英語專業(yè)-語言學(xué)考點(diǎn)匯總

1、Chapter 1三、問答題i.what are major branches of linguistics? what does each study?PhoneticsIf s defined as the study of the phonic medium of language, it1 s concerned withall the sounds that occur in the world1 s languages.Phonology-the study of sounds systemsthe inventory of distinctive sounds that occu

2、r in a language and the patterns into which they fall.Morphology-It' s a branch of a grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntaxits a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of a language.Semantics-It' s simply defi

3、ned as the study of meaning in abstraction.Pragmatics-the study of meaning in context of words.Sociolinouisticsthe study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguisticsthe study of language with reference to the working of the mind.Applied linguistics-the application of linguistic principles

4、 and theories to language teaching and learning.2.why do we say language is arbitrary?Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer.The fact that different languages have different words for the

5、 same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, if s only our tacit agreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innate relationship bound up in the utterance.A typical example to illustrate the 'arbitrariness' of language is 'a rose by any other namewo

6、uld smell as sweet1 .3.what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Modem linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken la叩uaoedate.現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)是描述性的，其研究以M實(shí)可靠的、主要以口施源式的資料為基誠。traditional grammar is prescriptive, it is based on' high' writ

7、ten language.傳統(tǒng)熠法是規(guī)定性的，研究'高皴'書面培。4.1s modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? whyModem linguistics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-day language, unless the various states of a language are successfully studied, it will not be possible to describe language from a dia

8、chronic point of view.現(xiàn)代悟言學(xué)主要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語言。除非對語言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研 究，否則很席從歷時(shí)性角度對據(jù)言進(jìn)行描述。s.which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writings?Speech enjoys for the following reasons:(1)Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.(2)A large amount of munication is carried out in speech than i

9、n writing.(3)speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.6.how is Saussure9 s distinction between langue and parole similar toChomsky9 s ?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language, their purpose is to sing

10、le out the language system for serious studyTwo linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, petence is a property of the mind of each individual.6.the distinction between langue and parole?(1)langue is abs

11、tract, relatively stable (2)parole is concrete, varies from person to person, from situation to situation.petenceand performance語言能力和語言運(yùn)用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950' s.He defines petence as the ideal user' $ knowledge of the rules of his language, and performanc

12、ethe actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic munication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.7.What are the main feature of human language that have been specifiedby C Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal municationsy

13、stem?Design feature:lt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish any animal system of munication.Arbitrariness:There is no logical connection between meanings and soundsProductivity :Animals are quite limited in the message they are able to send.Duallty:Lanouage is a system

14、,which consists of two sets of structures,or two levels.Displacement:Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from immediate situations of the speaker.Cultural transmission:Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language syste

15、m,This showed that language is culturally transmitted fnot by instinct.Animals are born with the opacity to produce the se of calls peculiar to their species.Chapter Two Phonology三、問答題i.what are the three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to the study of speech sound?Articulatory describ

16、es the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.Auditory- - studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches the important conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal.Acoustic- - studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the way s

17、ound travel from the speaker to the hearer.發(fā)音語音學(xué)描述了我力的發(fā)音器宜如何發(fā)出語音，以及這些語音為何有所不同。 聽覺語音學(xué)研究語音的物理性質(zhì)，得出了重要結(jié)波，即語音同一只是理他上的理想。 聲學(xué)語音學(xué)研究語音的物理性質(zhì)，研究語音我說話者到聽話者之間的傳播方式。2 .how are the English consonants classified?By place of articulation and By manner of articulation3 .how do phonetics and phonology differ in their

18、 focus of study? who do you think will be more interested in the different between sayiandiJp andph,a phonetician ora philologist? why?培音學(xué)和音位學(xué)的研究中。有月不同？語音學(xué)家和音位學(xué)家修一個(gè)更關(guān)心清修音的區(qū)刖？為 什么？Phonetics -description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonolooy -description of sound systems of particu

19、lar languages and how sounds function to distinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos such differences will not cos differences in meaning.4 .whaf s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?Phonea speech sound ,a phone

20、tic unit.Phoneme-a collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit.Allophonesactual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic contexts.5 .what is a minimal pair and a minimal set? why is it important to identifythe minimal set in a language?為什么區(qū)分最小對立組在一種語言中非常重要？Minimal pairtwo sound

21、binations identical in every way except in one sound element that occurs in the same position.除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置的一個(gè)語音成分不同外，其他部分布一樣的兩個(gè)語音組合.Minimal seta group of sound binations with the above feature.一組具有上述特征的據(jù)音組合.By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, a philologist can identify its

22、 phonemes.通過分析一種施言的最小對立對或最小對立縱音位學(xué)家能辨別出它的音位.e.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ?Broad transcriptionone letter symbol for one sound.Narrow transcription-diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.7.explain

23、 the sequential rule ,the assimilation rule and the deletion rule.有界規(guī)則 Sequential rulesRules that govern the bination of sounds in a particular language. If you are given four cards/k/,/b/,/l/,/i/,you might order such as yblik,kilb.bilkykillbyand that illbkvilbkv.are not possible words in English.同化

24、規(guī)則 Assimilation rulesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by' copying ' a feature of a sequentialphoneme, thus making the two phones similar, /iysound is nasalized in words like:began, green,team,scream.省略現(xiàn)則Deletion ruleIt' $ a phonological rule which tells us when a so

25、und is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.Chapter Three Morphology（只有知識點(diǎn)，沒有問答題）一、定義1 .詞素 Morpheme The basic unit in the study of morpholooy and the smallest meaningful unit of language.2 .自由詞素 Free Morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely a

26、ll by themselves.3 .黏著同索 Bound morphemes Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be bined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently.4 .詞根Root Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.5 .

27、88 Affix The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.6 .曲折同級 inflectional affixes The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, decree and case.7 .泯生詞教 Derivational affixes Th

28、e manifestation of relation between stems and affixes throuQh the addition of derivational affixes.8 .同干StemA stem is the existino form to which a derivational affix can be added.,a stem can be a bound root ta free morpheme, or a derived form itself.9 .形態(tài)學(xué)規(guī)期 Morphological rules They are rules that g

29、overn which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.10 .前緣 Prefix Prefixes modify the meanirw of the stem ,but usually do not change the part of speech of theorioinal word, exceptions are the prefixes 'be- 'and 'en(m)一，11 .68 SuffixSuffixes are added to the end of stem

30、s, they modify the meaning of the original word and in many cases change its part of speech. 3.ln using the morphological rules, we must guard against Over-generalization. 二、知識點(diǎn)Inflectional morphology1. Morphology2. Derivational morphology Free morphemes MorphemesRootBound morphemesInflectional affi

31、xesAffixes Prefix Derivational affixes2.some words maybe said to contain a root morpheme.Suffix4.pound features: (Dorthooraphically, a pound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between.(2)Syntacticallyf the part of speech of a pound is determined by the last el

32、ement (3)semanticallyf the meaning of a pound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its ponentChapter Four Syntax三、阿笞題I.Use the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.(1)the tower on the hill collaps

33、ed in the wind (2)Mary promised John to see the doctor.2 .What is phrase structure rule?Special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called phrase structure rule.NP,VP,AP,PP.3 .What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?

34、 Some structure are formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as ans or or.4 .What is deep structure and what is surface structureFormed by the XP rule in accordance with the head1 s subcategorization properties is called deep structure,Corresponding

35、 to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations -surface structure.5 .what elements does a phrase contain and what roles does each element play?Phrase that formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements:headfspecifier.The word around w

36、hich a phrase is formed is termed head.The word on the left side of the heads are said to function as specifiers.The words on the right side of the heads are plements.Ch 即 ter 5SemanticsPolysemy 一詞多義Homophones 同音同義 piece&peace;Homographs 同形異義 lead&leadHyponymy 上下關(guān)系 Antonymy 反義關(guān)系：oppositeness

37、 of meaning:(1)Gradable antonyms:hot -coldjplementary antonyms:dead-alive;Relational antoyms buy-sell.;ponential analysis 成 分分析；predication analysis述相分析三、問答題l.how are sense and reference related?,總結(jié)資料Sense refers to the inherent meaning of a linguistic form, which is the collection of all thefeature

38、s of the linguistic form, IV s abstract and de-contextualized.Reference is what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world, it is a matter of relationship between the form and reality.2.in what way is ponential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?®

39、;分分析和把音位分析為區(qū)別性特征有何相依之處？In the light of ponential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound feat