英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)

1、英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法第八章獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)， 它的邏輯主語(yǔ)應(yīng)該是句子的主語(yǔ)。 但有時(shí)非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞帶有自己的主語(yǔ)，從而在結(jié)構(gòu)上與主語(yǔ)不發(fā)生關(guān)系， 我們稱之為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)( Absolute Construction ) 。 其實(shí)，所謂“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”也并非真正獨(dú)立，它還是一種從屬的結(jié)構(gòu)。一、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。Such an able man to help you ， you will surely succeed sooner or later.有這么能干的人來(lái)幫你 , 你遲早一定會(huì)成功的。( such an able

2、 man 和 to help you 之間存 在著主謂關(guān)系)= Since such an able man will help you, you will surely succeed sooner or later.He seating himself at the desk, his mother began to tell him a story.他在書桌旁坐好后，他母親開始給他講故事。( seating himself at the desk 擁有了自己的邏 輯主語(yǔ)he,注意是 主格”)= When he seated himself at the desk, his mother

3、began to tell him a story.The key to the bike lost, he had to walk to school.由于丟了自行車鑰匙，他只好步行去學(xué)校。 ( lost 的邏輯主語(yǔ)是the key ， lost 也可以用完成式 having been lost )= Because the key to the bike had been lost, he had to walk to school.A 不定式“獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”在 “邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用一個(gè)從句或并列分句來(lái)表達(dá)。1

4、 動(dòng)詞不定式用主動(dòng)的形式在獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，動(dòng)詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。His mother to come tonight ， he is busy preparing the dinner.他母親今晚要來(lái), 他正在忙著準(zhǔn)備飯菜。( = As his mother is to come tonight, he is busypreparing the dinner. ) will you go to the concert tonight 你今晚去聽音樂會(huì)嗎？ Sorry.So many exercise-books to check,I really cant af

5、ford any time.對(duì)不起，有這多的作業(yè)要批，我真的抽不出時(shí)間。(=Because I shall check so many exercise-books tonight,I really cant afford any time.)The four of us agreed on a division of labor,each to translate a quarter of the book. 我們四人同意分工干，每人翻譯全書的四分之一。(=The four of us agreed on a division of labor and each is to translat

6、e a quarter of the book.) Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 種 上 許 多 的 樹 ， 花 和 草 后 ， 我 們 新 建 的 學(xué) 校 將 看 上 去 更 美 。 (=If many trees,flowers,and grass are planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.) B -ing 形式 “獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”動(dòng)詞的

7、 -ing 形式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)一般應(yīng)與句子的主語(yǔ)保持一致。Being ill, he went home.由于生病,他回家了。(= As he was very ill, he went home. )Seating himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.在課桌旁坐好后， 他開始看雜志。 (= When he had seated himself at the desk, he began to read a magazine.)1 表示時(shí)間的 -ing 形式作 “獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Everyone being ready, the

8、 teacher began his class.每個(gè)人都準(zhǔn)備好后，老師開始上課。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 When everyone was ready）The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated.每個(gè)人坐好后，主席開始開會(huì)。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句 after everyone was seated）2 表示原因的 -ing 形式作 “獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那個(gè)男孩帶路， 我們沒 有困難就找到了

9、那奇怪的洞。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句 Because the boy led the way）Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 許多眼睛看著他， 他感到有點(diǎn)兒緊張。 （相當(dāng)于一個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句 As many eyes were watching him ） 必背：含有 being 的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。It being National Day today ， the streets are very crowded. 今天是國(guó)慶節(jié),街上很擁擠。= As it is National Day today, the streets are v

10、ery crowded.There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 沒有別的事可討論， 我們都回家 了。= As there was no further business to discuss, we all went home.3 表示條件的 -ing 形式作 “獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week.時(shí)間允許的話，我們下星期將進(jìn)行一次野炊。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句 If time permits）My health allowing, I

11、 will work far into the night.我的健康許可的話，我愿工作到深夜。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句 If my health allows ）4 表示方式的 -ing 形式作 “獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”The students are walking in the school happily, each wearing a card in front of his chest.學(xué)生們快樂地在學(xué)校里走著，每個(gè)人胸前都帶著一張卡。（相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句 and each wears a card in front of his chest ）The boy lay on the gras

12、s, his eyes looking at the sky.男孩躺在草地上， 眼睛看著天空。 （相當(dāng)于一個(gè)并列分句 and his eyes were looking at the sky）C -ed 形式 “獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”與邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞的 -ing 形式一樣，如果-ed 形式的邏輯主語(yǔ)和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致的話，就需要用 -ed 形式的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.該書是用簡(jiǎn)單英語(yǔ)寫的，英語(yǔ)初學(xué)者也能看懂。= As the book was written i

13、n simple English ， English beginners were able to read it.The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高，他們工作得更起勁了。= As their living conditions were greatly improved, the workers worked still harder.He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on th

14、e blackboard.他上課專心聽講，眼睛緊盯著黑板。= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard.The task completed,he had two months leave.任務(wù)完成以后， 他休了兩個(gè)月的假。 （ =When the task had been completed,he had two months leave.）比較：動(dòng)詞不定式表示動(dòng)作沒有發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生，動(dòng)詞 -ed 形式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束，動(dòng)詞 -ing 形 式往往表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行。The

15、manager looks worried ， many things to settle. 經(jīng)理看上去很著急 , 有這么多的事情要處理。（事情還沒有處理，而且是由經(jīng)理本人來(lái)處理，用不定式to settle）The manager looks relaxed, many things settled. 許多事情已經(jīng)處理好了， 經(jīng)理看上去很輕松。（事情已經(jīng)處理好了，用動(dòng)詞 -ed 形式 settled 表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）The food being cooked, the boy was watching TV. 小孩一邊做飯，一邊看電視。（兩個(gè)動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行）The food cooked, t

16、he boy went to bed. 飯做好了，小孩去睡了。 （兩個(gè)動(dòng)作有先后，飯已做好，小孩才去睡覺的）2、 動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)邏輯主語(yǔ)+being+其他”是獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的邏輯主語(yǔ)+動(dòng)詞-ing形式”的一種形式。在這種結(jié)構(gòu)中，being 往往可以被省去，這種省去being 的結(jié)構(gòu)，稱之為無(wú)動(dòng)詞 “獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”。A 邏輯主語(yǔ)+ 名詞Ten students entered for the competition, the youngest a boy of 12.十個(gè)學(xué)生報(bào)名參加了這次競(jìng)賽，年紀(jì)最小的是個(gè)12歲的男孩。（the youngest和a boy of 12之間省去了 being

17、 ）注意：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的 being 在下列兩種情況下一般不能省略，一是在“ There being + 名詞 ”結(jié)構(gòu)中，二是在邏輯主語(yǔ)是代詞的情況下。There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于沒有公共汽車，我們只好走回家。It being Sunday, all the offices are closed. 因?yàn)槭切瞧谌?，所有辦公室都關(guān)門。B 邏輯主語(yǔ)+形容詞He turned to me, his eyes sleepy.他睡眼惺怯地轉(zhuǎn)向我。（his eyes和sleepy之間省去了 being）= He turned to me, and

18、his eyes were sleepy.He stood there, his mouth wide open.他站在那里，嘴張得大大的。（ his mouth 和 wide open 之間省去了 being）= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.C 邏輯主語(yǔ)+副詞School over, we all went home.放學(xué)了，我們都回家了。（ school 和 over 之間省去了 being ）= School was over, and we all went home.He sat at his desk, his shoes

19、 off.他坐在課桌旁，沒穿鞋子。（ his shoes和off之間省去了 being）= He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.D 邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us.他站在黑板面前，背對(duì)著我們。= He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.The new teacher came in, a smile on her face.新老師面帶

20、微笑走了進(jìn)來(lái)。= The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.The teacher came into the classroom ， a rule in his hand.老師走進(jìn)教室，手里拿著一把直尺。= The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.提示：在 “邏輯主語(yǔ)+介詞短語(yǔ)”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)里，如果名詞用單數(shù)，可以不用冠詞，同時(shí)介詞短語(yǔ)里的限定詞也可省略。The music teacher stood at the door, violin in hand.音樂

21、老師站在門口,手里拿著一把小提琴。(= The music teacher stood at the door, a violin inhis hand.)3、 with, without 引導(dǎo)的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)介詞 withwithout + 賓語(yǔ) +賓語(yǔ)的補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)可以構(gòu)成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，上面討論過的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的幾種情況在此結(jié)構(gòu)中都能體現(xiàn)。A. with+名詞代詞+形容詞He doesn 音弦 like to sleep with the windows open.他不喜歡開著窗子睡覺。=He doesn 音弦 like to sleep when the windows are open.He

22、stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.他站在雨中，衣服濕透了。= He stood in the rain, and his clothes were wet.注意：在“with+g詞彳t詞+形容詞”構(gòu)成的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中，也可用已形容詞化的-ing形式或-ed形式。With his son so disappointing ， the old man felt unhappy.由于兒子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快樂。With his father well-known, the boy didn 音弦 want to study.父親如此出名，兒子不想

23、讀書。B with+ 名詞代詞+副詞Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.所有的燈都打開時(shí)，我們的學(xué)校看上去更美。= Our school looks even more beautiful ifwhen all the lights are on.The boy was walking, with his father ahead.父親在前，小孩在后走著。= The boy was walking and his father was ahead.C with+ 名詞代詞+介詞短語(yǔ)He stood at the

24、 door, with a computer in his hand. 或He stood at the door, computer in hand.他站在門口，手里拿著一部電腦。= He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.Vincent sat at the desk, with a pen in his mouth. 或Vincent sat at the desk, pen in mouth.文森特坐在課桌前，嘴里銜著一支筆。= Vincent sat at the desk, and he had a pen in h

25、is mouth.D. with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ed形式With his homework done, Peter went out to play.作業(yè)做好了，彼得出去玩了。= When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.With the signal given, the train started.信號(hào)發(fā)出了，火車開始起動(dòng)了。= After the signal was given, the train started.I wouldn 音弦 dare go home without the job finished.工作還沒

26、完成，我不敢回家。=I wouldn 音弦 dare go home because the job was not finished.E. with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞的-ing形式The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.有這么多的孩子坐在他周圍，那男子感到很高興。= The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.The girl hid her box without anyone knowing whe

27、re it was.小女孩把盒子藏了起來(lái)，沒有人知道它在哪里。= The girl hid her box and no one knew where it was.Without anyone noticing, he slipped through the window. 他趁沒人注意的時(shí)候，從窗口溜走了。= When no one was noticing, he slipped through the window.F. with+名詞代詞+動(dòng)詞不定式The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.有這么多的家庭作業(yè)要做，小男

28、孩看上去很不開心。= The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.有這么多的名勝可參觀，小孩很激動(dòng)。The kid feels excited as there are so many places of interest to visit.提示：在 withwithout 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)中，多數(shù)情況下with 能省略，但 without 不能省略。Without a word more sp

29、oken, she left the meeting room.她沒再說(shuō)什么話就離開了會(huì)議室。(without 不能省略)4、 獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中除了能充當(dāng)原因狀語(yǔ)、 時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、 條件狀語(yǔ)和伴隨狀語(yǔ)外， 還能作定語(yǔ)。在形式上， “獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗號(hào)與主句隔開。A 作狀語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作狀語(yǔ)，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)從句或并列分句。1 表示時(shí)間Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel. 夜幕降臨，我們?cè)谝患倚÷灭^住了下來(lái)。( = When night came on, we put

30、ourselves up in a small hotel. )All the guests seated, they began their dinner.所有的客人就坐后，他們才開始吃飯。( = When all the guests were seated, they began their dinner. )With everything she needed bought, Grace took a taxi home.所需要的都買好后，格雷斯打的回家了。( After everything she needed was bought, Grace took a taxi home.

31、 )2表示原因With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.有許多難題要解決，新當(dāng)選的總統(tǒng)日子不好過。( = As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. )There being no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.由

32、于在半夜沒有交通工具了， 他只好步行回家。(= As there was no means of transportation, he had to walk home at midnight.)3 表示條件Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.如果天氣允許的話，我們下星期將舉行每年一次的運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。( = If weather permits ， we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week. )All the work done, you ca

33、n have a rest.所有工作做好后，你可以休息。( =As long as all the work is done, you can have a rest. )Everything taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. 如果從各方面考慮， 你的計(jì)劃似乎更實(shí)際些。( = If everything is taken into consideration, the plan seems to be more practical. )提示：表示時(shí)間、原因、條件的獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)一般放在句首，并且不能保留連

34、詞。【誤】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class (being) over, the students left their classroom. 下課了，學(xué)生都離開了教室?！菊`】 The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】 The moon appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出來(lái)了，他們繼續(xù)趕路。4表示伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明The strange man was walking down the str

35、eet, with a stick in his hand.那個(gè)奇怪的男人在街上走著,手里拿著根手杖。( = The strange man was walking down the street, and he carried a stick in his hand. )The murderer was brought in, with his hands tied behind his back.殺人犯被帶了進(jìn)來(lái)，手被捆在背后。( =The murderer was brought in, and his hands were tied behind his back. )Two hund

36、red people died in the accident, many of them children.有兩百人在事故中喪生，其中許多是兒童。( Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children. )B 作定語(yǔ)獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ)，其功能相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. (with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ) ,修飾 the student) 他就是有許多問題要解決的那個(gè)人。= He is the person

37、who has a lot of questions to be settled.You can use a large plastic bottle with its top cut off. (with 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ) ,修飾 bottle)你可以使用一個(gè)頸被砍掉的大塑料瓶。= You can use a large plastic bottle whose top was cut off.He was walking along the road without any street lights on its both sides.他走在一條兩邊沒有路燈的馬路上。 (without

38、的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作定語(yǔ) ,修飾 the road )=He was walking along the road that didn 音弦 have any street lights on its both sides.提示：在這里我們討論了很多用連詞連接的兩個(gè)句子改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的情況。需要提示的是， 不是所有用連詞的地方都可以改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。If you stand on the top of the mountain ， the park looks more beautiful.如果你站在山頂上, 公園看上去更美。（不要改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）If you check your test pa

39、per carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.如果你仔細(xì)檢查試卷的話，有些錯(cuò)誤是可以避免的。（不要改為獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)）五 獨(dú)立主格【重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法規(guī)則】獨(dú)立主格的結(jié)構(gòu)：1 名詞（代詞） +分詞 /不定式。例如：The report having been read, a lively discussion began. 這個(gè)報(bào)告讀過之后，展開了激烈的討論。Our house painted white, we like it better. 我們的房子被漆成白色之后，我更喜歡他了。The plan was that the two parties should

40、 first reach an agreement on the basic principle, the detailsto be worked out later. 計(jì)劃是這樣制定的：兩黨在原則上達(dá)成一致之后，以后在制定 細(xì)節(jié)。2 with + 名詞（代詞） +分詞 /不定式。例如：With the tree growing tall, we get more shade. 隨著樹不斷地長(zhǎng)高，我們有了更多的樹陰。They sat in the room with the curtains drawn. 他們坐在房間里，窗簾拉著。4名詞（代詞）后除了分詞之外，還可以是形容詞、副詞、介詞短語(yǔ)等

41、，他們前面可視為省略了 being. 例如 :The children were watching the acrobatic show , their eyes （ being） wide open. 孩子們正在瞪大眼睛看特技表演。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是指在句子中不是謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞，主要包括不定式、 動(dòng)名詞和分詞（現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞），即動(dòng)詞的非謂語(yǔ)形式。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞除了不能獨(dú)立作謂語(yǔ)外，可以承擔(dān)句子的任何成分。定義及構(gòu)成1 .非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的相同點(diǎn)有：（1）如果是及物動(dòng)詞都可與賓語(yǔ)連用，例如：They built a garden.They suggested building a gar

42、den.（2）都可以被狀語(yǔ)修飾：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.（3）都有主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)，體”式（一般式；進(jìn)行式；完成式）的變化。例如：He was punished by his parents. （謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞 被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）He avoided being punished by his parents.（動(dòng)名詞的被動(dòng)式）We have written the composition.（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的完成時(shí)）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（現(xiàn)在分

43、詞的完成式）（4）都可以有邏輯主語(yǔ)They started the work at once.（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)）The boss ordered them to start the work.（動(dòng)詞不定式 的邏輯主語(yǔ)）We are League members.（謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的主語(yǔ)）We being League member, the work was well done.（現(xiàn)在分詞的邏輯主語(yǔ)）2、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的不同點(diǎn)有：（1）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有名詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和動(dòng)名詞），在句中做主語(yǔ)、 賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)。（2）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有形容詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)

44、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。（3）非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞可以有副詞作用（如動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語(yǔ)。（4）謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中作謂語(yǔ)，受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制；非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞在句中不 能單獨(dú)作謂語(yǔ)，它不受主語(yǔ)的人稱和數(shù)的限制。（5）英語(yǔ)中不能單獨(dú)做句子的謂語(yǔ)。編輯本段功能及用法（一）動(dòng)詞不定式：（to） +do ,具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特征 否定式：not + （to） do（1） 一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生或發(fā)生在 謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后例如：Im glad to meet you.He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit.He wants to be

45、 an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.(2)進(jìn)行式：不定式的進(jìn)行式所表示的動(dòng)作與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生，例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.(3)完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之前，例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.

46、He is pleased to have met his friend.2 .不定式的句法功能：(1 )作主語(yǔ)：To finish the work in ten minutesis very hard.To lose your heart means failure.動(dòng)詞不定式短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用 it作形式主語(yǔ)，真正的主語(yǔ)不定式置于句后，例 如上面兩句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.常用句式有： 1、It+be+ 名詞+to do。2、I

47、t takes sb.+some time+to do。3、I t+be+ 形容詞 +of sb +to do。 4、 It+be+ 形容詞 +for sb.+to do。常用 careless,clev er,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,等表示贊揚(yáng)或批評(píng)的形容詞，不定式前的sb.可作其邏輯主語(yǔ)。(2)作表語(yǔ)：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.(3)作賓語(yǔ)：常與不定式做賓語(yǔ)連用的動(dòng)詞有：want, hope, wis

48、h, offer, fail, plan, learn,pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer,如果不定式 (賓語(yǔ))后面有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則用 it作形式賓語(yǔ)，真正的賓語(yǔ)(不定式)后置，放在賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)后 面，例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.動(dòng)詞不定式也可充當(dāng)介詞賓語(yǔ)，如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.動(dòng)詞不定式前有

49、時(shí)可與疑問詞連用，如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.（ 4 ）作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：在復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)中，動(dòng)詞不定式可充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，如下動(dòng)詞常跟這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)： want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepar e, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外，介詞有時(shí)也與這種復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)連用，如：With a lot of work to do, he didnt go to the cinema

50、 有些動(dòng)詞如 make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have 等與不帶有to 的不定式連用，但改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，不定式要加to, 如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.（ 5 ）作定語(yǔ)：動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞后。與所修飾名詞有如下關(guān)系：動(dòng)賓關(guān)系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式為不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，所修飾的名詞如果是地點(diǎn)、工具等，應(yīng)有必要的介詞，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has n

51、othing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定式修飾time, place,way ，可以省略介詞：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者，不定式可用主動(dòng)式也可用被動(dòng)式：Have you got anythingto send?Have you got anythingto be sent?說(shuō)明所修飾名詞的內(nèi)容：We have made a plan to finish the work.被修飾名詞

52、是不定式邏輯主語(yǔ)：He is the first to get here.（ 6 ）作狀語(yǔ)：表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首時(shí)，邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子主語(yǔ)要一致：wrong ： To save money, every means has been tried.right ： To save money, he has tried every means.wrong ： To learn English well, a dictionary is

53、needed.right ： To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.表結(jié)果（往往是與預(yù)期愿望相反的結(jié)果） ：He arrived late only to find the train had gone.I visited him only to find him out.表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.表程度：Its too dark for us to see anything.The questionis simplefor him to answer.（ 7 ）作獨(dú)立成分：To tell

54、 you the truth, I dont like the way he talked.（ 8 ）不定式的省略：保留 to 省略do 動(dòng)詞。If you dont want to do it, you dont need to.（ 9 ）不定式的并列：第二個(gè)不定式可省略to 。He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.（二）動(dòng)名詞：動(dòng)名詞既具有動(dòng)詞的一些特征，又具有名詞的句法功能。1 動(dòng)名詞的形式： Ving否定式： not + 動(dòng)名詞（ 1 ）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼見為實(shí)。（ 2 ）被動(dòng)式：He came

55、 to the party without being invited 他未被邀請(qǐng)就來(lái)到了晚會(huì)。（ 3 ）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。（ 4 ）完成被動(dòng)式：old.He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years他忘記五歲時(shí)曾被帶到廣州去過。（ 5 ）否定式： not + 動(dòng)名詞I regret not following his advice. 我后悔沒聽他的勸告。（ 6 ）復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：物主代詞（或名詞所有格） + 動(dòng)名詞He suggeste

56、d our trying it once again. 他建議我們?cè)僭囈淮?。His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英語(yǔ)給他帶來(lái)許多麻煩。2 動(dòng)名詞的句法功能：（ 1 ）作主語(yǔ)：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)作主語(yǔ)時(shí)常用 it 作形式主語(yǔ)。Its no use quarrelling. 爭(zhēng)吵是沒用的。（ 2 ）作表語(yǔ)：In the ant city, the queens job is laying eggs.在螞蟻王國(guó)，蟻后的工作是產(chǎn)卵。（ 3 ）作賓語(yǔ)：They havent finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我們必須阻止空氣被污染。注意動(dòng)名詞既可作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)也可作介詞賓語(yǔ)，如上面兩個(gè)例句。此外，動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，若跟有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，則常用形式賓語(yǔ)it ，例如：We found i