大學(xué)英語四六級考試閱讀中地長難句

1、閱讀中的長難句在四六級考試中，通過關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到原文中的關(guān)鍵句，這些關(guān)鍵句就是我們所說的“鏈”。如何找到“鏈”-精準(zhǔn)定位法；如何理解“鏈”-長難句剪枝法。精準(zhǔn)定位法利用關(guān)鍵詞（點）去尋找關(guān)鍵句（鏈）時，我們要運用同義轉(zhuǎn)述原則。篇章閱讀真題示例：精準(zhǔn)定位法：題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為accomplish和planet。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文最后一段。定位段第一句說明，爭奪資源會將我們的星球引向地獄，除非人類懂得分享。而隨后一句指出，完成這一任務(wù)需要每個人都承擔(dān)起責(zé)任，并且只有共同合作才能完成?？梢?，保護(hù)地球必須聚集眾人的努力，選項D）中的pooling their efforts together是對原

2、文accomplished together with others的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，所以D)為本題答案。信息匹配真題示例：精準(zhǔn)定位法：題干中的關(guān)鍵詞為the majority of和rival。由題干關(guān)鍵詞定位到原文最后兩句。定位句提到，由于美國在冷戰(zhàn)中大獲全勝，似乎我們的經(jīng)濟體制已沒有真正的競爭對手。而一旦失去了國際競爭，我們就沒有必要證明我們的體制能夠為大多數(shù)公民帶來利益。題干中的the majority of和rival分別是原文中的most of和competitor的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為E)。長難句剪枝法長難句，顧名思義，即長又難，主要難在用詞、結(jié)構(gòu)等方面。掌握了剛才說的精準(zhǔn)定位法后，如果

3、定位到的句子是長難句，這個方法就要排上用場了長難句剪枝法。先快速找到句子的主干，再掌握細(xì)節(jié)要素。1. 找主干，明結(jié)構(gòu)即：撥開枝杈，直撲主干；排除干擾，確定結(jié)構(gòu)；首先抓住中心內(nèi)容?？吹揭粋€難句，不要被它嚇住，首先要集中精力，找出句子主干。句子再長，主干不會長，根據(jù)謂語動詞的特點，主干還是不難找到的。只要找到句子的主干，就能明確句子的結(jié)構(gòu)（是簡單句，還是并列句、主從復(fù)合句、倒裝句、強調(diào)句等），也就明白句子主要講了什么。下面是一些真題中的長難句，我們對主干部分進(jìn)行了鋪底：例1Inequality is dangerous, he argued, not merely because it doesn

4、't look good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because inequality itself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty.例2While Wall Street executives used their expensive lawyers to ensure that their ranks were not held accountable for the mi

5、sdeeds that the crisis in 2008 so graphically revealed, the banks abused our legal system to foreclose （取消贖回權(quán)） on mortgages and eject tenants, some of whom did not even owe money.例3But for students who havent yet done enough research, or who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite scho

6、ols, the early-decision system needlessly and prematurely narrows the field of possibility just at a time when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of thrilling options.例4The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that

7、doctors are starting to redefine their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.例5There are some very commendable characteristics of the CFLcompact fluorescent (熒光的) light bulb, yet the selection of any light source r

8、emains inseparable from the luminaire (照明裝置) that houses it, along with the space in which both are installed, and lighting requirements that need to be satisfied.2. 理枝杈，明各層即：變長為短，層層理清；修飾成分，對號入座；仔細(xì)搞清各層意思。這里的關(guān)鍵就是修飾語和被修飾語要能對得起來，從而理清句子的層次，一層層地搞清楚句子的意思。還是以上面5個真題長難句為例：例1Inequality is dangerous, he argued

9、, not merely because it doesnt look good to have a large gap between the rich and the poor, but because inequality itself destroys upward mobility, making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty.剪枝法分析： 用剪枝法先找到有引導(dǎo)詞也有謂語動詞的從句：兩個由because引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，并用關(guān)聯(lián)詞組not merelybut相連接。然后用剪枝法剪掉各個短語，并掌握這些細(xì)節(jié)信息：

10、插入語he argued，補充說明全句的信息來源，介詞短語between the rich and the poor作名詞gap的后置定語，現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)making it harder for the poor to escape from poverty作伴隨狀語，對原因狀語從句進(jìn)行補充說明。圖解結(jié)構(gòu)：參考譯文： 他提出，不公平是危險的，不僅僅是因為貧富差異大看起來不好，更是因為不公平本身破壞了社會階層向上提升的流動性，令貧困者難以擺脫貧困。例2While Wall Street executives used their expensive lawyers to ensure that t

11、heir ranks were not held accountable for the misdeeds that the crisis in 2008 so graphically revealed, the banks abused our legal system to foreclose （取消贖回權(quán)） on mortgages and eject tenants, some of whom did not even owe money.剪枝法分析： 用剪枝法先找到有引導(dǎo)詞也有謂語動詞的從句： While引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句說明主句的時間；而該時間狀語從句中又包含that引導(dǎo)

12、的賓語從句充當(dāng)動詞不定式結(jié)構(gòu)中ensure的賓語，該賓語從句也是一個主從復(fù)合句，包含that引導(dǎo)的限定性定語從句，修飾說明名詞misdeeds。然后用剪枝法剪掉各個短語，并掌握這些細(xì)節(jié)信息：to foreclose （取消贖回權(quán)） on mortgages and eject tenants為動詞不定式作目的狀語，而其中還包含一個介詞of+whom引導(dǎo)的定語從句，補充說明之前的名詞tenants。圖解結(jié)構(gòu)：參考譯文： 當(dāng)華爾街的行政長官雇用費用高昂的律師來確保他們在2008年金融危機所顯現(xiàn)出的罪行中不承擔(dān)任何責(zé)任時，銀行就濫用了法律體系的權(quán)利來取消抵押的贖回權(quán)，并把房客驅(qū)逐出去，有些房客甚至沒

13、有欠款。例3But for students who haven't yet done enough research, or who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite schools, the early-decision system needlessly and prematurely narrows the field of possibility just at a time when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of t

14、hrilling options.剪枝法分析： 用剪枝法先找到有引導(dǎo)詞也有謂語動詞的從句：定語從句when students should be opening themselves to a whole range of thrilling options，修飾時間狀語中的名詞time；兩個并列定語從句who haven't yet done enough research和who are still constantly changing their minds on favorite schools由連詞or連接，修飾students。然后用剪枝法剪掉各個短語，并掌握這

15、些細(xì)節(jié)信息：just at a time為時間狀語；介詞短語for students置于句首，強調(diào)描述的對象和范圍。圖解結(jié)構(gòu)：參考譯文： 但是，對于那些沒有做足夠功課的或者是在自己喜歡的學(xué)校上搖擺不定的學(xué)生來說，提前錄取則沒有必要，并且過早地縮小了他們可能的選擇范圍，而這個時候他們應(yīng)該放開自己去面對所有令他們心動的選擇。例4The shift, little noticed outside the medical establishment but already controversial inside it, suggests that doctors are starting to re

16、define their roles, from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on how healthcare dollars are spent.剪枝法分析： 用剪枝法先找到有引導(dǎo)詞也有謂語動詞的從句：that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，作主句動詞suggests的賓語；how引導(dǎo)賓語從句，作介詞on的賓語。然后用剪枝法剪掉各個短語，并掌握這些細(xì)節(jié)信息：插入語部分little noticed outside the medical establishment but a

17、lready controversial inside it作補語，補充說明shift；from being concerned exclusively about individual patients to exerting influence on 是由fromto連接的介詞短語結(jié)構(gòu)，補充說明roles。圖解結(jié)構(gòu)：參考譯文： 這一變化，盡管在醫(yī)療機構(gòu)以外還鮮受關(guān)注，但在其內(nèi)部已備受爭議，這意味著醫(yī)生們要重新定義其角色，從單純考慮病人個體轉(zhuǎn)為對醫(yī)療費用的使用施加影響。例5There are some very commendable characteristics of the CFLco

18、mpact fluorescent (熒光的) light bulb, yet the selection of any light source remains inseparable from the luminaire (照明裝置) that houses it, along with the space in which both are installed, and lighting requirements that need to be satisfied.剪枝法分析： 本句為并列句，由并列副詞yet連接兩個主干，分別是There be句型和系表結(jié)構(gòu)。用剪枝法先找到有引

19、導(dǎo)詞也有謂語動詞的從句：that引導(dǎo)定語從句houses it，修飾luminaire；in which引導(dǎo)定語從句both are installed，修飾space；that引導(dǎo)定語從句need to be satisfied，修飾requirements。然后用剪枝法剪掉各個短語，并掌握這些細(xì)節(jié)信息：of the CFL和of any light source是定語，分別修飾characteristics和selection；from the luminaire為補語，說明inseparable，along with the space, and lighting requirements是補語，對luminaire進(jìn)行補充說明。圖解結(jié)構(gòu)：參考譯文： 緊湊型熒