藝術生高考文化課輔導英語講義-句子基本結構 礦大長遠

1、礦大長遠教育 著力培養(yǎng)學生的高考思想 明確考試要點 理清解題思路 助你成功礦大長遠教育 藝術生 全日制高考沖刺班 講義英語句子基本知識（講義）一.句子成分知識1.主語：a.表示句子所要說明或描述的人或事物，b.置于句首. C.一般由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞組或句子充當。如：During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名詞）We often speak English in class.（代詞） One-third of the students in this class are gir

2、ls.（數(shù)詞）To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式） Smoking does harm to the health.（動名詞）The rich should help the poor.（名詞化的形容詞）When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主語從句）2.謂語：a.說明或描述主語的動作、狀態(tài)或特征，b.位于主語之后。C.謂語的構成如下：1)簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構成。如He practices running every morning. 2

3、)復合謂語：（1）由情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞加動詞原形構成。如：You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系動詞加表語構成。如：(not)We are students.3.表語：a.表示主語的身份、性質、狀態(tài)和特征，b.它一般位于系動詞（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。C.表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。例如： Our teacher of English is an American.（名詞

4、） Is it yours?（代詞）The weather has turned cold.（形容詞 The speech is exciting.（分詞 Three times seven is twenty one?（數(shù)詞） His job is to teach English.（不定式） His hobby（愛好）is playing football.（動名詞）The machine must be out of order.（介詞短語） The class is over.（副詞）The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表語從句）4.

5、賓語：a.指動作所涉及的人或事物，b.位于動詞之后。C.一般由名詞、代詞或相當于名詞的詞組或句子充當.They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名詞）The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代詞） How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（數(shù)詞）They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名詞化形容詞He pretended not to see me.（不定式短

6、語）I enjoy listening to popular music.（動名詞短語） I think（that）he is fit for his office.（賓語從句）D.賓語種類：（1）雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please. （2）復合賓語（賓語+賓補），例如：They elected him their monitor.5.賓語補足語：a.用來對賓語進行補充和說明，b.置于賓語后。C.賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。例如：(not)His father named him Dongming

7、.（名詞）They painted their boat white.（形容詞） Let the fresh air in.（副詞）You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短語） We saw her entering the room.（現(xiàn)在分詞）We found everything in the lab in good order.（介短）We will soon make our city what your city is now.（從句）I found it difficult to refuse him. 6. 定語：a

8、.對名詞或代詞進行修飾、限制或說明的詞、短語或從句稱為定語.b.位置可在所修飾的詞之前，也可在所修飾的詞之后。C.一般由形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞及句子等充當.如：Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容詞） China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分詞） There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名詞）His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代詞）Our mo

9、nitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短語）The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（動名詞） He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介詞短語） Who is the woman being operated on? 7.狀語：a. 修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子，說明動作或狀態(tài)特征的句子成分，叫做狀語。b. 位于句首、中、尾。C.一般由副詞、介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語或句子充當.可由以下形式表示

10、：Light travels most quickly.（副詞及副詞性詞組） He has lived in the city for ten years.（介詞短語）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短語） He is in the room making a model plane.（分短） Wait a minute.（名詞） Once you begin, you must continue.（狀語從句）狀語種類如下：1)How about meeting again at

11、six?（時間狀語） 2)Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因狀語） 3)I shall go there if it doesnt rain.（條件狀語）4)Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地點狀語） 5)She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式狀語）6)She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴隨狀語） 7)In order to catch up

12、with the others, I must work harder.（目的狀語） 8)He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（結果狀語）9)She works very hard though she is old.（讓步狀語） 10）I am taller than he is.（比較狀語）11）United，we stand；divided ，we fall. 團結則存，分裂則亡。8.同位語:若兩個語法單位指同一個人或事物,并且,句法功能也一樣.那么，后一項稱為前一項的同位語。如：This is my friend Harry.

13、 這是我的朋友哈利。We students should study hard. 9. 獨立成分：與句子其他成分沒有通常的語法關系，如插入語、感嘆語、呼語等，一般用逗號將它與句子隔開。如：Hes a nice person, to be sure. 肯定他是一個好人。Strange to say, he did pass his exam after all. 說也奇怪，考試他竟然通過了。 二句子類型 一）按用途（作用）分 在交際和交流中，語言的作用主要體現(xiàn)在陳述事實、提出請求、發(fā)布命令、發(fā)出感慨及提出問題等方面，因此，在表示這些意義時，英語句子分別常用：陳述句，祈使句，疑

14、問句和感嘆句來表示。（一）陳述句(declarative sentence)，用以陳述事實，敘述某件事情的發(fā)生、發(fā)展或內容的句子叫陳述句。陳述句句末一般用句號，朗讀時一般用降調。陳述的內容有肯定和否定兩種情況。如：We had neither money nor food. 我們既無錢又無食品。 Everything has three states, namely, solid, liquid and gas. 任何東西都有三種形態(tài),即：固態(tài)、液態(tài)和氣態(tài)。 Peoples Republic of China was founded on Oct. 1st, 1949. So far, we

15、havent found any living things on other planets in the universe. 到目前為止，我們還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)其他行星上有任何生物。（二）祈使句(imperative sentence),用來表達請求、命令、建議、祝愿、邀請或要求的句子就叫做祈使句。1.祈使句一般讀降調.否定式都在句首加Dont. 如：Do be patient. 一定要有耐心。 Dont speak so loud. 講話不要這樣大聲。 Be careful not to break anything. 當心別打破什么了. Please make sure (certain)th

16、at the house is properly locked. 請務必把房子鎖好。 2. Let's do sth 中的us包含了let的主語本人, 后用shall we（或用shan't we) ? let us do sth 中,則不包含let的主語本人,后用will you（或won't you）? 如：Let's go and listen to the music, shall we（或用shan't we)? Let us wait for you in the reading-room, will you （或won't you）

17、?3. 省去主語的祈使句的反意疑問句，疑問部分用will you。 Don't do that again, will you? Go with me, will you / won't you ? （三） 感嘆句(exclamatory sentence)，用以表示各種強烈的感情.人們在抒發(fā)贊美、喜悅、驚奇或憤怒等強烈的感情時，常用感嘆句。感嘆句句末一般用感嘆號，說話時一般用降調。感嘆句常用形式：1.what + (a / an ) + adj. + n.+ 主語 +動詞! 如:What a beautiful flower it is! What a nice boy he

18、 is! 當名詞為可數(shù)名詞的復數(shù)形式或不可數(shù)名詞時，不能加冠詞。如： What nice tea it is! 多好的茶(from )！ What sweet apples they are! 多么甜的蘋果！2. How + adj. / adv. + 主語 + 動詞! 如：How fast he is running! How beautiful the city is! 另外，在英語使用當中，陳述句、疑問句、祈使句、詞組、甚至單詞等，都可表示強烈感情，從而成為感嘆句。如：You are great!你真棒! (陳述句) Arent you a student?! 難道你不使學生？！(疑問句

19、) Stand in line! 排隊! (祈使句) Dear me! 哎呀，天哪! (短語) Wonderful! 精彩極了! (單詞)（四） 疑問句(interrogative sentence)，用以提出問題,用來詢問情況、提出質疑、表示懷疑或征求意見時，就得使用疑問句。根據(jù)疑問句的形式和意義，可將疑問句分為四種類型，即：一般疑問句，特殊疑問句，選擇疑問句和反意疑問句。1. 一般疑問句：用yes或no來回答的疑問句，一般疑問句用升調。陳述句變?yōu)橐蓡柧鋾r分三種情況：1) 陳述句中有系動詞be、助動詞be, have / has, do, will, would, shall, should

20、, had或情態(tài)動詞can, could, may, might, must, dare, need, ought時，將這些系動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞移到句首，并在句末加上問號。如： I visited Beijing last month. Did you visit Beijing last month?Ill go to the History Museum this afternoon. Will you go to the History Museum this afternoon?在對疑問句進行回答時，須注意：(1) 當回答could, would所提的問題時，一般用can, wil

21、l. 如：Could you help me with my homework this evening? Yes, I can. / No, I cant. Would you go there right now? Yes, I will. / No, I wont. 在對方向你表示邀請時，可用OK, sorry等來替代Yes，No. (2) 在對用may所提問題的否定回答時，一般用mustnt / cant；而在對用 must所提的問題進行否定回答時，一般用neednt / dont have to. 如：May I use your bike now? Yes, you may. /

22、No, you cant. (mustnt) Must I stay at school this afternoon? Yes, you must. / No, you neednt (dont have to). 2) 原陳述據(jù)的 謂語由實意動詞（或稱行為動詞）充當時，則在句首加助動詞Do的適當形式，同時，將謂語動詞變?yōu)樵蝿釉~。 We speak Chinese. Do you speak Chinese? 你講漢語嗎？I went shopping yesterday. Did you go shopping yesterday? 昨天你去買東西了嗎？(3) 原陳述句中，若謂語動詞是h

23、ave / has, 則須考慮have / has的意義。如果have / has是“有”的意義時，變?yōu)橐蓡柧鋾r，既可在句首加Do的適當形式，也可將have / has,提到句首。如:He has a beautiful pen. Has he a beautiful pen? / does he have a beautiful pen? 他有一只漂亮的鋼筆嗎？但若have / has,的意思不是“有”時，變?yōu)橐蓡柧鋾r，則必須在句手加Do的適當形式。如I have lunch at home. Do you have lunch at home? 你在家吃中飯嗎？We had a meeti

24、ng last night. Did you have a meeting last night? 昨天晚上你開會了嗎？(4) 原陳述句中有情態(tài)動詞used to時，它的一般疑問句，可將used移到句首；也可在句首加Did 。如：I used to go swimming in the river. Did you use to go swimming in the river? / Used you to go swimming in the river? 你過去常常去那條河里游泳嗎？(5) 當心need, dare兩個動詞。這兩個動詞既可以做情態(tài)動詞又可以做行為動詞。做情態(tài)動詞時，直接將它

25、們移到句首。此時，若用need的問句，肯定回答時用must，否定回答時，用neednt。若作行為動詞，則用Do的適當?shù)男问教釂?。如：Need I come here tomorrow?Yes, you must. / No, you neednt. I need to go to school now. Do you need to go to school now?Dare you tell your father about it? Do you dare to go out at night? 2. 特殊疑問句 用特殊疑問代詞或特殊疑問副詞所引導的疑問句叫特殊疑問句。這種疑問句不能用ye

26、s或no來回答，而應根據(jù)具體情況作具體回答。疑問句常用降調。1) 特殊疑問代詞： (1) what 問事物、情況或人的職業(yè)身份；如：Whats that over there? What do you like best？ Whats your favourite subject? 你最喜歡的是哪一學科？注意特殊意義的特殊疑問句:What day is it today? 今天星期幾？Whats the date today? 今天是幾號？What is your father? 你父親是干什么的？ Whats Li Lei like? 李蕾像個什么樣的人？(可以用來問相貌也可用來問人品) 另

27、外，有who,whom,which,etc.2) 特殊疑問副詞(1) how 問情況、方式、程度等，如：How do you go to school? How do you work out the problem? 注意具有特殊意義的疑問句:How do you do? 你好嗎？(初次見面用語) How are you? 你好嗎？(熟悉人之間的問候語) How far is it from here to your school? How much is five and three? 五加三等于幾？How much is a kilo of pork? 一公斤豬肉多少錢？ How lon

28、g will you stay there?你講在那兒呆多久？How soon will you come back ？ How often do you have a sports class? 你每隔多久上一次體育課。(2) when 問時間（例略，下同） (3) where 問地點、處所 (4) why 問原因。  3. 選擇疑問句 提出兩個或兩個以上的情況或事物來讓聽話人對它作出判斷或選擇，這樣的疑問句就叫選擇疑問句。這樣的疑問句不能用yes或no來回答，只能從句子中選擇一部分作為問題的答案。選擇疑問句，or前面的部分讀升調，or后面的部分讀降調。選擇疑問句有兩種結構形式：1

29、). 一般疑問句 + or + 一般疑問句？如：Have you been there or will you go there? 你是已經去過那兒還將要去那兒？Can you speak English or can she speak English? 是你會講英語還是她會講英語？當or后面的疑問句與or前面的疑問句有相同部分時，相同部分一般省略。如：Will you go to work in Shanghai or (will you go to work ) in Shenzhen after your graduation? 你畢業(yè)以后是在上海工作還是去深圳工作呢？Are you

30、a worker or (are you ) a college student?2) Which / Who/what 所引導的特殊疑問句，A or B? 如：Which do you like better, this one or that one? 你更喜歡哪一個，這一個還是那一個？Who are you waiting for, Li Lei or Li Ming? 你在等誰，是李蕾還是李明？What are you going to do next, wait here or leave at once?4. 反意疑問句 反意疑問句用來征求對方對所陳述的事情、情況或觀點的意見或看法

31、。結構為：陳述句，+ 簡短的一般問句？A.一般說來，當前面的陳述句為肯定時，后面的問句為否定形式；反過來，當前面的陳述句為否定時，后面的問句則為肯定形式。前后兩部分的人稱、數(shù)及動詞的類別、形式或時態(tài)都必須一致.B.反意疑問句中陳述部分讀降調，而后面的問句可讀升掉，也可讀降調。不過，當后面的問句讀升調時，表示一種疑問；讀降調時，表示強調、質問等。如：You have decided it, havent you? 你決定好了，是嗎？ You didnt bring it on you, did you? 原來你沒有把他帶在身上，是嗎？C.對反意疑問句的回答，用yes或no。但必須注意的是：yes

32、后用肯定形式，no后用否定形式。雖然，有時yes譯成漢語中的“不，不是，沒有”, no譯成漢語中的“是的”。如：They needed large quantities of wood for building houses, did they? 他們需要大量的木材來建房子，是嗎？ Yes, they did. / No, they didnt. 是的，他們需要(木材建房子)。/ 不，他們不需要。Computers cant think, can they? 計算機不能思維，是嗎？ Yes, they can. / No, they cant. 不，他們能思維。/ 是的，他們不能思維。D.如果

33、主句是I think, I suppose, I believe, I suspect, I imagine 等時，則簡短問句反映的是that從句中主語與謂語之間的關系。例如：I suppose (that) he is serious, isnt he? They agreed that the United States shouldnt make a war on Iraq, didnt they? 注意：否定詞移位的情況，如： I dont suppose (that) he is serious, is he? 二） 句子的種類(按結構分) 英語句子按其結構可分為下列四種類

34、型:簡單句、并列句和復合句。（一）簡單句(simple sentence)，由一個主語部分和一個謂語部分所組成,只含有一個主謂結構的句子。簡單句中有五種常見的基本結構，而且在實際運用的過程中，我們可以給句子的動詞加上副詞修飾，給名詞加上形容詞、介詞短語修飾，給句子加上狀語進行修飾等，以使整個句子的意思變得更加的豐富和充實。但不管如何變，都只有一個主謂結構。如(劃線部分都是句子的附加成份)：He worked hard all his life. (劃線部分在句中作狀語，修飾動詞worked)He is a school student in No. 1 Middle School. (劃線部分

35、在句中作定語，修飾名詞student)Having finished his homework, the boy went on to help his mother. (劃線部分在句中作狀語，修飾整個句子) Tom and Mike are American boys. She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.（二）并列句(compound sentence)，由兩個或兩個以上的簡單句(即分句)組成。常用的并列連詞有：and, or, but, so, while, when等。and用作并列連詞，

36、連接兩個并列句時，可表示并列關系、遞進關系、因果關系。or可以表示并列關系，也可表示因果關系，but表示轉折關系，so可表示因果關系。while可表示比較或對比，when 則表示時間，相當于and at that time(就在那時)。如：Work hard, and you will succeed. (and表示因果關系) Hurry up, or you will be late for the film. (or表示因果關系)He is old, but he still works as hard as young people. (but表示轉折關系) Mr. Li is gene

37、rous and outgoing, so we all gets on well with him. (so表示因果關系) I earn only 50 dollars a week, while she earns 80 dollars. 我一個星期只賺50美元，而她卻賺80美元。(while表示比較、對比) I was going to leave home when the telephone rang. (when表示時間，相當于and at that time) Take my advice, and let me drive you home. 聽我的勸，讓我開車送你回家。（三）

38、復合句(complex sentence)，由主句和其他從句組成,或含有兩個或兩個以上主謂結構的句子。這種結構中，必定有一個主謂結構是句子的主句部分，而另一個主謂結構則是句子的次要部分，即從句部分。常見的從句有：定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句等。從句部分一般都有引導詞引導這個從句。如：As is known to all, China is getting more and more powerful. (As 引導一個定語從句)What he says doesnt suit what he does. (本句包含兩個名詞性從句：What he says 是一個主語從句；what he do

39、es 是一個賓語從句) Where there is a will, there is a way. (Where引導一個表地點的狀語從句) I asked how they were getting on. 我問他們相處得怎樣。 Im worried about how were going to pay for the car. 我在發(fā)愁買車的錢如何付。 Youll feel better after you take the pills. 吃完藥丸后你會感到好一些。 I found his letter long after he had left. You can take any r

40、oom you like. (四) 并列復合句(compound complex sentence)，即含有復合句的并列句，如：John wanted to go to the party, but his wife said she was too tired. 約翰想去參加晚會，但他的妻子說她太累了。 I asked a man who has a wife and three children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it. 我問一

41、個有妻子和三個孩子的人，他家誰做飯，他回答說，誰先下班回來，誰就做飯。練習一.1. Give me one more minute _ Ill be able to finish it. A. and B. orC. if D.so 2. Its the third time that John has been late, _? A. hasnt heB. isnt he C. isnt itD. hasnt it3. _ joyful he was to meet his brother again! A. How B. WhatC. What a D. What an4. Let us

42、pass, _? A. shant weB. shall weC. wont weD. will you5. I suppose hes serious, _ ? A. do IB. dont I C. is he D. isnt he6. You had better not smoke here, _? A. will you B. had you C. shall youD. have you7. Train as hard as you can _ youll win the swimming competition. A. then B. but C. andD. or8. Im s

43、orry to have to say this, _ you forgot to turn off the lights when you left the room last night.A. andB. butC. soD. because9. John has not yet passed the driving test, and _.A. Henry hasnt too B. Henry also has not either C. neither Henry has D. neither has Henry10. There are many sports lovers in h

44、is office. Some love climbing, _ others enjoy swimming.A. orB. forC. whileD. so11. - Do you feel like going out _ would you rather have dinner at home? - Id like to go out.A. orB. andC. butD. so12. - “_ is the temperature today?”-“Its 38 degrees.”A. WhichB. HowC. How hotD. How high13. - Your uncle i

45、snt an engineer, is he?- _.A. Yes, he isntB. No, he isntC. No, he isD. He is14. _ friendly _ to everyone! A. How, is she B. What, is she C. How, she isD. What, she is15. Mary went to bed early, _ she felt very tired. A. orB. soC. forD. yet16. Mother _ a dress when she cut her finger. A. was makingB.

46、 makes C. is making D. made17. He lay in bed _ read something borrowed from library. A. butB. andC. orD. yet18. - Id really like some lunch but I have so much work to do. - _ what you want and I can get it for you.A. Tell meB. If you would say to meC. You will tell meD. If you tell me19. As he is st

47、rong, _ can lift one hundred pounds. A. yet he B. but heC. andD. he20. - I thought you had an umbrella.- I had, _ Ive lost it.A. sinceB. butC. becauseD. so21. _ down the radio - the babys asleep in the next room.A. Turning B. To turnC. Turned D. Turn22. - I dont like chicken _ fish.- I dont like chi

48、cken _ I like fish very much.A. and, andB. and, butC. or, andD. or, but23. - Would you like to come to dinner tonight?- Id like to, _ Im too busy.A. andB. soC. asD. but24. Would you like a cup of coffee _ shall we get down to business right away?A. andB. thenC. orD. otherwise25. She set out soon aft

49、er dark _ home an hour later.A.arriving B.to arrive C.having arrived.D. and arrived26. “Cant you read?” Mary said _ to the notice.A. angrily pointingB. and point angrilyC. angrily pointedD. and angrily pointed27. She thought I was talking about her daughter, _, in fact, I was talking about my daught

50、er.A. whomB. whereC. whichD. while28. _ it with me and Ill see what I can do. A. When left B. LeavingC. If you leave D. Leave29. - Alice, you feed the bird today, _?- But I fed it yesterday.A. do youB. will youC. didnt youD. dont you30. _ him and then try to copy what he does. A. MindB. Glance atC. Stare at D. Watch二 判斷下列句子是簡單句、并列句還是復合句：1. We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.2. The boy who