構(gòu)建圖式網(wǎng)絡(luò)優(yōu)化閱讀分析(3)

1、構(gòu)建圖式網(wǎng)絡(luò)     優(yōu)化閱讀分析(3)     構(gòu)建圖式網(wǎng)絡(luò) 優(yōu)化閱讀分析(3)湖北黃岡 wwwheat4.構(gòu)建修辭圖式，分析篇章結(jié)構(gòu)。故事、寓言、議論文、說(shuō)明文等體裁都有各自獨(dú)特的結(jié)構(gòu)。語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)有兩種，即線性結(jié)構(gòu)和層次結(jié)構(gòu)。線性結(jié)構(gòu)是指文章的情節(jié)按時(shí)空順序而展開。在平時(shí)的閱讀訓(xùn)練中，我們可多接觸多感受，構(gòu)建修辭圖式，指導(dǎo)我們對(duì)篇章的分析，把握事件的發(fā)展方向。例如：B卷B篇短文第61題According to the text, the first thing to do in building an

2、igloo is _.A. to gather a pool of waterB .to cover the ground with iceC. to prepare a wooden baseD. to pile a large amount of snow根據(jù)文章的修辭圖式，我們借助于時(shí)間線(timeline)，理順事件的先后，表示如下：a wooden base snow freezing an igloo piling snow moving the base故本題答案為C“準(zhǔn)備一個(gè)木底板”。層次結(jié)構(gòu)即主題句與支撐主題句的事實(shí)之間的關(guān)系。如：議論文的主題句常在文章開頭，也可在文章中間或

3、文章結(jié)尾。其層次結(jié)構(gòu)常為總分總、分總分、分總。 在閱讀理解中，一些單詞、詞組或文章的標(biāo)題都會(huì)暗示某個(gè)圖式。如果讀者能夠捕捉并利用這些信息，其大腦中的相關(guān)信息就會(huì)被激活。一旦某一圖式被激活，腦子里就會(huì)想到與它相關(guān)的一些知識(shí)，并由上一級(jí)圖式激活下一級(jí)圖式或相關(guān)圖式，從而構(gòu)成圖式網(wǎng)絡(luò)。在圖式網(wǎng)絡(luò)中，各圖式的存在不是孤立平行的，而是交互的，它們之間也沒有嚴(yán)格的界限。如：在分析文章的主題思想時(shí)，可運(yùn)用“自上而下”的閱讀模式，首先須構(gòu)建修辭圖式，預(yù)測(cè)主題，然后根據(jù)語(yǔ)言圖式進(jìn)行分析理解，運(yùn)用內(nèi)容圖式進(jìn)行驗(yàn)證并及時(shí)調(diào)整。另外，也可運(yùn)用“自下而上”的閱讀模式，通過(guò)語(yǔ)言圖式分析文章所表達(dá)的信息，運(yùn)用內(nèi)容圖式總結(jié)、

4、歸納出文章的主題思想。只有當(dāng)我們腦子里構(gòu)建了圖式網(wǎng)絡(luò)，在閱讀理解中做到運(yùn)用字、詞、句理解上、下文，在上、下文中理解字、詞、句，并結(jié)合已有經(jīng)驗(yàn)、知識(shí)，綜合理解、優(yōu)化分析，我們才能切實(shí)地提高閱讀效率。參考書目：Carrel,P.L.1998.“Some Causes of Text Boundness and Schema Interference in ESLReading”.MRumelhart,D.E.1980.“Schemata：the Building Blocks of Cognition”.M程世祿，張國(guó)揚(yáng)：“ESP的理論與實(shí)踐”.M，廣西教育出版社，1996。何廣鏗：英語(yǔ)教學(xué)法基礎(chǔ)

5、.M，暨南大學(xué)出版社，1996。佘廣安：“閱讀的心理機(jī)制以及英語(yǔ)閱讀教學(xué)中應(yīng)注意的幾個(gè)問(wèn)題”.J，中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)，1997，12。羅蓉：“圖式理論和英語(yǔ)閱讀理解”.J，中小學(xué)外語(yǔ)教學(xué)，2001，6。附件：2001年高考英語(yǔ)統(tǒng)一試題(閱讀理解題B、C、E篇短文)BHolidaymakers who are bored with baking beaches and overheated hotel rooms head for a big igloo. Swedish businessman Nile Bergqvist is delighted with his new hotel,the w

6、orld''s first igloo hotel. Built in a small town in Lapland, it has been attracting lots of visitors, but soon the fun will be over.In two weeks'' time Bergqvist''s ice creation(作品) will be nothing more than a pool of water. “We don''t see it as a big problem,” he say

7、s. “We just look forward to replacing it.”Bergqvist built his first igloo in 1991 for an art exhibition. It was so successful that he designed the present one, which measures roughly 200 square meters. Six workmen spent more that eight weeks piling 1,000 tons of snow onto a wooden base; when the sno

8、w froze, the base was removed. “The only wooden thing we have left in the igloo is the front door, he says.After their stay, all visitors receive a survival certificate recording their success. With no windows, nowhere to hang clothes and temperatures below 0,it may seem more like a survival test th

9、an a relaxing(輕松的) hotel break. “It''s great fun,” Bergqvist explains, “as well as a good start in surrival training.”The popularity of the igloo is beyond doubt: it is now attracting tourists from all over the world. At least800 people have stayed at the igloo this season even though there

10、are only 10 rooms. “You can get a lot of people in,” explains Bergqvist. “The beds are three metres long, and can fit at least four at one time.”CMany cities around the world today are heavily polluted. Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment(環(huán)境) friendly products

11、have contributed to the pollution problem. One result is that millions of tons of glass, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of. However, today, more and more consumers are choosing “green” and demanding that the products they buy should be safe for the env

12、ironment. Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these. “Will this shampoo damage the environment? Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?”A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it. This

13、 means that companies must now change the way they make and sell their products to make sure that they are “green”, that is, friendly to the environment. Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds. Some supermarket products carry labels

14、(標(biāo)簽) to show that the product is green. Some companies have made the manufacturing(生產(chǎn)) of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising. The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do business. No longer will the publi

15、c accept the old attitude of “Buy it use it, throw it away, and forget it.” The public pressure is on, and gradually business is cleaning up its act. EBetty and Harold have been married for years. But one thing still puzzles(困擾) old Harold. How is it that he can leave Betty and her friend Joan sitti

16、ng on the sofa, talking, go out to a ball game, come back three and a half hours later, and they''re still sitting on the sofa? Talking? What in the world, Harold wonders, do they have to talk about? Betty shrugs. Talk? We''re friends.Researching this matter called friendship, psycho

17、logist Lillian Rubin spent two years interviewing more than two hundred women and men. No matter what their age, their job, their sex, the results were completely clear: women have more friendships than men, and the difference in the content and the quality of those friendships is “marked and unmist

18、akable.”More than two-thirds of the single men Rubin interviewed could not name a best friend. Those who could were likely to name a woman. Yet three-quarters of the single women had no problem naming a best friend, and almost always it was a woman. More married men than women named their wife/husba

19、nd as a best friend, most trusted person, or the one they would turn to in time of emotional distress(感情危機(jī)).“Most women,” says Rubin, “identified(認(rèn)定) at least one, usually more, trusted friends to whom they could turn in a troubled moment, and they spoke openly about the importance of these relationships in their lives.”“In general,” writes Rubin in her new book, “women''s friendships with each other rest on shared emo