托馬斯A普格爾_國際貿(mào)易_英語chap001

1、international trade lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.相互依存性你每天都在享用世界上許多素不相識的人向你提供的物品與勞務(wù)，而其中絕大多數(shù)人你根本不認識來自肯尼亞的咖啡來自中國的襯衫來自臺灣的移動電話來自俄亥俄州克里夫蘭的發(fā)膠Course Description: International TradeCourse Description : We live in a global economy. The purpose of this co

2、urse is to provide students with the tools of analysis to understand the issues about the international trade. It covers the basic principles of international trade theory and trade policy. We will begin by developing the theory of comparative advantage to explain why nations trade. The question of

3、who gains and who loses from international trade is addressed. As opening up an economy to international trade creates several macroeconomic issues, we also examine growth and trade. For the international policy, you will be required to learn the effects of tariffs, quotas, and other forms of protec

4、tionism. The issues of trade blocs such as NAFTA and the European community and competitiveness are also discussed. Some other hot issues nowadays such as trade and environment will be mentioned at the end of this course Objectives l gain factual knowledge about international trade l Develop a coher

5、ent framework for examining international trade policy questions l Equip students to respond intelligently to popular discussions of economic issues Grading: lProblem sets: 20% lDiscuss: 10% lMid exams: 20% lFinal exams: 50%What we learn from this course? Course outlineChapter 1: introduction of int

6、ernational trade Chapter 2: the basic theory using demand and supply Section oneChapter 3: why everybody tradeChapter 4: who gains and who loses from tradeChapter 5: alternative theories of tradeChapter 6: growth and tradeSection 2 :Chapter 7 analysis of tariff Chapter 8: non-tariff barriers to impo

7、rt Chapter 9: arguments for and against protection Chapter 10 pushing exports Chapter 11 trade blocs and trade blocks Chapter 12 trade and environment Chapter 13 trade policies for developing and transition countriesHow do we learn effectively?lPreparation and review are necessary and required ldo e

8、xercises lReading rich materials from different medias lKeep your eyes on the popular discussion on economics issues lEquip with your some basic knowledge such as micro-economics, game theory and IO theory Chapter 1: introduction of international tradePlease name some events that show the importance

9、 of current issues Form a group and discuss how it affect international tradeimports of automobile tiresimmigrationchina exchange rateglobal financial crisisHow the sub-prime lending crisis effect on the international tradeChinas huge trade surplus Inflation and energy crisis in the world the rise o

10、f international outsourcing the ongoing protests against low pay and poor working conditions in developing countries revaluation of the exchange rate value of the Chinese yuan lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.什么是消費者剩余？它與需求曲線有什么聯(lián)系？什么是生產(chǎn)者剩余？它與供給曲線有什么聯(lián)

11、系？市場能使資源達到合意的配置嗎？還是市場結(jié)果有改善的余地？12 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率13福利經(jīng)濟學資源配置涉及下述問題：l每種物品分別生產(chǎn)多少？l誰生產(chǎn)它們？l誰消費它們？福利經(jīng)濟學：福利經(jīng)濟學：研究資源配置如何影響經(jīng)濟福利的一門學問首先，我們來看看消費者的福利 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserv

12、ed.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率14支付意愿 一個買者對一種物品的支付意愿是他愿意為這種物品支付的最高量支付意愿衡量買者對于物品的評價例如：4個賣者對于一個iPod的支付意愿 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率15支付意愿與需求曲線問題問題: 如果iPod的價格為$200,，誰會買它？會買多少？A: Anthony 和Flea會買一個 iPod， Chad和John不會買因此, Qd = 2 當價格為P = $200時 lectured b

13、y Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率16支付意愿與需求曲線得出需求表4John, Chad, Anthony, Flea 0 1253Chad, Anthony, Flea126 1752Anthony, Flea176 2501Flea251 3000沒人$301及以上Qd誰會買P (iPod的價格) lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Rese

14、rved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率17支付意愿與需求曲線PQ lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率18梯形圖需求曲線看起來像一個梯形，有四個臺階-每一個臺階代表一個買者。PQ如果像在競爭市場那樣有許多買者那就會有很多小的臺階看起來就更像一條光滑的曲線 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率

15、19支付意愿與需求曲線在任意數(shù)量，需求曲線的高度代表邊界買者的支付意愿邊際買者：指如果價格再提高一點就首先離開市場的買者PQFlea的支付意愿Anthony的支付意愿Chad的支付意愿John的支付意愿 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率20消費者剩余消費者剩余：消費者剩余：買者愿意為一種物品支付的量減去買者愿意為一種物品支付的量減去其為此實際支付的量其為此實際支付的量消費者剩余 = 支付意愿 市場價格如果 P = $260Flea的消費

16、者剩余 = $300 260 = $40其他人沒有消費者剩余，因為他們不會在這個價格下購買iPod總消費者剩余 = $40 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率21消費者剩余與需求曲線PQFlea的支付意愿P = $260 Flea的消費者剩余 = $300 260 = $40總消費者剩余 =$40 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rig

17、hts Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率22消費者剩余與需求曲線PQFlea的消費者剩余Anthony的消費者剩余如果P = $220 Flea的消費者剩余 = $300 220 = $80Anthony的消費者剩余 =$250 220 = $30總消費者剩余 = $110 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率23消費者剩余與需求曲線PQ總結(jié)：總消費者剩余等于需求曲線以下和價格以上的面積 lectured by Deng Xiao

18、fang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率24PQ$許多消費者的剩余與一條光滑的需求曲線對鞋的需求D千雙每雙鞋的價格當 Q = 5(千雙), 邊際買者為每雙鞋的支付意愿是$50如果 P = $30. 他的消費者剩余 = $20. lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率25PQ許多消費者的剩余與一條光滑的需求曲線對鞋的需求D消費者剩余是買

19、者愿意為一種物品支付的量減去其為此實際支付的量 復習：三角形的面積 = x 底 x 高高 =$60 30 = $30. 所以 CS = x 15 x $30 = $225h$ lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率26PQ更高的價格如何減少消費者剩余D如果價格上升到$40, CS = x 10 x $20 = $100.消費者剩余減少的兩個原因：1. 一些買者離開市場2. 留在市場中的買者支付更高的價格 lectured by Deng Xi

20、aofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.27PQ需求曲線A. 找出邊際買者在Q = 10的支付意愿B.計算在 P = $30時的消費者剩余如果價格降到$20，消費者剩余會增加多少 C. 新進入市場的買者D.已進入市場的買者能以更低的價格購買$ lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.28P$Q需求曲線A.在 Q = 10, 邊際買者的支付意愿為 $30.B.CS = x 10 x

21、 $10 = $50價格降到 $20C. 新進入市場買者的消費者剩余 = x 10 x $10 = $50D. 已進入市場買者由于價格下降而增加的消費者剩余= 10 x $10 = $100 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率29成本與供給曲線一個賣者生產(chǎn)和出售物品或服務(wù)，除非價格高于他或她的成本 因此，成本衡量了出售意愿 成本成本：賣者為了生產(chǎn)一種物品而必須放棄的每種東西的價值（也是機會成本） 包括所有用于生產(chǎn)物品的資源的成本和賣者對于

22、他們自己時間的評價例如：三個提供除草服務(wù)賣者的成本 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率30成本與供給曲線3 35 及以上220 34110 190$0 9QsP根據(jù)成本數(shù)據(jù)畫出供給表： lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率31成本與供給曲線PQ lectured by Deng Xia

23、ofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率32成本與供給曲線PQ在每個數(shù)量，供給曲線的高度是邊際賣者的成本邊際賣者邊際賣者：如果價格再低一點就首先離開市場的賣者Chrissy的成本Janet的成本Jack的成本 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率33生產(chǎn)者剩余PQ生產(chǎn)者剩余生產(chǎn)者剩余 (PS)：賣者出售一種物品得到的量減去其生產(chǎn)成

24、本PS = 價格 成本 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率34生產(chǎn)者剩余與供給曲線PQPS = 價格價格 成本如果 P = $25.Jack的 PS = $15Janet的PS = $5Chrissy的PS = $0總生產(chǎn)者剩余 = $20Janet的成本Jack的成本總生產(chǎn)者剩余等于價格以下和供給曲線以上的面積Chrissy的成本 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Compan

25、ies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率35PQ許多賣者的生產(chǎn)者剩余與光滑的供給曲線鞋的供給S千雙每雙鞋的價格如果 P = $40在Q = 15(千雙), 邊際賣者的成本是$30，她的生產(chǎn)者剩余為$10 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率36PQ許多賣者的生產(chǎn)者剩余與光滑的供給曲線鞋的供給S生產(chǎn)者剩余是價格以下和供給曲線以上的面積這個三角形的高度= $40 15 = $25.因此, PS =

26、x b x h = x 25 x $25 = $312.50h lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率37PQ更低的價格如何減少生產(chǎn)者剩余如果價格降到$30,PS = x 15 x $15 = $112.50生產(chǎn)者剩余減少的原因兩個原因：S1. 賣者離開市場減少的生產(chǎn)者剩余2. 仍留在市場的賣者只能得到更低的價格所引起生產(chǎn)者剩余的減少 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Compani

27、es, Inc., All Rights Reserved.PQ供給曲線A. 找出邊際賣者在Q = 10時的成本B. 計算P = $20時的總生產(chǎn)者剩余如果價格上升到$30，計算下列情況下的生產(chǎn)者剩余：C. 多售出5個單位物品所增加的生產(chǎn)者剩余D. 最初10個單位物品在更高價格下增加的生產(chǎn)者剩余38 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.PQ供給曲線A. 在Q = 10時,邊際成本 = $20 B.PS = x 10 x $20 = $100價格上升到 $30C.多

28、售出5個單位所增加的PS = x 5 x $10= $25D. 最初10個單位所增加的生產(chǎn)者剩余= 10 x $10 = $10039 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率40消費者剩余、生產(chǎn)者剩余與總剩余CS = (買者的評價) (買者支付的量)= 買者參與市場得到的收益PS = (賣者得到的量) (賣者的成本)= 賣者參與市場得到的收益總剩余總剩余 = CS + PS= 參與市場貿(mào)易得到的總收益= (買者的評價) (賣者的成本) lec

29、tured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率41資源的市場配置市場經(jīng)濟中，資源的配置是由許多分散自利的買者與賣者相互作用決定的市場對資源的配置是合意的嗎？還存在另一個不同的配置方法能使社會更好嗎？ 為回答這個問題，我們使用總剩余作為衡量社會福利的指標，我們也考慮市場配置是否有效率 （盡管這里我們主要關(guān)注效率 ，但政策制定者同樣關(guān)注公平） lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, I

30、nc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率42效率如果資源配置使總剩余最大化，那我們可以說，這種配置表現(xiàn)出效率。效率意味著：l物品是由對這種物品評價最高的買者消費l物品是由生產(chǎn)這種物品成本最低的賣者生產(chǎn)l增加或減少這種物品的數(shù)量并不會事總剩余增加= (買者的評價) (賣者的成本) 總剩余 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率43市場均衡的評價市場均衡： P = $30 Q = 15,000總剩余 = CS + PS市場均衡有效率的?PQSDCSPS lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.消費者、生產(chǎn)者與市場效率44誰會消費物品？PQSD支付意愿 $30的買者會購買 支付意愿 $30的賣者不會生產(chǎn)物品 因此,具有最低生產(chǎn)物品成本的賣者會生產(chǎn)物品 lectured by Deng Xiaofang 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., A