Understanding-public-policy-理解公共政策英文版帶翻譯

1、Understandingpublicpolicy（朱青整理）chapterIPolicyanalysisPolicyanalysisDefinitionofpolicyDefinitionofpolicy 公共政策定義i.Publicpolicyiswhatevergovernmentschoosetodoornottodo.公共政策就是政府選擇做與選擇不做的事情;ii.Publicpoliciesmayregulatebehavior,organizebureaucracies,distributebenefits,orextracttaxes-orallthingsatonce.公共政策

2、涉及調(diào)節(jié)個(gè)體行為、構(gòu)建官僚體系、分配利益、征稅、或者同事完成這些事務(wù)。P1-2P1-2Policyexpansion政策擴(kuò)張Governmentgrowth政府?dāng)U大Thenewdealprogramsdevised羅斯福新政Thegreatdepression-大蕭條Thenationaleconomy國民經(jīng)濟(jì)Thegreatsocietyprograms大社會(huì)計(jì)戈 UEconomicdownturn-經(jīng)濟(jì)滑坡Regulatoryactivityf 管制活動(dòng)P3P3 圖示指標(biāo)WhattheFederalGovernmentDoesWhattheFederalGovernmentDoes 聯(lián)邦政

3、府職能Defense 國防SocialsecurityandMedicare 社會(huì)保障和醫(yī)療保險(xiǎn)Interestonthenationaldebt 國債的禾 U 息Health 衛(wèi)生保健Welfare 社會(huì)福利Transportation 交通運(yùn)輸Education 教育Naturalresourcesandenvironment 自然資源和環(huán)境Lawenforcement 執(zhí)法Veterans 退伍軍人Allother 其他WhatstateandlocalgovernmentdoWhatstateandlocalgovernmentdo 州和地方政府職能Education 教育Welfar

4、e 社會(huì)福利PIPI理解公共政策Healthandhospitals保健和醫(yī)療Highways 高速公路Policeandfire 治安和消防Sanitation 衛(wèi)生Prisons 監(jiān)獄Naturalresourcesandenvironment 自然資源和環(huán)境Allother 其他P4P4Dependentvariables因變量Theindependentvariables-自變量Determinantsf 決定性因素Policyevaluationf 政策評(píng)估P6P6ThedifferencebetweenpolicyanalysisandpolicyadvocacyThediffer

5、encebetweenpolicyanalysisandpolicyadvocacy政策分析與政策倡議的差別i.Policyadvocacyrequirestheskillsofrhetoric,persuasion,organization,andactivism.政策倡議需要修辭、說服、組織與實(shí)踐的技巧；ii.Policyanalysisencouragesscholarsandstudentstoattackcriticalpolicyissueswiththetoolsofsystematicinquiry.政策分析則鼓勵(lì)學(xué)者運(yùn)用系統(tǒng)研究的工具來探討重要的政策問題。Translatio

6、n-policyanalysisinvolvesTranslation-policyanalysisinvolves 政策分析內(nèi)容i.Aprimaryconcernwithexplanationratherthanprescription.政策分析主要關(guān)注的是政策的解釋說明而不是提出政策建議；ii.Arigoroussearchforthecausesandconsequencesofpublicpolicies.政策分析探索公共政策的原因和結(jié)果；iii.Anefforttodevelopandtestgeneralpropositionsaboutthecausesandconsequenc

7、esofpublicpolicyandtoaccumulatereliableresearchfindingsofgeneralrelevance.政策分析還試圖發(fā)展并檢驗(yàn)關(guān)于公共政策因果的一般性命題，以及積累具有普遍意義的、可靠的研究成果。P7-8P7-8ThelimitationsofpolicyanalysisThelimitationsofpolicyanalysis公共政策的局限性Limitsongovernmentpower 政府權(quán)力的有限性Disagreementovertheproblem 社會(huì)問題認(rèn)定上的分歧Subjectivityininterpretation 政策解釋的

8、主觀性LimitationsondesignofhumanresearchComplexityofhumanbehaviorTranslation-Translation-Understandingpublicpolicyisbothanartandacraft.Itisanartbecauseitrequiresinsight,creativity,andimaginationinidentifyingsocietalproblemsanddescribingthem,indevisingpublicpoliciesthatmightalleviatethem,andtheminfindin

9、goutwhetherthesepoliciesendupmakingthingsbetterorworse.公共政策分析既是一門藝術(shù)，也是一種技術(shù)。說它是一門藝術(shù)，是因?yàn)樵谏鐣?huì)問題確認(rèn)、社會(huì)問題描述、政策方案設(shè)計(jì)和政策效果評(píng)估時(shí)，需要有洞察力、創(chuàng)造力和想象力。Chapter2ModelsofpoliticsModelsofpoliticsPIIPIIDefinitionofmodelsforpolicyanalysisDefinitionofmodelsforpolicyanalysis 政策分析模型的定義Amodelisasimplifiedrepresentationofsomeaspe

10、ctofsomeaspectoftherealworld.模型是對(duì)現(xiàn)實(shí)世界某個(gè)方面進(jìn)行簡化的表現(xiàn)形式。Conceptualmodels/wordmodels 概念性的模型Actualphysicalrepresentation 真實(shí)物質(zhì)表型形式UsesofmodelsUsesofmodels 模型的運(yùn)用i.Simplifyandclarifyourthinkingaboutpoliticsandpublicpolicy簡化并澄清我們對(duì)政治和公共政策的思考ii.Identifyimportantaspectsofpolicyproblems識(shí)別政策問題的重要方面iii.Helpustocommu

11、nicatewitheachotherbyfocusingonessentialfeaturesofpoliticallife通過關(guān)注政治生活的主要特征，促進(jìn)我們相互之間的溝通iv.Directoureffortstounderstandpublicpolicybetterbysuggestingwhatisimportantandwhatisunimportant指導(dǎo)我們更好地理解公共政策，鑒別重要與不重要的方面v.Suggestexplanationsforpublicpolicyandpredictitsconsequences解釋公共政策并預(yù)測(cè)其結(jié)果Selectedpolicymode

12、lsSelectedpolicymodelsInstitutionalmodelProcessmodelRationalmodelIncrementalmodelGroupmodelElitemodelPublicchoicemodelGametheorymodel（博弈論模型）人類研究設(shè)計(jì)的局限性人類行為的復(fù)雜性（制度主義模型）（過程模型）（理性主義模型）（漸進(jìn)主義模型）（團(tuán)體理論模型）（精英模型）（公共選擇模型）P14P14ThepolicyprocessThepolicyprocess 政策過程i.Problemidentification問題確認(rèn)Theidentificationofp

13、olicyproblemsthroughdemandfromindividualsandgroupsforgovernmentaction.ii.Agendasetting議程設(shè)定 Focusingtheattentionofthemassmediaandpublicofficialsonspecificpublicproblemstodecidewhatwillbedecided.iii.Policyformulation政策形成Thedevelopmentofpolicyproposalsbyinterestgroups,WhiteHousestaff,congressionalcommi

14、ttees,andthinktanks.iv.Policylegitimating政策合法化TheselectionandenactmentofpolicesthroughactionsbyCongress,thepresident,andthecourts.v.Policyimplementation政策執(zhí)行Theimplementationofpoliciesthroughgovernmentbureaucracies,publicexpenditures,regulations,andotheractivitiesofexecutiveagencies.vi.Policyevaluati

15、on政策評(píng)估 Theevaluationofpoliciesbygovernmentagenciesthemselves,outsideconsultants,themedia,andthegeneralpublic.問題確認(rèn)通過公民對(duì)政府行為的要求來確認(rèn)政策問題；議程設(shè)定特定的公共問題引起媒體和政府官員的關(guān)注，促使其被提上政策議程；政策形成由利益集團(tuán)、白宮官員、國會(huì)議員和智囊團(tuán)提出政策建議；政策合法化通過國會(huì)、總統(tǒng)和法院的政治活動(dòng)，選擇并制定政策；政策執(zhí)行通過官僚組織、公共支出、行政機(jī)構(gòu)的活動(dòng)來推動(dòng)政策實(shí)施；政策評(píng)估由政府機(jī)構(gòu)本身，政策外部的顧問、咨詢?nèi)藛T，媒體和公眾等來評(píng)價(jià)政策實(shí)施的結(jié)果。

16、P15P15Toselectarationalpolicy,policymakersmust決策者如何選擇合乎理性的政策i.Knowallthesocietysvaluepreferencesandtheirrelativeweights,ii.Knowallthepolicyalternativesavailable,iii.Knowalltheconsequencesofeachpolicyalternative,iv.Calculatetheratioofbenefitstocostsforeachpolicyalternative,andv.Selectthemostefficient

17、policyalternative.了解所有的社會(huì)價(jià)值偏好及其相對(duì)權(quán)重；了解可以獲得的所有備選方案；知道每一備選方案的所有結(jié)果；計(jì)算每一備選方案的收益與成本之比；選擇其中最有效的政策方案；P18-19P18-19incrementalism:policyasvariationsonthepast?incrementalism:policyasvariationsonthepast?為什么說漸進(jìn)主義中政策是過去改革的補(bǔ)充和修正？i.Becausetheydonothavethetime,information,ormoneytoinvestigateallthealternativestoexi

18、stingpolicy;ii.Policymakersacceptthelegitimacyofpreviouspoliciesbecauseoftheuncertaintyabouttheconsequencesofcompletelynewordifferentpolicies;iii.Theremaybeheavyinvestmentsinexistingprograms(sunkcosts),whichprecludeanyreallyradicalchange;iv.incrementalismispoliticallyexpedient;v.Intheabsenceofanyagr

19、eed-onsocietalgoalsorvalues.政府沒有足夠的時(shí)間、信息和金錢來調(diào)查能夠替代現(xiàn)行政策的政策方案；決策者承認(rèn)以往政策的合法性，因?yàn)槿碌幕蛲耆煌恼叩慕Y(jié)果存在著不確定性；在現(xiàn)行的政策項(xiàng)目上可能有巨大的投入(沉淀成本)，這也阻礙了任何徹底的變革；漸進(jìn)主義也是政治上的權(quán)宜之計(jì)；在對(duì)社會(huì)目標(biāo)或價(jià)值沒有達(dá)成共識(shí)的情況下P20P20EarlLathamdescribedpublicpolicyEarlLathamdescribedpublicpolicy 厄爾萊瑟姆從團(tuán)體理論角度對(duì)公共改革的定義Publicpolicyisactuallytheequilibriumreache

20、dinthegroupstruggleatanygivenmoment,anditrepresentsabalancewhichthecontendingfactionsorgroupsconstantlystrivetotipintheirfavor所謂公共政策，實(shí)際上就是團(tuán)體競(jìng)爭(zhēng)在既定時(shí)間達(dá)到均衡的結(jié)果，它代表的是相互競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的派別或團(tuán)體堅(jiān)持不懈地努力為維護(hù)自身利益而達(dá)到的平衡P22P22 日 itetheoryitetheory 精英理論的內(nèi)容i. Societyisdividedintothefewwhohavepowerandthemanywhodonot;ii.Thefewwhogov

21、ernarenottypicalofthemasseswhoaregoverned;iii.Themovementofnonelitestoelitepositionsmustbeslowandcontinuoustomaintainstabilityandavoidrevolution;iv. Elitesshareconsensusinbehalfofthebasicvaluesofthesocialsystemandthepreservationofthesystem;v. Publicpolicydoesnotreflectthedemandsofmassesbutratherthep

22、revailingvaluesoftheelite;vi. Activeelitesaresubjecttorelativelylittledirectinfluencefromapatheticmasses.社會(huì)被分為掌握權(quán)力的少數(shù)人和沒有權(quán)力的多數(shù)人；這些居于統(tǒng)治地位的精英并不是處于被統(tǒng)治地位的大眾的代表；從被統(tǒng)治的非精英階層上升到處于統(tǒng)治地位的精英階層的過程是緩慢的、持續(xù)的，從而確保社會(huì)穩(wěn)定并避免革命的發(fā)生；精英階層對(duì)社會(huì)制度的基本價(jià)值觀以及如何維護(hù)這一社會(huì)制度的發(fā)展會(huì)達(dá)成共識(shí)；公共政策并不反映大眾的需求，而只反映精英的主導(dǎo)價(jià)值觀；精英對(duì)待政策的態(tài)度是積極的，而大眾則是冷漠和麻木的；Ho

23、moeconomicus 經(jīng)濟(jì)人Homopoliticus 政治人P24P24ThedefinitionofpublicchoicetheoryThedefinitionofpublicchoicetheory 公共選擇理論的定義Peoplepursuetheirself-interestinbothpoliticsandthemarketplace,butevenwithselfishmotivestheycanmutuallybenefitthroughcollectivedecisionmaking.不論是在政治中還是在市場(chǎng)中，人們都是追求自我利益的，即使都出于自利的動(dòng)機(jī)，他們也能夠通過

24、集體決策來實(shí)現(xiàn)共同利益。ThedefinitionofgametheoryThedefinitionofgametheory 博弈理論的定義Gametheoryisthestudyofdecisionsinsituationsinwhichtwoormorerationalparticipantshavechoicestomakeandtheoutcomedependsonthechoicesmadebyeach.博弈理論是對(duì)特定情境中理性選擇的研究，即兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的理性參與者進(jìn)行選擇，而且自己選擇的結(jié)果還取決于其他人所作出的選擇。Chapter3Thepolicymakingprocess

25、P37P37Translation-Translation-Interestgroupsmayinitiatetheirownpolicyproposals,perhapsinassociationwithmembersofCongressoftheirstaffswhosharethesameinterest.利益集團(tuán)可能會(huì)主動(dòng)提出政策建議，或者與和他們具有共同利益的國會(huì)成員聯(lián)合在一起提出政策建議。P40P40MediaeffectsMediaeffects 媒體的影響Mediaeffectscanbecategorizedasi.Identifyingissuesandsettingthe

26、agendaforpolicymakers,ii. Influencingattitudesandvaluestowardpolicyissues,iii. Changingthebehaviorofvoterssandecisionmakers.為政策制定者確定問題并設(shè)定議程；影響觀眾對(duì)政策問題的態(tài)度及價(jià)值觀；改變投票人和決策者的行為；InterestgroupsinfluencegovernmentpolicyinavarietyofwaysInterestgroupsinfluencegovernmentpolicyinavarietyofways利益集團(tuán)影響政府政策的各類途徑i.Dir

27、ectlobbyingii.Campaigncontributionsmadethroughpoliticalactioncommittees(PACs);iii.Interpersonalcontactsiv.Litigationdesignedtoforcechangesinpoliciesthroughthecourtsystem;v.GrassrootsmobilizationeffortstoinfluenceCongressandtheWhiteHouse.直接游說；通過政治行動(dòng)委員會(huì)在競(jìng)選運(yùn)動(dòng)中提供捐助；人際接觸；通過法院系統(tǒng)，運(yùn)用訴訟來施加壓力進(jìn)行變革；動(dòng)員草根組織來影響國會(huì)和

28、白宮的政策；Democrats 民主黨Republicans 共和黨P49P49Translation-Translation-Yourrepresentativeowesyou,nothisindustryonly,buthisjudgment;andbetrays,insteadofservingyou,ifhesacrificesittoyouropinion.你們的代表要奉獻(xiàn)給你們的，不僅僅是他們的勤奮，還有他們的判斷力；如果他們放棄自己明智的判斷，屈從于你們的意見，則是對(duì)你們的背叛，而非服從于你們。Chapter6EducationTranslation-Translation-So

29、cialscienceresearchsuggeststhateducationalperformanceisenhancedwhentheschoolsareperceivedbychildrentobeextensionsorsubstitutesfortheirfamily.Academicachievementandgraduationratesimproveforallstudents,butespeciallyforstudentsfromdisadvantagedbackgrounds,inschoolswherethereisahighexpectationofachievem

30、ent,anorderlyanddisciplinedenvironmentforlearning,anemphasisonbasicskills,frequentmonitoringofstudentsprogress,andteacher-parentinteractionandagreementonvaluesandnorms.社會(huì)科學(xué)研究表明，當(dāng)學(xué)校被孩子們視為家庭的延伸或替代品時(shí)，教學(xué)成績就會(huì)提高。對(duì)于所有的學(xué)生，尤其是對(duì)于那些處于弱勢(shì)地位的學(xué)生來說，學(xué)習(xí)成績和畢業(yè)率的提高需要學(xué)校對(duì)教學(xué)成績有很高的期望，有強(qiáng)調(diào)秩序和紀(jì)律的學(xué)習(xí)環(huán)境，強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)基本技能的掌握，經(jīng)常性地監(jiān)督學(xué)生的進(jìn)步情況，教

31、師和家長之間展開互動(dòng)，并在價(jià)值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)方面取得一致。P138P138Definitionofcharterschools 特許學(xué)校Onewaytoimplementparentalchoiceisthecharterschool;Communityeducationalgroupssigna“charterwiththeirschooldistrictorstateeducationalauthoritytoestablishtheirownschool.解決家長選擇學(xué)校的一種途徑是特許學(xué)校。社區(qū)教育團(tuán)體與所在學(xué)區(qū)或者州政府的教育部門簽署一個(gè)“特許證”來建立他們自己的學(xué)校。Definitionof

32、magnetschools 興趣學(xué)校Anothercommonreformproposalisthemagnetschool.Highschoolsmightchoosetospecialize,someemphasizingmathandscience,othersthefinearts,othersbusiness,andstillothersvocationaltraining.另一個(gè)常見的改革建議是建立一些興趣學(xué)校。高中可能需要選擇一些主修課程，有些強(qiáng)化數(shù)學(xué)和自然科學(xué)，有的專修美術(shù)，有的學(xué)習(xí)商業(yè)，有的甚至主攻職業(yè)培訓(xùn)。Definitionofeducationalvouchers 教育

33、券Amorecontroversialversionofparentalchoiceinvolveseducationalvouchersthatwouldbegiventoparentstospendatanyschooltheychoose,publicorprivate.Stategovernmentswouldredeemthevoucherssubmittedbyschoolsbypayingspecifiedamountsperhapstheequivalentofthestatesperpupileducationalspending.關(guān)于家長選擇學(xué)校的一個(gè)更有爭(zhēng)論的問題涉及發(fā)給

34、家長的教育券，這種教育券能夠在任何公立或私立學(xué)校使用。州政府通過支付一定數(shù)量的資金來兌換學(xué)校提交的教育券一一大約相當(dāng)于這個(gè)州花在每個(gè)學(xué)生身上的教育費(fèi)用。Chapter 11 CivilrightsP242P242Translation-Translation-AllpersonsbornornaturalizedintheUnitedStates,andsubjecttotheJurisdictionthereof,arecitizensoftheUnitedStatesandoftheStatewhereintheyreside.NoStateshallmakeorenforceanylawwhichshallabridgetheprivilegesorimmunitiesofcitizensoftheUnitedStates;norshallanyStatedepriveanypersonoflife,liberty,orproperty,withoutdueprocessoflaw;nordenytoanypersonwithinitsjurisdictiontheequalprotectionofthelaws.凡出生或歸化于合眾國并受其管轄的人，皆為合眾國及所居州的公民。任何州不得制定或施行剝奪合眾國公民的特權(quán)或豁免權(quán)的任何法律