初中英語(yǔ)詞性分類用法變化(共8頁(yè))

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上教學(xué)標(biāo)題重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法鞏固教學(xué)目標(biāo)掌握和運(yùn)用重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法知識(shí)教學(xué)重難點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法以及實(shí)踐練習(xí)題一、詞性的分類1.名詞 noun     n. student學(xué)生boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2.代詞 pronoun pron. you 你who, she, it3.形容詞 adjective adj. happy 高興的good, right, white, orange4.副詞 adverb adv. quickly迅速地very, often, quietly, slowly5.動(dòng)詞 verb

2、 v. cut 砍、割am, is, are, have, see6.數(shù)詞 numeral num. one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth7.冠詞 article art. a 一個(gè)an, the8.介詞 preposition prep. at 在. in, on, from, above, behind.9.連詞 conjunction conj. and 和but, before .二、名詞可數(shù)名詞是可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞,如： box, child, orange；不可數(shù)名詞是不可以用簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)詞進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)的名詞。如：water

3、, news, oil, population, information .1、英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)：英語(yǔ)可數(shù)名詞有單數(shù)和復(fù)數(shù)兩種形式。1）名詞由單數(shù)變復(fù)數(shù)的基本方法如下：在單數(shù)名詞詞尾加s。如：map maps, boy boys, horse horses, table tables.s,o,x ,sh,ch結(jié)尾的詞加es.如：classclasses, boxboxes, heroheroes, dishdishes, benchbenches.注：少數(shù)以o結(jié)尾的詞,變復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)只加s。如：photophotos, pianopianos.以輔音字母加y結(jié)尾的名詞,變y為i,再加es。如：f

4、amilyfamilies, citycities, partyparties.以f或fe結(jié)尾的名詞,變f或fe為v,再加es。如：shelfshelves, wolfwolves, lifelives, knifeknives.2）不規(guī)則變化：manmen, womanwomen, sheepsheep,toothteeth, fishfish, childchildren, oxoxen, goosegeese不可數(shù)名詞一般沒(méi)有復(fù)數(shù)形式,說(shuō)明其數(shù)量時(shí),要用有關(guān)計(jì)量名詞。如：a bag of ricetwo bags of rice, a piece of paperthree pieces

5、 of paper, a bottle of milkfive bottles of milk. 2、 名詞所有格：1） 名詞所有格表示所屬關(guān)系,相當(dāng)于物主代詞,在句中作定語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)或主語(yǔ)。 2）(1)表示人或其它有生命的東西的名詞常在詞尾加s。如：Childerns Day(兒童節(jié)), my sisters book(我姐姐的書(shū)) (2)以s或es結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只在詞尾加。如：Teachers Day(教師節(jié)) (3)有些表示時(shí)間、距離以及世界、國(guó)家、城鎮(zhèn)等無(wú)生命的名詞,也可在詞尾加s. todays newspaper(今天的報(bào)紙), ten minutes break(十分鐘的課間休息)

6、,Chinas population(中國(guó)的人口). (4)無(wú)論表示有生命還是無(wú)生命的東西的名詞,一般均可用介詞of短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示所有關(guān)系。a fine daughter of the Party(黨的好女兒).3） s還可以表示某人的家或者某個(gè)店鋪,如：my aunts(我阿姨家), the doctors(診所) 兩人共有某物時(shí),可以采用 A and Bs 的形式,如：Lucy and Lilys bedroom(露西和麗麗合住的臥室) “of+名詞所有格/名詞性物主代詞”,稱為雙重所有格,如：a friend of my fathers(我父親的一位朋友), a friend of mine

7、(我的一位朋友)即時(shí)訓(xùn)練寫(xiě)出下列名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式：box _ wife _ child_ city_ dress _Englishman _match _ Chinese _ zoo _ exam_ German _1. The commander said that two_ would be sent to the Iraqi front the next day. A. womens doctor B. women doctors C. womens doctors D. women doctor2. “Look! The police _ here to keep order! Go a

8、way quickly,” he shouted.A. is coming B. comes C. are coming D. has come3. She could not speak English, but made her wishes known by means of _.A. signs B. sighs C. movements D. words4. In my opinion, what he told us just now about the affair simply doesnt make any _. A. idea B. meaning C. sense D.

9、point5. Shelly had prepared carefully for her English examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _.A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire6. _ food is kept in his new cave, but at last Saddam was still arrested.A. Large quantities of B. A great deal of C. A large number of

10、 D. Quite a few7. Lets try operating the machine right now.Wait. Better read the _first.A. instructions B. explanations C. information D. introduction8.The rest of the magazines_ within half an hour.A. is sold out B. was sold out C. were sold out D. are sold out9. Youd have more _of catching the tra

11、in if you took a bus to the station instead of walking.A. opportunity B. chance C. time D. energy10.The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses_ much if people leave things_ they are.A. doesnt change; as B. arent changed; like C. dont change; like D. dont change; as11. I knew I shouldnt accept

12、 anything from such a person, but I found it difficult to turn down his _.A. offer B. suggestion C. request D. plan12._it is to gather with President Bush at such a special Thanksgiving Day in Iraq!A. what a fun B. what fun C. how fun D. what joy13. Oh., John_ you gave us!A. How a great surprise B.

13、how pleasant surpriseC. what a pleasant surprise D. what pleasant surprise14 He is_ as a leader but he hasnt_ in teaching.A. success; many experiences B. a success; much experienceC. great success; an experience D. a great success; a lot of experiences15 Who did you spend last weekend with?_. A. Pal

14、mers B. The Palmers C. The Palmers D. The Palmers三、冠詞 不定冠詞a / an 用在單數(shù)名詞的前面,a用在輔音開(kāi)頭的詞前面; an用在元音開(kāi)頭的詞的前面。(1) 表示某一個(gè)人或東西,但不具體說(shuō)明何人或何物。如：There is a dog lying on the ground.(有一只狗躺在地上。)(2) 表示某類人或事物,以區(qū)別于其他種類。如：A elephant is much stronger than a man.(大象比人強(qiáng)壯多了。)(不能譯為：一頭大象比一個(gè)人強(qiáng)壯。)(2) 表示某類人或事物中的任何一個(gè)。如：He is a tea

15、cher of English.(他是英語(yǔ)教師。)(4) 表示“一”這個(gè)數(shù)量。如：There is a table and four chairs in that dining-room.(在那個(gè)餐廳里有一張桌子和四把椅子。)(5) 幾個(gè)用不定冠詞的習(xí)語(yǔ)：a bit(一點(diǎn)), a little(一點(diǎn)), a few(幾個(gè)), a lot (許多), a kind of(一種), a pair of(一副、一雙), a number of(大量的), a piece of (一張、一片), half an hour(半小時(shí)), have a good time(玩得開(kāi)心), have a col

16、d(感冒), make a noise(發(fā)出嘈雜聲), have/take a (rest等)(休息)一會(huì)兒,等等。 定冠詞the 定冠詞the用在可數(shù)名詞的單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)或不可數(shù)的名詞前面。(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower in his hand is Jack.(手上拿著一朵花的男人是杰克)(2) 指談話雙方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(莉莉,請(qǐng)看黑板。)(3) 復(fù)述前面提到過(guò)的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.

17、(樹(shù)下有個(gè)人, 那個(gè)人叫羅伯特。)(4) 表示世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。如：The earth turns around the sun.(地球繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。)(5) 用在表示方位的名詞前面。如：There will be strong wind to the south of the Yangtze River.(長(zhǎng)江以南地 區(qū)將會(huì)刮大風(fēng)。)(6) 在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)的前面。如：Who is the first one to go?(誰(shuí)第一個(gè)去？) / Of all the stars, the sun is the nearest to the earth.(在所有的恒星之中太陽(yáng)離地球最近)

18、(7) 常用在樂(lè)器名稱的前面。如：He began to play the violin at the age of 5.(五歲時(shí)他開(kāi)始拉小提琴)(8) 用在江河、海洋、山脈等名稱的前面。如：I have never been to the Himalaya Mountains.(我從來(lái)沒(méi)有去過(guò)喜馬拉雅山)(9) 用在含有普通名詞的專有名詞的前面。如：He is from the United States of America.(他來(lái)自美利堅(jiān)合眾國(guó))(10)用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens are going to Mount Emei next month.(下個(gè)月格林一家

19、要去峨眉山)(11)same之前一般用the。如：Lucy and Lily look the same.(露西和莉莉看上去長(zhǎng)得一樣)(12)幾個(gè)用定冠詞的習(xí)語(yǔ)：at the same time (與此同時(shí)),make the bed(鋪床),in the end(最后),all the time(一直),by the way(順便說(shuō)一下),on the way(在路上)等等。 一些不用冠詞的情況：(1) 專有名詞和(第一次使用)一些不可數(shù)名詞時(shí)前面通常不用。如：China is a very large country.(中國(guó)是個(gè)大國(guó)) / Man needs air and water.(

20、人類需要空氣和水) (2) 名詞前已有指示、物主或不定代詞作定語(yǔ)時(shí)不用。如：My pen is much more expensive than yours.(我的鋼筆比你的昂貴多了)(3) 周名,月名或季節(jié)名前一般不用。如：He was born on Monday, February 18,1995.(他出生在1995年二月十八日,星期一) / They usually plant trees on the hills in spring.(春天他們通常在山上植樹(shù))(4) (第一次使用)復(fù)數(shù)名詞表示人或事物的類別時(shí)不用。如：Men are cleverer than monkeys.(人比

21、猴子聰明)(5) 三餐飯前不用。如：We have breakfast at home and lunch at school.(我們?cè)诩页栽顼?在校吃午飯)(6) 節(jié)、假日前一般不用。如：On Childrens Day the boys often get presents from their parents.(在兒童節(jié),這些男孩經(jīng)常得到父母的禮物)(7) 球類名詞前不用。如：The children play football on Saturday afternoons.(孩子們星期六下午踢足球)(8) 一些習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中不用。如：at school； in / after class;

22、；in bed； at / from home；at / for / to breakfast/lunch； at night/noon/midnight；on foot;；go to school/bed；in hospital；on time; at first/last/once； in Chinese/English, etc.; 四、數(shù)詞 1、基數(shù)詞：表示數(shù)目的詞叫基數(shù)詞。123456789101112onetwothreefourfivesixseveneightnineteneleventwelve13141516171819thirteenfourteenfifteensixt

23、eenseventeeneighteennineteen2030405060708090100twentythirtyfortyfiftysixtyseventyeightyninetyone(a) hundred2335101twenty-threethirty-fiveone hundred and one1000one(a) thousand, one million, 108one hundred and eight, 146one hundred and forty-six, 500five hundred , 1001one thousand and one, 1813one th

24、ousand eight hundred and thirteen. 2、序數(shù)詞：表示順序的數(shù)詞叫序數(shù)詞。1） 英語(yǔ)的序數(shù)詞基本變法： (1) 一般在基數(shù)詞后加th, (2)-ve結(jié)尾的改為-fth (3)-ty結(jié)尾的改為-tieth, (4)熟記特殊詞。1st2nd3rd4th5th6th7th8th9th10th11th12thfirstsecondthirdfourthfifthsixthseventheighthninthtentheleventhtwelfth13th14th15th16th17th18th19ththirteenthfourteenthfifteenthsixtee

25、nthseventeentheighteenthnineteenth21st22nd23rd35th101sttwenty-firsttwenty-secondtwenty-thirdthirty-fifthone hundred and first1000thone thousandth, th one millionth., 第703the seven hundred and third, 第5480the five thousand four hundred and eightieth.2） (1)兩位以上的序數(shù)詞僅個(gè)位數(shù)部分用序數(shù)詞,其余部分仍用基數(shù)詞。如：thirty-sixth,

26、(2) 使用序數(shù)詞時(shí)一般加定冠詞the. 如：Im in the third grade.(3) 序數(shù)詞作“幾分之幾”講時(shí),有復(fù)數(shù)形式。如：1/5one fifth ; 2/3 two thirds ; 4/7 four sevenths ; 1/2 a half ; 1/4a quarter ; 3/4 three quarters ;50% fifty hundredths ( fifty per cent).4、數(shù)詞的用法：1、表示年份：2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.2、表示日期： 12月1日: D

27、ec.1st或the first of December；2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.3、表示時(shí)刻： 5：15 five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8：30 eight thirty或half past eight ; 10：45 ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.4、表示編號(hào)：Room 105Room one 0 five; Bus No.13Bus Number Thirteen; P.5Page Five; Tel.No.Telephone Number seven-six-five-eigh

28、t-six-five-nine5、小數(shù)的讀法：5.7 five point seven, 0.16 zero point one six.6、“半”的表達(dá)： 1/2half, 半小時(shí)half an hour, 1.5小時(shí)one and a half hours或one hour and a half. 7、序數(shù)詞前面加the時(shí),表示順序,加a/an時(shí)表示“再一、又一”。如：The third lesson is rather difficult.(第三課相當(dāng)難)/ Shall we read the text a third time?(我們把課文讀第三遍,好嗎？)五、形容詞、 副詞的原級(jí)、比

29、較級(jí)和最高級(jí)1、規(guī)則變化: (1)單音節(jié)和部分雙音節(jié)形容詞和副詞,在原級(jí)的后面加上er,est構(gòu)成比較級(jí)和最高級(jí)。a)直接加er,est ：b)以重讀閉音節(jié)結(jié)尾的,要雙寫(xiě)最后一個(gè)輔音字母,后加er,est：c)以輔音字母+y結(jié)尾的,先把y改為i再加上er,est： (2)兩個(gè)音節(jié)或兩個(gè)以上的音節(jié)的,在原級(jí)前加more / most.2、不規(guī)則變化:原級(jí)比較級(jí)最高級(jí)good好的better更好的best最好的well好；(身體)好的,bad,badly糟糕的,糟糕地worse更糟糕的,更糟糕地；(身體)更不舒服的worst最糟糕的,最糟糕地；(身體)最不舒服的ill(身體)不舒服的many許多的

30、(可數(shù))more更多的；更most最多的；最much許多的(不可數(shù))；非常little少的less更少的least最少的far遠(yuǎn)的；遠(yuǎn)地farther更遠(yuǎn)的；更遠(yuǎn)地farthest最遠(yuǎn)的；最遠(yuǎn)地further進(jìn)一步的(地)furthest最深刻的(地) 3、關(guān)于比較等級(jí)的重要注釋：1）“比較級(jí)+and+比較級(jí)”表示“越來(lái)越”。如：The weather is getting warmer and warmer.(天越來(lái)越溫暖了)2）“the+比較級(jí),the+比較級(jí)”表示“越就越”。如：The more trees we plant,the better it will be.(我們?cè)缘臉?shù)越多,

31、情況就會(huì)越好)/ The harder you try,the greater your progress is.(你越是努力,進(jìn)步就越大)3）6、“one of the +最高級(jí)+名詞(復(fù)數(shù))”整個(gè)短語(yǔ)為單數(shù)含義,謂語(yǔ)要用單數(shù)形式。如：One of the oldest houses has been burnt in a fire.(最古老的一幢房子在一場(chǎng)大火中被燒毀了)六、介詞1、介詞的主要用法：介詞是一種虛詞,不能獨(dú)立使用。介詞之后一般有名詞或代詞(賓格)或相當(dāng)于名詞的其他詞類、短語(yǔ)或從句作它的賓語(yǔ),即構(gòu)成介詞短語(yǔ)。有些介詞是由兩個(gè)以上的詞構(gòu)成的短語(yǔ)介詞,如：out of(從中出來(lái)),

32、 because of(因?yàn)?, away from(距離), on top of(在頂上), ever since(自從), next to(在隔壁), according to(根據(jù)), in front of(在前方)等。2、介詞的分類表： (見(jiàn)下表) 地點(diǎn)(位置、范圍)介詞：above在前, about在附近, across在對(duì)面, after在后面, against倚著., along在近旁, among在中間, around在周?chē)? round在.周?chē)? at在處, before在.前, behind在.后, below低于., beside在.旁邊, between在.之間, b

33、y在.旁, down在.下面, from來(lái)自., in在.里面, inside在.里面, near靠近., of在.之中, on在.上面, out of在.之外, outside在.外面, over在.上方, under在.下方, up在.上面, on top of在.頂部, in front of在.前, close to靠近., in the middle of在.的中間, at the end of在.的末端,等等。 方向(目標(biāo)趨向)介詞：across橫越., against對(duì)抗., along沿著., around繞著., round環(huán)繞., at朝著., behind向后面, etw

34、eenand從到.,by路過(guò)/通過(guò)., down向下, for向., from從/離., in進(jìn)入., into進(jìn)入., inside到.里面, near接近., off脫離/除., on向.上, out of向.外, outside向.外, over跨過(guò)., past經(jīng)過(guò)/超過(guò)., through穿過(guò)., to向/朝., towards朝著., on to到.上面, onto到.上面, up向.上, away from遠(yuǎn)離. 時(shí)間介詞：about大約., after在以后, at在 (時(shí)刻), before在以前, by到為止, during在期間, for有(之久), from從(時(shí))起,

35、 in在(上/下午);在(多久)以后, on在(某日), past過(guò)了(時(shí)), since自從(至今), through 貫穿(期間), till直到時(shí), until直到時(shí), to到(下一時(shí)刻), ever since從那時(shí)起至今,at the beginning of在.開(kāi)始時(shí) ,at the end of在.末 , in the middle of在.當(dāng)中 ,at the time of在.時(shí) 方式介詞：as作為/當(dāng)作., by用/由/乘坐/被., in用(語(yǔ)言), like與一樣, on騎(車(chē))/徒(步),通過(guò)(收音機(jī)/電視機(jī)), over通過(guò)(收音機(jī)), through通過(guò)., with用(材料),用(手/腳/耳/眼), wit