虛擬語氣語法總結(jié)

1、虛擬語氣在英語文法中有三種語氣，即直述式語氣 (In dicative Mood)、祈使語氣 (Imperative Mood)和虛擬語氣(Subjective Mood),其中前兩種我們早已熟悉了， 這里則不多談了，如： How beautiful she is!則是直述式語氣，而 Hurry up! Don't hurry up則是祈使語氣。我們主要來看看虛擬語氣的主要用法。虛擬語氣主要是用來表達(dá)一種無法實現(xiàn)的愿望，一種與事實相反的情況，或者將不可能實現(xiàn)的，或可能性很小的事實，假想為事實予以表述。這樣的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為虛擬 語氣。它主要有三種形式，即與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)，與過去事實相反

2、的假設(shè)， 與將來事實相反的假設(shè)。它們具體結(jié)構(gòu)如表8-7。虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成種類條件句結(jié)構(gòu)主句結(jié)構(gòu)與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞用過去式be動詞用wereShould/could +動詞原形 would/might +動詞原形與過去事實相反的用had+過去分詞Should/could + have+過去分詞would/might + have+過去分詞與將來事實相反動詞用過去式were to 加動詞原形should加動詞原形should +動詞原形 would +動詞原形虛擬語氣其他習(xí)慣用法簡表種類功用句型例句虛擬表示主觀主句謂語賓語從句謂語動詞I wish we could go to the seaside

3、 today.wish現(xiàn)在過去式語氣愿望過去had+過去分詞I wish I had gone to the basketball match.將來should+ 動詞原形would+動詞原形could+ 動詞原形might+ 動詞原形I wished I could fly to the moon.I wish you would stay here a little Ion ger.would rather現(xiàn)在過去式I would rather you came to my party tomorrow.表示 虛擬 比較 或方 式狀語從句從句動詞形式She looked after the

4、 orpha n as if he were here own child.as if, asthough,eve n if 從句與現(xiàn)實相反過去式與過去相反had+過去分詞They're talk ing as if they had bee n frie nds for many years.與將來相反should+ 動詞原形would+動詞原形could+ 動詞原形might+ 動詞原形The man looked worried, as though someth ing would happe n to him.that, so that, i n ordermay+動詞Tur

5、n on the light so that Ithat從句原形might+ 動詞原形can+動詞原形could+ 動詞原形could see it clearly. I warnedhim in order that he might keepaway from the dan ger.表示 間接 的命 令、建 議或 請求賓語從句用于 suggest, propose,in sist, desire, dema nd, request, order, comma n等之后(should)+動詞原形They required that I (should) go at on ce. He su

6、ggested that the meeti ng (should) start earlier.表語從句主句中的主 語常是：suggesti on, idea, proposal, order, request 等My suggestion is that we should tell him. Our only request is that this problem(should) be settled as soon as possible.同位語從句They received an order that the work be stopped.在主 語從 句中 表示 驚奇、 惋惜、

7、理應(yīng) 如此 等It isn ecessary(importa nt,n atural, strange 等) that 主語從句中的動詞形式：It is n ecessary that every member remember these rules.It is a great pity that heshould be so careless.It is suggested that we should get everyth ing ready by toni ght.It is a pity (a shame, no wonder 等) that should+動詞原形It is su

8、ggested (requested, proposed 等)that表示祝愿 或愿 望may+動詞原形May you succeed!動詞原形+賓語Long live the People's Republic of Chi na!其他It is time that+主語 +should+ 動詞原形It is time that+主語+動詞過去式It's time that you should go home now.It is high time that we left.1語法辨析I would marry youI would marry youIn correct:

9、 If I was a girlCorrect: If I were a girl表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣時，if條件句中的be動詞一律用were，這句 話應(yīng)譯為我要是個女孩，我就嫁給你。實際上不可能是個女孩。Incorrect: If I were you I will not worryCorrect: If I were you I shouldn't worry現(xiàn)在時的虛擬語氣主句要用 should 或 would 加動詞原形，這句話應(yīng)譯為我要 是你的話， 就沒有必要煩惱。 要注意這種語態(tài)用在這里實際上是想把要講出的觀 點表達(dá)得婉轉(zhuǎn)些，有禮貌些。Incorrect: God

10、 forgives you!Correct: God forgive you!這里的主語 God 是第三人稱單數(shù)，之所以動詞不加 s 是因為要表達(dá)一種祝 愿，即人力所不能及的事情， 實際上是 forgive 前有一助動詞 should ， May 等， 但在口語中將其省略了。如： May you be happy 祝你幸福。Incorrect: If the weather was nice yesterday,we would have gone to the zooCorrect: If the weather had been nice yesterday， we would have

11、gone tothe zoo因句中有 yesterday 一詞即表示的是與過去相反的事實， 即昨天天氣很不好， 我們也未去動物園，所以 if 條件句應(yīng)用 had 過去分詞。Incorrect: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walkI would go for a walkCorrect: If it was (were) not snowing right now虛擬語態(tài)be動詞作助動詞時，則可用 was來取代were,如was to。虛擬語態(tài)中的動詞如果是表示正在進(jìn)行之中也要用進(jìn)行時態(tài)。Incorrect: If yo

12、u had taken my advice, you would have been better nowCorrect: If you had taken my advice, you would be better now這句話的意思是如果你以前要是能聽我的忠告的話， 你現(xiàn)在就會好多了。 其條件句是與過去事實相反的虛擬句， 而主句是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬句， 這在語法書中叫做混合虛擬條件句。例如： If I had caught that plane， I would bedead now 即： The planeI intended to catch crashed and everyon

13、e was killedIncorrect: He were you， he would go home at onceCorrect: Were he youhe would go home at onceCorrect: If he were you在虛擬條件句中的 if， he would go home at once可以省略，但 if 省略后其句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要采用倒裝語序。Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she thinkCorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you

14、with me， what might she think ？這句話中沒有 if 條件句，但仍要用作虛擬語態(tài)。這里因為有些分詞或介詞短 語，起到了從句的作用。 這些短語有： without ， providing, supposing ， but for(you) 這里的條件句是用不定式取代了。Incorrect: I'm sorry I did have come here by carCorrect: I'm sorry I should have come here bycar這里的條件句被省略了， 其意為我真應(yīng)該坐小車來。 同樣在句意不會混淆的情 況下，主句也有時可以被

15、省略，如： What if we should fail! （ 我們?nèi)f一失敗 了如何 ） 。 If he could do it, why not （如果他能做，他怎么會不干呢 ）Incorrect: If the earth were （was） to turn from east to west， I willgive you this car as a giftCorrect: If the earth were（was） to turn from east to west I would giveyou this car as a gift條件句中也常用 were to 來表示說話者認(rèn)

16、為可能性極小或根本不可能的事。Incorrect: If you'd have told him early， he would have passed the examCorrect: If you had told him early， he would have passed the exam非正式口語中往往聽見外國人講： 'd havepp （過去分詞 ） 但仍沒有人認(rèn)為它 是正確的句子，不易為我們效仿。Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghostCorrect: The littl

17、e girl looked as if she had seen a ghost要注意的是 as if 從句中如果用虛擬語氣，它的用法要與 if 條件句的動詞 結(jié)構(gòu)相同，即與現(xiàn)在事實相反動詞用過去式，be動詞用were，而與過去事實相 反的動詞用 hadpp （ 過去分詞 ）。另外更要注意的是，并非所有 as if 從句都 要用虛擬語氣。如： Itlooks as if it is going to snow （看天好像要下雪 ）即是真實條件句。Incorrect: I should have come here early， but I had beenbusyCorrect: I shou

18、ld have come here early but I wasbusybut 是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，其后的句子是真實句，而不是虛擬句。Incorrect: To tell the truth， I wish I know her address nowCorrect: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress nowwish 的賓語從句中要用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，與現(xiàn)在事實相反的條件動詞要用過去式， be動詞用were,與過去事實相反的條件動詞要用 had+過去分詞。如如: I wished I had passed that examIncorrect: His

19、homework was written badlyI wish he will do it better tomorrowCorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he would do it better tomorrowwish 要用來表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿，希望將來有所改進(jìn)，則要用 would 加動詞原形。并非 wish 不能表達(dá)真正的祝愿， 但是不能接從句， 而要用雙賓語， 或不定式，如： I wish you luck （ 雙賓語 ）I wish you to be a good stude ntI wish to see her at o

20、nceIn correct: I wish it will not be ano ther failureCorrect: I hope it will not be ano ther failureCorrect: I wish it would not be another failure要注意hope與wish的不同用法。2例題解析例 1 If heon tourists for his bus in ess , he would have to closehis shopA depe nds B will depe ndC depe nded Dhas depe nded答案C.這是與

21、現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。應(yīng)譯為：如果他僅靠旅游來做生意的話，他早就要關(guān)門了。例 2 Had she been younger , shemore beautifulA had bee n B might have bee n C might be D would be答案B.因其條件句是省去if的與過去事實相反的假設(shè)。例 3 If you that TV play last ni ght , you would n't be sleepyA have n't watched B did n't watch答案C.因是與過去事實相反的假設(shè)。應(yīng)譯為：昨晚你要是不看那個電視劇，你

22、現(xiàn)在也不會這么困倦了。這是混合虛擬句，主句是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬例 4 If it tomorrow, we will not go for the picnicA will rain B had rained C rainedD rai ns答案D.因其主句是將來時，所以條件句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。所以要注意的是有些真實條件句并沒有虛擬的含意，不要亂用虛擬語態(tài)。例 5 We had hoped that we go home at onceA did B will C / D would答案D.had hoped用來表達(dá)對過去未能實現(xiàn)的愿望，其賓語從句要用would加動詞原形。例 6 I

23、want to see her todayrd rather you A did n'tB do not C don't D do答案A. 'd rather其后如直接接動詞則用動詞原形。如加賓語從句則從句中謂語動詞要用過去式。例 7 It is very late ， It's time A we have left B we will leaveC we left D we leave答案C. 要注意 It is (high/about) time 其后可接 for something,女口: It is time for supper.或 for some

24、body to do someth ing也可接從句，但從句中的謂語動詞要用過去式，有時也可用should加動詞原形，但should不可 省略。例 8 These typewritten papers are very neatI wish I type too , but I don't know howA can B may C could D will答案C.因wish在從句中表示與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬，所以要用would或could。例 9 It is important that he this work at onceA do B does C did D will do答案A.

25、虛擬語氣可以用來表示要求、建議、提議、命令、意愿等。在Itis+形容詞(過去分詞)+從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句中的謂語動詞要用should加動詞原 形，其should在美語中經(jīng)常省略。這樣的形容詞有：important ， necessary ， strange， natural 。這樣的過去分詞有：demanded, requested, suggested ，required ， recommendec。例 10 The teacher ordered that the students herA obeys B obeyed C obey ing D obey答案D.因帶有命令要求口氣的動詞其賓

26、語從句中的謂語動詞也要用should加動詞原形。其should在美語中則被省略。這樣的動詞有：ask，advise ， demanc| desire ，insist ，order ，recommend, require ，request ， suggest 例 11 She rejected my suggestion that she her son the next weekA met B will meet C meet D would meet答案C.因同位語從句的謂語動詞要用should加動詞原形。這是因為其前面的名詞是由例10中的那些表示愿望、命令、建議的動詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的。例 12

27、What's the matter with her ?I don't know but she looks she'd lost her boy friendA that B so that C as D as if答案D.其意為她看上去好像是失掉了男朋友一樣臉色不好看。例 13 You fin ally passed the examYes, your help. I would have not succeededA but that B but for C but if D tha nks to答案B.由but for , without , supposing 等短語或連接詞也可以引出虛擬語態(tài)。例 14 today , he would get there by the weekendA Would he leave B Was he leavi ngC Were he to leave D If he leaves答案C.如果條件句中if被省去，則要用倒裝語