包裝專業(yè)英語11-14課復(fù)習(xí)資料

1、單詞：Lithography 平版印刷 silk screen 絲網(wǎng)印刷 photogravuve 凹版印刷 letterpress 凹版印刷Flexography 柔性版印刷 secondary colours 二次色 coated stock 銅版紙 uncoated stock 膠版紙 screen dash 撞網(wǎng) computer to plate（ctp）計算機(jī)直接制版 amplitude modulated screening 調(diào)幅加網(wǎng) frequency modulated screening 調(diào)頻加網(wǎng) test specimen 試樣 unitized load 組合/集裝式貨

2、物 fabricated materials 人造/合成材料 vertical shock 垂直縱向沖擊 vibration transmissibility 震動傳遞特性 regression analysis 回歸性分析 post-production feedfack 生產(chǎn)后反饋 sampling process 采樣過程 material properties 材料性能 leakage test 泄露試驗 stack test 堆碼 permeation test 滲透試驗 metaliation techniques 真空冶煉技術(shù) 11.11 Conventional screeni

3、ng is referred to as amplitude modulated(AM) screening;that is,the dots are arranged in a regular pattern of rows and columns but each dot veries in size.Other screening tecniques now available includ Stochastic screening,now referred to as frequency modulated(FM)screening.This type of screening pro

4、duces dots of the same size but thy are randomly scattered:this produces finer vignettes and reduce the possibility of moire patten problems.Moire patterns are irregular wavy lines produced by the superposition at a slight angle of two sets of closely spaced lines.These unwanted basket weaveeffects

5、can occur when screen angles on colour work are not set correstly.When there is regular patterning on an image,or when a halftone has been re-screened. 常用的加網(wǎng)工藝就是指調(diào)幅加網(wǎng)，網(wǎng)點在橫豎兩個方向上呈現(xiàn)規(guī)則的圖樣，但網(wǎng)點的大小是變化的。現(xiàn)在使用的另一種加網(wǎng)工藝是指調(diào)頻加網(wǎng)法，其產(chǎn)生的網(wǎng)點，尺寸大小不變，但呈隨機(jī)散布，這產(chǎn)生更好的圖像效果，并且避免了龜紋產(chǎn)生。莫爾紋是有兩個過于相近的加網(wǎng)角度疊加而產(chǎn)生的不規(guī)則波紋，這些波紋產(chǎn)生的原因是彩色作業(yè)

6、加網(wǎng)角度的不正確。特別是當(dāng)正常的圖像在翻版或一幅半色調(diào)圖像被重新加網(wǎng)。11.2 Printing began with the invention of paper in China in AD 105. This led to printing from carved wooden block throughout the East-particularly in China,Korea and Japan. The oldest known printed book was produced in China in AD868印刷術(shù)始于公元后105年中國紙的發(fā)明，這使得雕版印刷遍及東方特別

7、是中國、韓國和日本。最早的，最著名的印刷書籍在公元后868年在中國產(chǎn)生。Development in printing continued with words and pictures being carved together on wooden blocks being cut for each new book. To obviate this ,printing presses were developed using type cast from individual pieces of clay so that they could be used repeatedly.Thes

8、e were in common use in China by AD1041.and by AD 1400 Korean printers were casting type in metal.通過將文字和圖像在一起雕在木板上，印刷術(shù)得到了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展。然而，這使得每一本新書都需要雕刻在一塊木板。為了改變這種狀況，能夠重復(fù)利用的泥活字印刷機(jī)出現(xiàn)了。這在公元1041年的中國得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。公元1400年韓國的印刷人員改用金屬活字。Printing in Europe had existed in various forms since the sixth century,but it is

9、Johannes Gutenberg who is credited with the invention of printing in west and the production of the first book in Europe in 1445.Gutenberg was a goldsmith by trade,living in what is now Germany .at the time all the technologies necessary for the invention of together .as a goldsmith,Gutenberg knew h

10、ow to cast objects in metal,and ink and paper were readily available ,together with presses used for wine making which could be adapted for printing . Gutenberg went on to develop the concept of casting individual letters that could be assembled into words,printed,cleaned and reused, a process now k

11、nown as letterpress printing. 歐洲在六世紀(jì)時就出現(xiàn)了多種形式的印刷術(shù)，人們認(rèn)為Johannes gutenbery發(fā)明了西方的印刷術(shù)并且在1445年出版了歐洲的第一本書。Gutenbery是一位從事貿(mào)易的金匠，住在現(xiàn)在的德國。在那個時期發(fā)明印刷機(jī)的所需要的所有技術(shù)都具備了。只需要將所有條件融合一體的正確思想。作為一個金匠，gutenbery知道如何雕刻金屬，油墨和紙和容易得到，加上釀酒機(jī)改裝成的印刷機(jī)，gutenbery繼續(xù)發(fā)展了將單個字母拼成單詞，印刷，清洗、再利用的觀念，一個現(xiàn)代人的所認(rèn)為的凹版印刷工藝。11.9 To reproduce continuous

12、 tone illustrations or photographs they have to be converted into line by turning them into a pattern of single dots before they can be printed .This process is called screening and can be done either photographically , through a screen , or more commonly nowadays either digitally or by laser . 為了再現(xiàn)

13、連續(xù)調(diào)圖像，不得不將他們在印刷之前通過單個網(wǎng)點排列轉(zhuǎn)換呈現(xiàn)。這個過程被稱為絲網(wǎng)印刷。可以通過照相加網(wǎng)或則更普遍的采用數(shù)字或激光照排。 A conventional halftone contains dots of different sizes , but placed in a regular pattern , according to the type of screen being used . Where there are light tonal areas , within the image , the dots will be small appearing as blac

14、k dots on white , whilst with dark tonal areas the dots will again appear small but this time as white dots on black .At 50% tonal value the dots form an equal pattern of black and white . (Line illustrations or type copy do not require screening for lithography .) 一個普通的半色調(diào)圖像包含不同尺寸的網(wǎng)點，根據(jù)適用的絲網(wǎng)類型，排成一定

15、規(guī)律。當(dāng)在印刷圖像中含有淺色調(diào)區(qū)域的場合，網(wǎng)點作為細(xì)小的黑點顯示在白色上。而在所含的深色調(diào)區(qū)域網(wǎng)點再次一細(xì)小的點來顯示，但這次是黑色上面的白點。在50%色調(diào)值區(qū)域內(nèi)內(nèi)網(wǎng)點形成一個黑白的均勻模式。（對平版印刷來說線條稿和復(fù)制品不需要加網(wǎng)）。 The halftone produced by the photographic method is achieved by placing a screen between the lens of a process camera and the film being exposed . The screen is usually made of gla

16、ss with a finely ruled grid pattern . As the light waves pass through the screen they are converted into dots that vary in size , shape and number . When the individual dots of the halftone are printed they appear to melt back into continuous tone . 由平版印刷方法產(chǎn)生的半色調(diào)是通過在制版照相機(jī)的鏡頭和膠片之間設(shè)置一個屏幕。這個屏幕通常由細(xì)微規(guī)則排列

17、好的格子結(jié)構(gòu)的玻璃構(gòu)成。當(dāng)光波通過屏幕時就被轉(zhuǎn)換成尺寸不同形狀各異數(shù)量不同的網(wǎng)點。當(dāng)包含各個網(wǎng)點的半色調(diào)圖像被印刷數(shù)來時被還原成連續(xù)調(diào)圖像。 Halftone screens are measured in lines per inch ( or lines per centimetre , in Europe ), usually abbreviated to lines or lpi .Using a screen with a higher lpi the number of lines per inch produces a finer dot pattern and hence gi

18、ves a higher quality of reproduction. 半色調(diào)網(wǎng)屏計量方式是線/英寸（或者線/厘米，在歐洲）。通?？s寫成”lines”或則“l(fā)pi“。運(yùn)用高”lpi“的網(wǎng)屏產(chǎn)生更精細(xì)的網(wǎng)點，并且產(chǎn)生高質(zhì)量復(fù)制的效果。12.1 Once the design has been finalized and a prototype fabricated,the product/packege system is tested using inputs that duplicate the potentically damaging effects of the distribut

19、ion environment to verify its performance. It is necessary that a product/packege system be subjected to the design drop height and the chosen vibration spectra.Because the previous development procedure includes some simplifying assumptions that can only be evaluated by test.For exaple,the cushions

20、 have a different shape than test samples,and while real-word inputs occur in three dimensions,the individual lab tests were conducted alone in a single axis. 一旦完成了包裝設(shè)計并制造出了模型，就要模擬產(chǎn)品包裝系統(tǒng)在流通環(huán)境中潛在的破壞作用，以檢測其性能。在檢測其性能的過程中設(shè)定跌落高度和振動譜的形式是必須的，應(yīng)為設(shè)計過程往往簡化了參數(shù)條件，所以最后必定通過實驗來評估設(shè)計的有效性。例如，緩沖墊與測試樣本形狀不同，當(dāng)以3維方向進(jìn)行實際情況的

21、輸入，實驗室里只能以單一軸向進(jìn)行操作。12.5：Test procedures are available for verification of package performance and integrity. A relatively new standard,ASTM D4169,has gained wide acceptance since its release and is recommended for this purpose. Performance refers to the ability of the package system to protect the p

22、roduct from shock and vibration. Integrity refers to the ability of the package system itself to withstand the rigors involved during a normal distribution cycle。 測試程序?qū)Πb性能和完整性是有益的，ASTM D4169一個相當(dāng)新的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，自從頒布之后獲得廣泛的認(rèn)可，并且為了這個目的被推出。性能是指包裝系統(tǒng)保護(hù)產(chǎn)品免受沖擊和振動的能力。完整性是指在正常的運(yùn)輸環(huán)節(jié)中包裝系統(tǒng)承受災(zāi)難的能力。12.8 The repetitive shock

23、 test is used for individually shipped packaged products which may be exposed repetitive mechanical shocks on the truck bed.The test specimen is placed on the vibration table in its normal shipping orientation with restraining devices present to prevent the specimen from dropping off the table.The v

24、ibration table is started at 2Hz with a fixed displacement of one-half inch and the frequency is gradually increased until the test specimen begins to bounce on the table or the acceleration of the table is 1.1g（zero to pesk）.At this frequency the test is continued for thirty minutes and the specime

25、n is then examined for damage to both the product and the package. 反復(fù)沖擊試驗被用作單獨包裝運(yùn)輸?shù)漠a(chǎn)品測試，這些產(chǎn)品可能會經(jīng)受卡車的反復(fù)機(jī)械沖擊。用固定夾具將試樣以合適的定位姿態(tài)固定在振動試驗桌上，從而阻止試樣從桌子上掉下去。振動實驗桌以1.5英寸固定振幅，2hz頻率開始，頻率逐漸增加知道試樣開始從桌子上彈跳，或則桌子的加速度是1.1g，達(dá)到共振，在這個頻率上測試持續(xù)30分鐘，將會檢測到產(chǎn)品和包裝的破壞程度。13.1 Quality assurance is an function that has been evolving

26、 for the past sixty years. This evolving has included quality assurance work in packaging materials, components, and finished packages. Ten years ago, however, the shock of lost jobs and business to foreign competition brought about a fundamental change in the way American corporations handled quali

27、ty control. No longerf was quality relegated to the Quality Control Department. It became a priority topic for everyone from executives to line workers in quality circles. 質(zhì)量保證是一項發(fā)展了60年的工業(yè)活動，包括包裝材料組成部分和最終包裝的質(zhì)量保證工作。10年前，失業(yè)外貿(mào)競爭的沖擊，使得美國公司處理質(zhì)量控制的方式發(fā)生了根本性的變化。質(zhì)量不再歸類質(zhì)量控制部門。它成了在質(zhì)量管理中一線工人的優(yōu)先考慮重點。 Previous, i

28、ndustrial quality control was viewed as a testing and inspection operation at the completion of a manufacturing cycle. It has moved upstream into the manufacturing process to monitor in-process variables, to tighten control of the process and to eliminate defects before they occur. This reduces manu

29、facturing waste and can reduce the amount of end-item in section required. 先前，工業(yè)質(zhì)量控制被看作一項在生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)末端進(jìn)行的測試和檢查操作，為了檢測過程中的變量，加緊生產(chǎn)流程的控制和在未發(fā)生之前降低缺陷，他已經(jīng)被移到上游的生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)，這就減少了生產(chǎn)的廢品，并且減小了終端檢查工作的工作量。13.2 Quality is often defined as the consistent conformance of products and services to customer requirements. Other cri

30、teria are the product's fitness-for-use and freedom from defects. With regard to the packing process, quality assurance includes the optimization of traditional packing functions such as protection, containment, communication and convenience.質(zhì)量經(jīng)常被認(rèn)為產(chǎn)品、服務(wù)和消費(fèi)者要求的相一致，其他的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)就是適用性和沒有缺陷。說到包裝過程，質(zhì)量保證就是包括

31、傳統(tǒng)的包裝功能的最佳化，比如，保護(hù)容量、傳遞信息方便Quality issues are now discussed early during the designing process. Engineers need to know the sensitivity of package performance to variations in its components or variations in package processing. This information is used to set purchasing and processing tolerances. IT c

32、an affect the choice of materials and the desing of the package. The engineers goal is to develop a “robust” package design which can be manufactured without mormal component or processing variation affecting the final package quality. The current enphasis of quality assurance is on prevention, rath

33、er than detection, of defects. 現(xiàn)在，質(zhì)量問題在早期的設(shè)計過程中就被討論。工程師需要知道成分發(fā)生變化或包裝過程發(fā)生變化時包裝性能的敏感性，這些信息被利用來確定采購和加工公差，他能影響材料的選擇和包裝設(shè)計。工程師的目標(biāo)是開發(fā)一種結(jié)實而耐用的包裝設(shè)計。在制造過程中，最終包裝質(zhì)量不受額外成分或者工藝變化的影響。現(xiàn)在質(zhì)量保證的重點在于預(yù)防，而不是檢測缺陷。13.6 Design Criteria: Physical and marketing requirements, performance targets and allowable tolerance must be

34、 formally defined. Performance is often described in terms of a reliability in packaging this is the probability that, when subjected to stated environmental conditions, the packaging system will perform its intended function adequately for a specified time interval. 設(shè)計準(zhǔn)則：物質(zhì)和市場需求，性能要求和允許的公差范圍，必須被正式的

35、確定。性能經(jīng)常是針對包裝可靠性而言的，就是當(dāng)遭受到特定的環(huán)境條件，包裝能在一定時間內(nèi)發(fā)揮理想性能的概率。 Design review: Design qualification tests are the basis for determining the fitness-for-use of a design. An internal review process often for malizes the initial qualifications as well as potential changes in designs. This process documents the pe

36、rformance baseline and the market readiness of a package. 設(shè)計評價：質(zhì)量檢定測試是決定一個設(shè)計適用性的基礎(chǔ)，一個內(nèi)部審查過程被形式化。通常用最開始的性能鑒定和設(shè)計的潛在變化，定形的正規(guī)化的，這個過程為性能基準(zhǔn)和產(chǎn)品的市場投放要求提供了文件。 14.1 Few things are less tangible than an idea, and few more important. Throughout history there have been recorded examples of moments of briliant in

37、sight Archimedes in his bath, Newton (possible) in the orchard but many, many more ideas undoubtedly evolved over a period of time by observation and deduction, trial and error. 沒有什么東西比思想更抽象更重要，縱觀歷史但是毫無疑問更多的思想都是經(jīng)過一段時間的觀察和研究反復(fù)試驗發(fā)展起來的。 There are many reasons why a search for new ideas in packaging may

38、 be initiated. These range from a packaging supplier wishing to develop a new material or packaging system, to a food manufacturer relaunching existing ranges, solving a technical problem or devising a new convenience feature. The impetus may com from the need (necessity is the mother of invention)

39、or from the development of a new technology, process or material.在包裝行業(yè)有很多因素激發(fā)了包裝行業(yè)對新思想的探索，這些原因從包裝供應(yīng)者希望發(fā)展一種新的材料或者包裝系統(tǒng)，到一個食品制造商在投產(chǎn)所需的資本，解決一個科技問題或者設(shè)計一個包裝便利結(jié)構(gòu)，原動力可能來自需求（需求是創(chuàng)造之母）或者新科技新工藝或者新材料的發(fā)展。14.2 Some individuals,companies and even nations have better records of success than others in this field,and

40、there must therefore be some underlying reason-cultural,educational,motivation or philosophical.One of the most prolific inventors of recent times was Thomas Edison.One he had prospered from the launch of his first successful product,the gramophone cylinder,he set up a laboratory to invent all manne

41、r of things.His approach,made possible by the funds available,was to study large numbers of ideas and observe phenomena for their potential applications.Just one such phenomena was the deposition of thin layers of metal from a eated filament in a vacuum.This he patented in the 1890s,but only in the

42、last 20 years or so has it achieved a major significance in packaging with the development of the high output vacuum metalizantion techniuues.一些個人公司甚至國家在這個領(lǐng)域要比其它國家有更成功的記錄，因此一定有一些根本的原因文化、教育、原動力、哲學(xué)、宗教。最近時期有最多項發(fā)明的發(fā)明家是托馬斯·愛迪生，自從他成發(fā)明第一種產(chǎn)品 留聲機(jī)的圓柱形唱片，為了發(fā)明各種各樣的東西，他建立了一個實驗室，他的方法，充足的資金使得這有可能，是學(xué)習(xí)大量的思想并且觀察

43、現(xiàn)象，尋找它潛在的因素，有一種這樣的現(xiàn)象是在真空中加熱的燈絲能析出金屬薄層，根據(jù)這個現(xiàn)象他在19世紀(jì)90年代申請了專利。但是僅在最近20年左右，隨著包裝行業(yè)中真空鍍鋁薄膜技術(shù)的發(fā)展，這項專利得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。14.3 All research and development innovative processes thrive by cross fertilization,and it is most often by a system of accretion of small gains in knowledge that problems are solved.The most suc

44、cessful innovators are those who are able to bring together concepts from many different disciplines and industries in the search for a solution to any particular problem.所有的研究和創(chuàng)新過程是通過知識的交叉和滋潤，而得到繁榮與發(fā)展，而且常常是一個通過小知識的積累解決問題的過程。最成功的科學(xué)家善于采納來自不同學(xué)科、產(chǎn)業(yè)的概念，經(jīng)過融合與組裝，去探索對某個專門問題的有效解答方案。Equally(and often more)su

45、ccessful are those see the possibilitise of some observation for another application while studying something else.This is serendipity.Back to edison-who is supposed to have invented the gramophone while trying to make speech visible for the deaf;fleming who spoilt a culture and went on to discover

46、penicillin;there are many more.同樣的（通常更多）成功的是那些研究其他東西的時候，看到觀察資料可能更適合另一種行業(yè)的人，這就是偶然發(fā)現(xiàn)有價值物品的才能，珍奇之物。對于愛迪生那個發(fā)明留聲機(jī)的人當(dāng)他試著使聾人之前進(jìn)行對話時發(fā)明了留聲機(jī)。弗萊明損壞了培育的微生物繼而發(fā)現(xiàn)了盤尼西林，這種例子還有很多。 Ideas do not,or at least only very rarely,come suddenly to an unprepared mind,so the innovator must have a lively curiosity and be a voracious gatherer of information靈感不是或則至少說是非常難得，會突然走向沒有準(zhǔn)備的人，因此發(fā)明家必須有一個強(qiáng)烈的好奇心，和對知識的貪婪心。14.7 Any new ide