIshouldsaythirteensincekindergartenisnowincludedinmoststates.Iguesswellalwayshavesomeoneblamingtheteachersifachildcomesoutnotknowinghowtoread.Letmegetoffmysoapbo_andcontinuewiththepurposeofthispiece,whichistoletyouknowthattherearesomeshortcutsforpeoplewhowouldliket

9、obealittlemoreeducatedthantheyare.Lotsofpeopledroppedoutofschoolforthisreasonorthat,andnowwishtheycouldgobackandredeemtheirlearning,butfeelliketheyhavetoobigofamountaintoclimb.Asaneducator,Icantellyouthatyoudonothavetogobackandlearneverysingleitemthatyoushouldhavelearnedinschool.Infact,thevastmajori

10、tyofpeopledontremembermostofthatinformation.Therearecertainthingsthathelpapersonhaveanauraofbeingmorelearned,andhereIhavetriedtodistillthisdowntoitsveryessence.1. Buildyourvocabulary.Itmaynotbefair,butmostpeoplejudgehoweducatedapersonisbythewordstheyuse.ARogetsThesauruswilldothetrick,aswillanynumber

11、ofvocabularybuildingbooks.Also,cutoutthecursewords.Apersonwithagreatstoreofwordstousedoesnotneedtorelyonvulgarlanguageasacrutch.Learningagreatvarietyofwordswillgiveyoumoreofastoretodrawfrom.Peoplewhoreadalottendtohavewidervocabulariesthanthosewhodonot,whichisprobablyhowtheideagotstartedthatmoreintel

12、lectualyouare,themorewordsyouwillknow.2. Readoutloudfromabook.ThissoundedsillytomewhenIfirstheardit.Afriendsaidthathewastryingtogetsomeofthecountryoutofhowhetalkedandsomebodyhadtoldhimtotrythis.Oddlyenough,itworked.Youdon thavetocomeoutsoundinglikeanationalnewsanchor,justdoitenoughtogettowhereyouwan

13、ttobe.3. Investinabookofquotations.FindaBartlettsFamiliarQuotationsorsomesimilarbook.Justreadoverit.Youllbesurprisedtofindthatalotoffamiliarsayingscamefromoneofthreesources:theBible,Shakespeare,orPoorRichardsAlmanacbyBenFranklin.JustbeingfamiliarwithalltheoldsawsoftheEnglishLanguageandwheretheycamef

14、romwillgiveyouasmugfeeling.Mostpeopledontknowthisinformation.4. GetonebookwithasynopsisofeachofShakespearesplays.IhadtotakeaShakespeareclassincollege.Fortunately,IhadoneofthesebooksthatIhappenedtohavepickedup.Ididnthavetimetoreadtheentireplaysastheywereassigned,soIreadthesynopsis.Thisgetsthejobdone!

15、Getfamiliarwiththecharactersaswellastheevents.AlotofculturalreferencesarebasedonShakespeare.5. DittowiththeBible.EvenifyoudontbelievetheBible,itdoesnthurttobeacquaintedwiththestoriesinit.6. GetaGEDbookandworkthroughit.TheGEDtendstobelookeddownonasasecondary,orGoodEnoughDiploma.AsaGEDteacher,Icantell

16、youthatifyouknowenoughtopasstheGED,youhaveaneducation.7. ReadCliffsNotesorMasterPlots.Getfamiliarwiththecharactersandplotsofmostofthemajorworksofliterature.8. Keepupwithcurrentevents.Readthenewspaper.Readthenationalnews.Readallthenationalnewsmagazines.Youcangotothelibraryanddothis,theyusuallywillhav

17、esubscriptionstothemajornewspapersandmagazines.Eventhoughmostmagazineshaveaslant,usuallyliberal,thiswillteachyoutoreadwithanopenmind.Taketheinformationthatyoucanuseanddiscardtherest.9. Knowthehistoryofyourarea.Thisishistorycometolife.Knowingaboutwhereyouliveistheveryleastyoushouldknow.10. Showsomecu

18、riosity.Themorequestionsyouask,themoreyouwindupknowing.Itsafactthatthesmarterapersonis,themoreherealizeshedoesntknow,andthereforeasksquestions.Youhavemadeagoodstartbyreadingmyenlighteningpiece.Yourealittlesmarteralready!Nowgetgoing,golearnsomestuff.托福閱讀真題原題+題目Bytheturnofthecentury,themiddle-classhom

19、einNorthAmericanhadbeentransformed.Theflowofindustryhaspassedandleftidletheloomintheattic,thesoapkettleintheshed,EllenRichardswrotein_.Theurbanmiddleclasswasnowabletobuyawidearrayoffoodproductsandclothingbakedgoods,cannedgoods,suits,shirts,shoes,anddresses.Notonlyhadhouseholdproductionwaned,buttechn

20、ologicalimprovementswererapidlychangingtherestofdomesticwork.Middle-classhomeshadindoorrunningwaterandfurnaces,runonoil,coal,orgas,thatproducedhotwater.Stoveswerefueledbygas,anddeliveryservicesprovidediceforrefrigerators.Electricpowerwasavailableforlamps,sewingmachines,irons,andevenvacuumcleaners.No

21、domestictaskwasunaffected.Commerciallaundries,forinstance,hadbeendoingthewashforurbanfamiliesfordecades;bytheearly_00sthefirstelectricwashingmachineswereonthemarket.Oneimpactofthenewhouseholdtechnologywastodrawsharpdividinglinesbetweenwomenofdifferentclassesandregions.Technologicaladvancesalwaysaffe

22、ctedthehomesofthewealthyfirst,filteringdownwardintotheurbanmiddleclass.Butwomenwholivedonfarmswerenotyetaffectedbyhouseholdimprovements.Throughoutthenineteenthcenturyandwellintothetwentieth,ruralhomeslackedrunningwaterandelectricpower.Farmwomenhadtohaullargequantitiesofwaterintothehousefromwellsorpu

23、mpsforeverypurpose.Doingthefamilylaundry,inlargevatsheatedoverstoves,continuedtobeafulldayswork,justascanningandpreservingcontinuedtobeseasonalnecessities.Heatwasprovidedbywoodorcoalstoves.Inaddition,ruralwomencontinuedtoproducemostoftheirfamiliesclothing.Theurbanpoor,similarly,reapedfewbenefitsfrom

24、householdimprovements.UrbanslumssuchasChicagosnineteenthwardoftenhadnosewers,garbagecollection,orgasorelectriclines;andtenementslackedbothrunningwaterandcentralheating.Attheturnofthecentury,variationsinthenatureofwomensdomesticworkwereprobablymoremarkedthanatanytimebefore.1. Whatisthemaintopicofthepassage?(A) Thecreationoftheurbanmiddleclass(B) Domesticworkattheturnofthecentury(C) ThespreadofelectricalpowerintheUnitedStates(D) Overcrowdingi