八年級下外研版下冊英語語法

1、八年級外研版-語法知識(shí)部分時(shí)態(tài)部分現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí):現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的基本用法:1.表示說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作常和now 連用,有時(shí)用一個(gè)look、listen ,來表now 這一時(shí)間概念。Eg:*Look! A train is coming .看,火車來了Listen! He is playing the piano.聽,他在彈琴。2.表示現(xiàn)階段正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作但不一定是說話時(shí)正在進(jìn)行。常和at present ,this week ,these days等時(shí)間狀語連用。*What lesson are you studying this week?你們本周學(xué)哪一課了?(說話時(shí)并不在學(xué)3.現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有時(shí)可

2、用來表示一個(gè)在最近按計(jì)劃或安排要進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.即是說可以用來代替將來時(shí),但此時(shí),一般要與表示將來時(shí)的時(shí)間狀語連用,而且僅限于少量動(dòng)詞。如:go, come, leave, start, arrive, return . sleep *Are you going to Tianjin tomorrow? 你明天去天津嗎?*How many of you are coming to the party next week? 你們有多少人下周要來參加晚會(huì)?一般將來時(shí):.be going to+ 動(dòng)詞原形 對于將要發(fā)生的事,或打算、計(jì)劃、決定要做的事情時(shí),皆以be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形的句型來

3、表示因此此句型有be動(dòng)詞,所以是否用am, is, are ,決定于主語1.肯定句:主語+be (is, am, are going to +動(dòng)詞原形I am going to play football next Sunday. 下周日我打算踢足球He is going to travel around the world. 他計(jì)劃周游世界。They are going to meet outside the school gate. 他們打算在校門口見面。It is going to rain. 要下雨了。2.否定句:主語+be (am, are, is not going to +動(dòng)詞原

4、形We are not going to have any classes next week. 下周我們不上課。Im not going to be a teacher. 我不打算當(dāng)老師。He isnt going to see his brother tomorrow. 他明天不準(zhǔn)備去看他哥哥。3.疑問句:Be (Am, Is, Are +主語+ going to + 動(dòng)詞原形Are you going to be a doctor when you grow up? 你長大了,打算當(dāng)一名醫(yī)生嗎?Yes, I am. 是的,我打算當(dāng)。No, Im not. 不,我不打算當(dāng)。will 同be

5、 going to 的用法相同以今天為起點(diǎn)的所有將來時(shí)間,如:this afternoon / this evening = tonight / tomorrow/ tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening ,the day after tomorrow / next week , next Wednesday / next month, next September / next year. “be going to + 動(dòng)詞原形”表示計(jì)劃、打算、將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作,常和this afternoon (今天下午,this evening = tonight (

6、今晚,tomorrow (明天,tomorrow morning (afternoon , evening (明早,午,晚,the day after tomorrow(后天,next Sunday (下個(gè)星期天,next week (下周,next month (下個(gè)月,next year (明年等的時(shí)間狀語連用,前不加任何介詞。另外,動(dòng)作性動(dòng)詞go ,come 和leave 等的現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)表示一般將來時(shí)動(dòng)作。四、形容詞和副詞的比較級和最高級1.比較級:句子表示兩者之間的比較時(shí)用比較級,其標(biāo)志詞是than, much, a little , even和still等。e.g. Her hair

7、 is much longer than mine. 她的頭發(fā)比我的長多了。Im a little older than you. 我比你大一點(diǎn)兒。2.最高級:句子表示三者或多者的比較時(shí)用最高級,其標(biāo)志詞是表示范圍的in或of 介詞短語。在句子中,形容詞最高級前必須加the。e.g. The boy is the tallest in our class. 這個(gè)男孩是我們班最高的。Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth?形容詞的比較級和最高級:形容詞有三種等級:原級、比較級、最高級。3.原級:句中只有一者時(shí)用原級,其標(biāo)志詞是ve

8、ry, so, too, quite等。e.g. His handwriting is very good.他的書法很好。(一個(gè)人不作比較。形容詞比較級和最高級的構(gòu)成:1.一般在原級后加er 構(gòu)成比較級,加est構(gòu)成最高級。e.g. small smaller smallest young younger youngest2.以不發(fā)音的字母 e 結(jié)尾的形容詞,直接加r 或st 構(gòu)成比較級和最高級 e.g. nice nicer nicest late later latest3.以輔音字母+y 結(jié)尾的形容詞,變y為i ,再加er 或est, 構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。e.g. busy busier

9、 busies heavy heavier heaviest4.在重讀閉音節(jié)中,末尾只有一個(gè)輔音字母的形容詞,要先雙寫這個(gè)輔音字母,再加er或est,構(gòu)成比較級和最高級。e.g. hot hotter hottest big bigger biggest5.個(gè)別形容詞的比較級和最高級是不規(guī)則變化,需個(gè)別記憶。e.g. good (well better best bad (badly, ill worse worst many (much more most little less least far farther farthest 或further furthest副詞的比較級和最高級:1

10、.以ly 結(jié)尾的副詞,除early 變?yōu)閑arlier 和earliest 外,其余一律在其前加more 和most。如:carefully more carefully most carefully2.規(guī)則變化直接加er 和est 。如:fast fasterfastest3.個(gè)別詞是不規(guī)則變化,需要特別記憶。4.句子中副詞最高級前的the 可省略也可以不省略,但形容詞最高級前面的the 絕對不能掉。e.g. Who runs (the fastest, Tom, Jim or Mike?五、提建議的表達(dá)方法、表示需要、詢問方向、指點(diǎn)方向表示建議的基本句型1. Shall I / we +

11、動(dòng)詞原形?2. Why dont you + 動(dòng)詞原形= Why not + 動(dòng)詞原形3. Lets + 動(dòng)詞原形4. What/ How about + doing sth.表示需要的基本句型 1.表示需要用need。它可當(dāng)情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和行為動(dòng)詞用。e.g. We need your help.(行為動(dòng)詞我們需要你的幫助。They need finish reading the book today. (情態(tài)動(dòng)詞 他們需要今天看完這本書。2.詢問方向,主要有以下幾種表達(dá)方式:Is there a bus station near here? 附近有汽車嗎?Where is the nearest

12、 bus stop / station? 最近的汽車站在哪里?Which is the way to the bus station ? 去汽車站的路是那一條?How can I go to the bus station? 如何去公共站?3.指點(diǎn)方向,主要有以下幾種表達(dá)方式:Go / walk along the road / street. 沿著這條路/街走。Take the first (second turning on the right / left. 在第一(二個(gè)路口向右/左轉(zhuǎn)。Its next to (in front of , behind 它在旁邊(前面,后面Its abo

13、ut a hundred metres along on the left. 它在左前方大約一百米處。Turn right / left. = turn to the right / left. 向右/左拐。一般過去時(shí)一般過去時(shí)主要表示過去的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)。在句子中由主語+動(dòng)詞的過去式來表達(dá)。 1.He walks to school. (一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)2.He walked to school. (一般過去時(shí)例如:例1.中的動(dòng)詞walks時(shí)現(xiàn)在式, 由于主語是第三人稱單數(shù)he,因此原因的walk必須加上“s”,表示目前習(xí)慣性、經(jīng)常性動(dòng)作?？勺g為“他現(xiàn)在經(jīng)常步行上學(xué)”。例2.中的動(dòng)詞walked是過去

14、式,過去式是敘述過去事情的動(dòng)詞形式,所以這句話時(shí)表示的是過去的某時(shí),例如昨天、上周或?qū)W生時(shí)代等過去的某一時(shí)間,這句可譯為“他曾經(jīng)步行上學(xué)”。be 動(dòng)詞的過去式be 動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)的句型如下:肯定句:主語+be動(dòng)詞的過去式(was were 否定句:主語+ be動(dòng)詞的過去式(was, were+ not 疑問句:be動(dòng)詞的過去式(was, were+ 主語?He was busy yesterday. (肯定句 他昨天很忙。He was not busy yesterday. (否定句 他昨天不忙。Was he busy yesterday? (疑問句 他昨天忙嗎?1.be動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)的肯定句Mik

15、e was in the United States last year. 麥克去年在美國。比較be 動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在式和過去式:There is (are 的句型用于一般過去時(shí)需把is ,are 變?yōu)樗鼈兊倪^去式:There was (were 2.be動(dòng)詞過去式的否定句He was not in Canada last year. 他去年不在加拿大。be動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)的否定句的結(jié)構(gòu)和現(xiàn)在時(shí)一樣,只要在be動(dòng)詞過去式(was, were后面加上not就可以了。否定式的was not , were not 大多使用縮寫形式wasnt 和werent .I wasnt busy the other day

16、.前幾天我不忙。 3.be動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)的疑問句(一般疑問句/特殊疑問句Was it raining in Beijing yesterday? No, it wasnt . I t was cloudy.昨天北京下雨了嗎?不,沒下雨。昨天北京陰天。be 動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)一般疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一樣,只要把be 動(dòng)詞的過去式was, were 調(diào)到主語前面即可。was (were + 主語?回答時(shí),需要用Yes, was (were .或Nowasnt (werentWas your father free this morning? 今天上午你爸爸有空嗎?Yes, he was . 是的,他有空

17、。No, he wasnt . 不,他沒空。一般動(dòng)詞的過去時(shí)一般動(dòng)詞過去式的基本句型如下:肯定句:主語+ 動(dòng)詞的過去式 否定句:主語+ did not + 動(dòng)詞原形疑問句:Did + 主語+ 動(dòng)詞原形?He played tennis last week. (肯定句 他上周打網(wǎng)了。He did not play tennis last week. (否定句 上周他沒打網(wǎng)球。Did he play tennis last week? (疑問句 上周他打網(wǎng)球了嗎?1.一般動(dòng)詞過去式的肯定句We had a good time yesterday.昨天我們過得很愉快。He had a good ti

18、me yesterday.昨天他過得很高興。一般過去時(shí)沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化。因此,主語即使是單數(shù)、第三人稱,也和其他人稱一樣化。I watched TV for an hour. 我看了一個(gè)小時(shí)的電視。She studied Russian two years ago. 兩年前他學(xué)俄語。2.一般動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)的否定句We did not have a good time yesterday.昨天我們過得不好。一般動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)的否定句的結(jié)構(gòu)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)夠定句的結(jié)構(gòu)一樣,不論主語是第幾人稱,還是單、復(fù)數(shù),在主語后面加上did not (而不是do not ,或does not就可以了。否定式did not

19、 常用縮寫形式didnt 。He didnt have classes this morning. 今天上午他沒課. You didnt do your best to do it. 你沒有盡力去做。3.一般動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)的疑問句Did he go there?他去那了嗎?Yes, he did. (No, he didnt . 是的,他去了。(不,他沒去。When did you get up this morning? At six.今天早晨你幾點(diǎn)鐘起床的?六點(diǎn)鐘。一般動(dòng)詞過去時(shí)一般疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)和一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)一樣,無論主語是第幾人稱,單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù),在主語前面加上did即可。Did

20、Tom go with you?湯姆和你一起去的嗎? Yes, he did . (No, he didnt .是的。(不,不是的How many subjects did you study last term?上學(xué)期你們學(xué)習(xí)幾門功課?We studied seven.我們學(xué)習(xí)七門課。比較一般動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在時(shí)和過去時(shí)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過去時(shí)肯定句I go . He goes . I went . He went .否定句I dont go . He doesnt go . I didnt go . He didnt go .疑問句Do you go ? Does he go ? Did you go

21、 ? Did he go ?一般過去時(shí)的基本用法1.帶有確定的過去時(shí)間狀語時(shí),要用過去時(shí)如:yesterday (昨天 , two days ago(兩天前, last year(去年., the other day(前幾天, once upon a time(過去曾經(jīng), just now(剛才, in the old days(過去的日子里, beforeliberation(解放前, when I was 8 years old(當(dāng)我八歲時(shí).2.表示過去連續(xù)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作時(shí),要用過去時(shí)這種情況下,往往沒有表示過去的時(shí)間狀語,而通過上下文來表示。The boy opened his eyes f

22、or a moment, looked at the captain , and died.那男孩把眼睛張開了一會(huì)兒,看看船長,然后就去世了。3.表示過去一段時(shí)間內(nèi)經(jīng)常反復(fù)的動(dòng)作。常與always, never 等連用。Mrs. Peter always carried an umbrella.彼得太太過去老是帶著一把傘。(只是說明她過去的動(dòng)作,不表明她現(xiàn)在是否常帶著傘。試比較:Mrs. Peter always carries an umbrella.彼得太太老是帶著傘。(說明這是她的習(xí)慣,表明她現(xiàn)在仍然還習(xí)慣總帶著一把傘。I never drank wine.我以前從不喝酒。(不涉及到現(xiàn)在

23、,不說明現(xiàn)在是否喝酒。4.如果強(qiáng)調(diào)已經(jīng)終止的習(xí)慣時(shí)要用used to doHe used to drink.他過去喝酒。(意味著他現(xiàn)在不喝酒了。喝酒這個(gè)動(dòng)作終止了。5.有些句子,雖然沒有表示過去確定時(shí)間的狀語,但實(shí)際上是指過去發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或存在的狀態(tài)的話,也要用過去時(shí),這一點(diǎn),我們要特別注意。I didnt know you were in Pairs. 我不知道你在巴黎。(因?yàn)樵谡f話時(shí),我已經(jīng)知道你在巴黎了。這句話指的是說話前,所以只能用過去時(shí)表示。實(shí)際上,這句話暗指:But now I know you are here.I thought you were ill.我以為你病了呢。(這句話

24、應(yīng)是在說話前,我以為你病了,但是現(xiàn)在我知道你沒病。.反意疑問句(Tag questions在陳述句之后加上一個(gè)意思與之相反的簡短問句,這種句子叫做反意疑問句。反意疑問句必須由意思相反的兩部分組成,在前一部分(陳述句之后用逗號,后一部分(簡短問句之后用問號。反意疑問句的否定句必須用縮略形成,同時(shí)它的主語必須用人稱代詞,不能用名詞。前一部分用降調(diào),后一部分在表示疑問句時(shí)用升調(diào)。反意疑問句分為兩類:1.前一部分為肯定式,后一部分是否定式。2.前一部分為否定式,后一部分是肯定句。陳述句(肯定式,+ 疑問部分(否定式? 1.be 動(dòng)詞和一般動(dòng)詞(實(shí)意動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成的反意疑問句be動(dòng)詞句型:現(xiàn)在,isnt (a

25、rent + 主語?過去, wasnt (werent + 主語?一般動(dòng)詞句型:現(xiàn)在, dont (doesnt + 主語?過去, didnt + 主語?The pen is yours, isnt it? 這筆是你的,不是嗎?Lucy likes English, doesnt she?露西喜歡英語,不是嗎?Yes, she does. 是的,她喜歡。No, she doesnt 不,她不喜歡。2.情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的反意疑問句Your brother can swim, cant he?你的哥哥會(huì)游泳,不是嗎? Yes, he can. No, he cant.We have to finish i

26、t, dont we?我們不得不完成它,不是嗎?Yes, we do. No, we dont. The workers had to take the first bus, didnt they?工人們不得不上頭班車,不是嗎?Yes, they did. No, they didnt.陳述句(否定式,+ 疑問句(肯定句?這種反意疑問句的結(jié)構(gòu)和第一部分一樣,只不過顛倒一下肯定句和否定句的位置。這部分的難點(diǎn)在于回答,回答和漢語習(xí)慣不同。在這種問句中,先不要管yes和no ,按實(shí)際情況,如果答語是肯定式的,就要用Yes + 肯定結(jié)構(gòu),如果答語是否定的,就要用No+ 否定結(jié)構(gòu)You arent a

27、teacher, are you? 你不是老師,是嗎?Yes, I am. 不,我是。No, I am not. 是的,我不是。You dont study Chinese, do you? 你們不學(xué)中文,是嗎?Yes, we do. 不,我們學(xué)中文。Your classmates didnt have a good time last summer, did they?你的同學(xué)們?nèi)ツ晔罴贈(zèng)]過好,是嗎?Yes, they did. 不,他們過得很好。No, they didnt. 是的,他們過的不好。其他類型的反意疑問句 1.祈使句的反意疑問句a.在肯定的祈使句后,為了使祈使句聽起來比較婉轉(zhuǎn)、

28、客氣,可加一個(gè)簡短的問句,如:Will you? would you? wont you? can you ? could you ? cant you?最常見的是will you ?或wont you?Open the window, will you? 請打開窗子,好嗎?b.在lets 祈使句后加上shall we? 或shant we? 在let us (me , him后加上will you? 或wont you?2.陳述部分如果有表示否定意義的某些詞,如:never, seldom, hardly, few, little, nobody, no one, nothing, neither,疑問部分必須用肯定式。3.陳述部分是there be 結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),疑問部分用there,省略主語代詞。4.陳述句部分如果有everything, nothing . 表示事物的詞作主語時(shí),疑問部分的主語用it ,陳述部分如果有everyone , no one, someone . 表示人的不定代詞作主語時(shí),疑問部分常用they (有時(shí)也用he.Everything here is dirty, isnt it?這的所