高中英語語法全英詳解

1、必修一語法點一： Be+v.ing 表將來 use the present continuous tense for future plansIn English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use'will or 'be going to ' follOWedffiyn in finitiveand we tend to use be going to most often

2、 for talking about future plans. Sometimes, we also the present continuous tense to talk about future plans.Ex. we are going to Mexico next Sunday. Are you coming to the cinema? He is leaving for London in two hours. We are spending next winter in Australia.Only some verbs can be used in this situat

3、ion, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.擴展：What s the difference between using be going to and the present continuous to talk about future plans?look at some more examples:“ I m going to play football on Saturday ”You have made a plan

4、 in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.“ I m playing football on Saturday ”You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it (e.g. called your friends or booked a place to play). In th

5、is case, it s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you.語法點二： Direct speech and indirect speech( 直接引語和間接引語)Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.You can answer t

6、he questionWhat did he say?in two ways:by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" &q

7、uot;) and there is no change in these words.Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the repor

8、ted words. Quotation marks are not used.1、 declarative sentence 陳述句 Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.In following e

9、xample the pronoun of reported speech is“ I ” which will be changed in inspeech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is“he”.He said, “ I like it very much.He said 'that he liked it very much. Change in tense: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense

10、the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present orfuture tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.接引語彼換成保 甸間楂引暹時時態(tài) 的亶化接引爆閭撞引I'i . V 4時11 d«ft lo wi 皿*，久/、nt Aanc %ikid ihji lw didn't watt r(i iei I二77 一收 i't

11、人時 lacts in a dunh" or1 Anne.do通口Jync% 升“inndwy I現在進 t1fb| * TW 尿 vy mi J, "Tinj kni£ I he hu* ml ihFii hr hh ujn) 4 knilc.iijtgtrHI現。完成時 , Celli aid. E hint M hmrd IhHb ( lII.i、而 that she had nut hrrd from I過八支成豺匕n since Mj."h wiLin %incc Mi、； 而丁- 1 “49 過去時 *Thetwd/Mcaww her in

12、ihc Mrcct " Vhcy jiid I hat dk % (utd wm her in he |耳去克或時WW"L _.j士去 完成時 lit Hehad flwlihcd my Hu said that he te«d fittixhed hit Ihomo ini hcliifr MjpfKr -huinuMqn hchirr uipprtTt忖用時 ; ZhiMJ 3 TH dn n .iftcf ilLjx，Zhiku 1ali mhJ flui %hc would do n MtCT II過去將來“("IShe 皿& *1 mi

13、nt berr rr ihc 小p”r 什植，d=¥ before,rMrrdn Change in demonstrative pronoun 指示代詞 ,temporal adverbial 時間狀語,adverbial of place 地點狀語and verbs.接引暹君接成 闿接引逞時指示 代詞尊的亶化例句“引.this MThe Uhsci zud. "1 iJI M>riK, ihKrbv 1 4痔ml th.ii ht.h ikulil Imorrnng "thm nh»(ningthc*c * thixHe*ThfMr hok、a

14、rc mine/tkih.ii lhz hd& ViCtv hi*new - then54k-Ji k nine o'clock now '、hc 74帆 1thiii ii u.i> niiM"m ikk,k then Mbpc/carticrRtJhkjiJJM,w i%ihm1Kith Aid Lht hr sister had been&y .即1ilh'tv ihrtx- dv、bt'fikrc/riirfuTtody that 4111yt XixkI zud *1 knm，wn her舊、id viiul tlkif

15、 he hadn't yen her 1 thdl,EenJj, Slk' >.nd. *1 ucr)t ihcti*)r,t1vrdiii節(jié)he *2 ih.ii ytc hiid p w there Inethe duy before(1,Ih lorrtomomiw -S* >4id/ I II ihenc tonxirro*Shv v4Jiil ih-it、* uiTtild ihcrv tbeThe IKil/hilUrging iLtynrVhilliiHinu 3,Itht day ificr tnniHfnHk- kjpiainill ui ivcT

16、he opui. nid ihj| the) would 1-i* g。daysh limethe dai vftrr hHiwirro*intwo<1w>* lirm-She zhJ thjc %hc hjd pHw Ihcrr 1” see Ihe 出xjh* 1>» d、r befitrr/ rarlirrPs： (1)if the direct speech indicates objective truth, then there is no change in tense when it to indirect speech.Ex. He said,Li

17、ght travels much faster than sound.fHe said that light travels much faster than sound.(2)如果在當地轉述，here不必改成there, come不必改為go,如果在當天轉述，yesterday, tomorrow 等時間狀語也不必改變。2、 imperative sentence 祈使句Imperative sentencesdo not normally have an expressed subject. In order to change an imperative sentence into th

18、e indirect speech, we use a to-infinitive. Note that instead of use one of the following reporting verbs:Ask, Tell, Advise, command, request, order, forbid, decree, propose etc.If the imperative sentence is in negative form, then add not in front of to-infiniticonvert the speech.Ex. The hostess said

19、 to us, “ Please sit down. ” fThe hostess asked us to sit down. He said,“ Don t make so much noise, boys. ”f He told the boys to not to make so much noise.3、 interrogative sentence 疑問句Turn word order in interrogative sentence into that in declarative sentence, and use a full stop in the end. The sub

20、ject, tense, adverbial etc have to change accordingly.(1) general questio股疑問旬General questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the connective if or whether. The reporting verb say or said changes to ask or asked.Ex. He said, “ Are you interested in English? ” fHe asked (me) if I was in

21、terested in English.(2) special questionSpecial questions are changed into the indirect speech by using the same interrogative.Ex. “ What do you want? ” he asked me.He asked me what I wanted.語法點三： The Attributive Clause 定語從句Attributive clause is a sentence that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun

22、to make clear which person or thing we are talking about.Ex. The man who lives next to us sells vegetable.You must do everything that I do.In the two examples above, man and everything are called antecedent:鴕行詞.Who lives next to us and that I do are attributive clauses. Who and that are relative pro

23、noun系代詞.The words to connect main clause and attributive clause are divided into two groups, they arreelative pronouns , namely that, which, who, whom, whose , and relative adverbs , namely where, when, why.Relative pronouns: We use who and whom for people, and which for things. We use that for peop

24、le or things.SubjectObjectPossessivewhowhom, whowhosewhichwhic 卜whosethatthat1. That, which, who在從旬中作主位或女講1 ffir ft幅Awhich在從句中年行博 或需法w hn. whtifTi在從句中分則ft野酒或ntA1) A phnc ix a nuchinr that nmfl (fl t ifti2 Fhc mMkdki Uha) ¥*&*1“ez &T«hhi、，111 式由 11 Who n the mm that k tntihrm a hi&q

25、uot;& t*it r ihm- , if) J L'i12) Th: #rl f睛O h 川時 *drj，/、Jh”，、iH *；：；*OThev pJunl mhik e、*3 4'r ZZ j/作才曲2)I he fih t whtchi bottght thitwmnol iich.用衣訶，1)The foreigner wlbo TmrdwrrJkf.ii vrtrrrdrjv i* hiwn tui-klt i ft t lftl21 he bt*y wht> htk thf71kxi 1 I H I ;/! J4 The perMtn ur trJ

26、boM >rw jttii talked t Mr Ij ifi C：比4) Mr Re«id j* the pezm whotn 川& fhmld n rijf <H *：L'： 11 / 24hen在從句中作時閘狀加where在從句中作地點狀語why在從句中作 轆因狀語2. WhoseWhose replaces a genitive nou名詞所有格 in an attributive clause. The antecedent can be thingor person.Ex. This is the scientist whose name i

27、s known all over the world.The room whose window faces south is mine.3. When, where, whyFirst, when the antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv in the attributive clause, we will use “why” . Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it plays the role of an adv, used. Third, when the a

28、ntecedent is about place, playing the role of an adv of place, we will consider adopting where.ffl關系副謂(kti)ber IM, 1949 i> the day when ( = on which) the Purple "s Krpublic of Chitui Hd.f founded.Fit ticscr hirgei the lime whfn I = during which) wrthe farmI>> y(Hi tv mem her the jftemi

29、KXi x/rrn( -an which we first met three m/r，m#。？TTih 】、the place where ( = at/in which ) h r litt tnrt.The bold where t = in which ? u r 0”外猛 mnwr> cIchiiI recently went tu Lhc lov 口 nhfrt I = in which > / h btnn.I'd like to live in 逑 where I in which I tht ft - i plvtit a! tttihirifI didn

30、't get u pa) tit. but thr wasn't (he reason why ( far whUh ) / (eft The reusewhy r = for which he hua lute wu、that he rinsed his truin.必修二語法點一：(接定從講)4. The restrictive and non-restrictive attributive clause限制性和非限制性(1) Restrictive clauses limit the possible meaning of a preceding subject. The

31、y are usually not marked by pauses in speech, and they are not set off by commas in writing. Sometimes the relative pronoun which serves as an object in clause can be omitted.Ex. What is the name of the tall man who just came in?Beijing is a city (that) I' ve always wanted to visit.He has found

32、the book (that) he was looking for.(2) Nonrestrictive clauses tell you something about a preceding subject, but they do not limit, or restrict, the meaning of that subject. They are usually marked by brief pauses in speech and are usually set off by commas in writing. Relative cannot be omitted.Ex.

33、Beijing, which is the capital of China, has a very long history.Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy.Ps: In restrictive attributive clause, relative adverbs behind time or place sometimes can be omitted in spoken English.Ex. That was the year (when) I first went abroad.We need a place

34、 (where) we can stay for a few days.Why clause can only modified ' reason ' and it can be converted to 'for which ' . In spokei we can also use 'that ' or just omit the relative.Ex. The reason (why/for which/that) I bought the roses is that Mary likes them. 'How' cann

35、ot be used as relative adverbs. We use in which, that, or no relative to modifyEx. This is the way (how) I did it. (wrong)This is the way(in which/that) I did it. (correct) the attributive clause can also be called as relative clause.語法點二： The passive voiceWe have learned the passive voice of the si

36、mple present tense and simple past tense.1. The simple future tense (use ask as an example)Ps: affirmative form; negative form; interrogative form肯定式否定式疑問式t will (shall) j1 wiJk(Khall)no( 'Will (Shall) 1You willYou will notWill泗川He/She/ll uill 卜 bcskcd .Hc/Shc/li will rxKWill he/she/ii he askfti

37、Wc willhall)Wc w M 疝 ImWill (Shall> weYou/Hw、willYtxVTFtej wdl mxWill you/they J2. The present perfect tense胥定式否定式厘問式i haveit have二Have 1You haveYau haveHave youHe/Shc/lt hasbeen irked .Ik/Shc/It hasm* been， Hf he/shMithecn askedWe IulvcWe haveHave wc卜You haveYou hiivei lave youThey have They hav

38、e /Huve they >3. The present continuous tense”也氏否定式疑問式I am1 umrAm IVlHJ atearcAir imHc/Shc/lt HHe/Slw/tt is【、hchZitIxriiig mw being mked i)being蝌 e urrArc s L¥<hj rc、mi ateArc mtIlxry hivTMg jrvArv they J4. Phrasal verb短語動詞Normally, only transitive verbs can be used in passive voice, but

39、with the addition of preposition or adverb to intransitive verbs, some phrasal verbs serve as transitive verbs, so they have passive voice too. Pay attention, we can ' t miss any part of phrasal verb when we change it into passive voice.At last they put out the fire. f At last the fire was put o

40、ut.They will put up a notice on the wall. f A notice will be put up on the wall.Have you sent for a doctor? f Has the doctor been sent for?Ps:he icaclwf c il必修三語法點一：modal verbs情態(tài)動詞A modal verb is a type of verb that is used to indicate modality that is:likelihood, ability, permission, and obligation

41、. They have to be used with infinitive.Can-could may-might shall-should will-would have to-had to must1. Can & couldThey can be used to indicate ability, permission, possibility, etc.我示.能力，杵可工.可 能性等.在口語中can可以代 樣may表示.忤可,.而may比 較正式，口皿3可以代特gn. & 示港氣較為蜿轉.(1) Some of us can use the computerbut w

42、c nujldn'lten years 映。+ (能力)(21 Can/Could【borruw your bike for a momcm?(許可) He said I could use his computer.(許 可)(4> 1 thought the story could noi be iiutr (可能)iln am和be ahdo都可以可以能示,力思沒有區(qū)別,但can只現住犬和過去式 (could),而be able K)則而更名的形式.Ps:Possibility:We use the modal can to make general statements

43、about what is possible:It can be very cold in winter. (= It is sometimes very cold in winter)We use could as the past tense of can:It could be very cold in winter. (=Sometimes it was very cold in winter.)We use could to show that something is possible in the future, but not certain:If we don ' t

44、 hurry we could be late. (=Perhaps/Maybe we will be late)We use could have to show that something is/was possible now or at some time in the past:It s ten o ' clock. They could have arrived now.Permission:We usecan to ask for permission to do something or give permission; could is more formal an

45、d polite than can.2. May & might我示H對或征溝時U許明仃“叫 以的比思川竹此念時,它的杏定形 我可以用may not,但我示"不可以 飛止”.¥UHJ等1ft思時常用mwiioi iiiun ) f k r iihix noi人樂可能ft，或iF可fir的 度患“ miy或mighi *司訶原般用八4八 示可能性.Mmighi則語氣史加不仃定.(I)You may eo now，11c aid ih；u 1 rmrhl use hi、idcphnrH'I ' i 1j rnx (hcikKinltk"lunc

46、M L Mnal、T*卜)OU ma>. / Xi*. )訃” uHHiii t.<>, xmi ma ru>t / No, ou! hctlcr noL(I > 1 lc iii；ih /mitzhi be I rm ( ulhLiJ C1(2)Thc mav/miuhi hiitv «i lot i»t work g，k， 一-»， rPs: The negative forms are may not and might not.We use may: when we are not sure about something:J

47、ack may be coming to see us tomorrow. to make polite requests:May I borrow the car tomorrow? When we use may not for a refusal it is emphatic:You may not borrow the car until you can be more careful with it. We use might: when we are not sure about something:I might see you tomorrow.It s quite brigh

48、t. It might not rain today. As the past tense of may for requests:He asked if he might borrow the car. For very polite requests:Might I ask you a question?3. Must & have to表示"必須、“應ar.杳定形式 must not Imustnl &欣“不應該二一'、 許可，"不淹二F止e等 住回答何川 的問句時t否定苴常11need nm (ncedn 11 或durfl have 2表示

49、'1不必二而 UllmuM not, H 為 must not 我 示"不可以 & 示一定二“必定”等推湖意文時. 般只川在肯定句中.huvcw表示.必徇二“不用不二在 這個意義上與muM很接近.但niuM & 示的是曳話人的I：配看法，而ha*cg& 示的卻是客觀M：要.加'cl”比mu城仃更 %的形式.We can also use 'have to' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'have to' this usually means that s

50、ome external circumstance makes the obligation necessary.But must indicate the speaker ' s subjective opinion, have to refers to objective one.4. Shall & should在會問句中,III.征詢H方史, 見或埔求指示用于第 1 三人稱. sbotdd作為情態(tài)動詞示“動"建常譯作.應陵二I【)、here、h；山 i wau hn ”u-'21 ShiJI wc siurt ihe nuxiing miw? 3) Y

51、ou should keep yoix proini'.(4> Yeung people、h<Mild aspect old people(11 Ilie must be thiiPK、u、a> possible. (2 I、3I THUstn t smokv Bl publk p|；K CS(3) Musi I be home hvlurc uighi 訃'dock. Mum?Yd xmi imiM.Xi'L ynu nt-viln't f Mo. son ilotf l hac ti i4| Ihcrv nnist he MMiivtlmr

52、1 umny (51 doif t like (hix i jJit>. I Biut Inn a ncu <me. (fi| he Mdioi、broken. I have h» hu a neu one.17 You dun i huvc I” worry abmn lh；H.(K) Every student will huve lo know how to use computers.Ps：Must We use 'must' to express a strong obligation. When we use 'must' th

53、is usually means that some personal circumstance makes the obligation necessary (andthe speaker almost certainly agrees with the obligation.). Its negative form is must not, but when we answer a must question, we use need not or don ' t have to. We can use 'must' to show that we are cert

54、ain something is true. We are making a logical deduction based upon some clear evidence or reason.Have to5. W川 & wouldwui衣示“意志,意ar" 可用于多種人稱.will在疑問句中用于第:人稱 時.苗示閾問對方的意愿或向對 方提出請求. would是喇|】的過去 式.我示過去時間的BT 可用于多神人稱表示說話 人的意蠣或向對Zi提出清求，語氣 比Will惋轉.指現在時間*I I will (I'll) tell you 汨I ubout ii.12)

55、We will (We'll) help him if he asks u to,(3) lie won't go with us.J：,-_- (I )11】going Io【he library. Will you go with me f(2) Will you give him a message when you see him?(3) They said that they would help usc4H pronnsed that I would do my best.(5) Would you like lo join the football club?(6

56、) rd like to take a look at that shin over there,13/246. oughtought無人稱和時態(tài)的變化.后接帶 i 口的動詞不定式.oughito可表示.義務、 "要求"或“要告常譯作.應ar應 當”等(和%wid差不多,只是語氣梢 重一些l有時表示非?？赡堋钡囊馑? 否定式 ought not io (oughin t to),疑問 式為(Might Vyou lo 4?(1) There's something I ought to teU you before you krnvc、(2) He ought no

57、t to do that(5) Ought he to see the docinr?Ye he oughi to.(4) 11 she is vptnpleiely wt-IL shv nuhi tn be h，1rhl ch<x)l hxJjy,Ought to is a semi-modal verb because it is in some ways like a modal verb and in some ways like a main verb. For example, unlike modal verbs, it is followed by to, but lik

58、e modal verbs, it does not change form for person. The negative is formed by adding' not ' after ought (ought not語法點二：Noun clausesA noun clause is a clause that plays the role of a noun. The object clause, the predicative clause, the subject clause, the appositive clause位語從句.1. The objective clauseIt is a clause that functions like a noun object. It begins with conjunctions that, if, whether , conjunctional pronoun who, whos