定語(yǔ)從句 (2)

1、用一個(gè)句子來修飾名詞，這種句子叫做形容詞性從句，它起修飾名詞的作用，又被叫做定語(yǔ)從句(The attributive clause)。但有一點(diǎn)不同的是這個(gè)從句不是像形容詞那樣放于名詞前，而是放在名詞之后。它所修飾的名詞又被叫作先行詞，如： Do you know the scientist who gave us the talk this afternoon? 這句中的主句是 Do you know the scientist? (你知道那位科學(xué)家嗎?)而 who gave us the talk this afternoon (他今天下午給我們作的報(bào)告。)是定語(yǔ)從句。所以這兩句話合為一體即

2、是：你認(rèn)識(shí)今天下午給我們作報(bào)告的那位科學(xué)家嗎?這里 scientist 叫作先行詞，而 who 叫作定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞。 who 在定語(yǔ)從句中起主語(yǔ)的作用，  who 的數(shù)與它的先行詞相同。又如： You must do everything that I do 這里先行詞是 everything， 而 that I do 是定語(yǔ)從句，此句應(yīng)譯為：你必須作我所作的一切。 that 叫作定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞，在句中作 do 的賓語(yǔ)。引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞有關(guān)系代詞： that， which， who， whom， whose 和關(guān)系副詞 when ， where， why， how。不論關(guān)系代

3、詞還是關(guān)系副詞，都應(yīng)放于先行詞和定語(yǔ)從句之間，起聯(lián)系作用，但它們都要在定語(yǔ)從句中起語(yǔ)法作用，充當(dāng)一個(gè)成份。如關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中不是作主語(yǔ)便是作賓語(yǔ)，而關(guān)系副詞則是作狀語(yǔ)。我們先來看關(guān)系代詞的用法。that 的先行詞可以是人也可以是物。如： A plane is a machine that can fly 這里先行詞是 machine 而 that 是關(guān) 系代詞，在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。這句譯為：飛機(jī)是一種會(huì)飛的機(jī)器。又如： I like the book (th at) you lent me yesterday 這里先行詞是 book， 關(guān)系代詞用 that， 它在定語(yǔ)從句中作 lend (

4、借)的賓語(yǔ)。要注意的是關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略，即： I like the book you lent me yesterdaywhich 關(guān)系代詞的先行詞只能是物。它在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)，如： The book shop is a shop which sells books 這里 shop 是先行詞， which 在從句中作主語(yǔ)。又如： The book (which) I read last night was wonderful 這里主句是 The book was wonderful 而定語(yǔ)從句是修飾主句的主語(yǔ) book， 即我昨晚讀的那本書，which 在定語(yǔ)從句中

5、作 read 的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略。who， whom， whose who 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)， whom 是 who 的賓格，在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ)，而 whose 則是形容詞性物主代詞，在從句中作定語(yǔ)，如：The man who visited our school yesterday is an American friend 昨天參觀我們學(xué)校的人是一位美國(guó)朋友。 Who 在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ)。又如： Who's that woman (whom) you just talked to ? 你剛才與之談話的那個(gè)女人是誰(shuí)?而 whom 作定語(yǔ)從句中介詞 to 的賓語(yǔ)，可以省略，而在現(xiàn)代英語(yǔ)

6、中，句首的 whom 也常?？捎?who代替。This is our classmate， Mary， whose home is not far from our school 這是我們的同學(xué)瑪麗，她的家離我們學(xué)校不遠(yuǎn)。為了便于理解，我們來看看是如何將兩句話并為一句話的。 I saw the man. He closed the doorI saw the man who (that) closed the door2 The girl is happy She won the raceThe girl who won the race is happy3 The students are

7、from China They sit in the front rowThe students who sit in the front row are from China(要注意的是先行詞是 students 則 who 的數(shù)也應(yīng)看作復(fù)數(shù)。)4 We are studying sentences They contain adjective dauseWe are studying sentences that (which) contain adjective dause 5 The taxi driver was friendly He took me to the airportT

8、he taxi driver who took me to the airport was friendly 6 The book was good I read itThe book that I read was goodThe book I read was good 7 The people were very nice We visited them yesterdayTh e people we visited yesterday were very nice8 The man called the police His wallet was stolenThe man whose

9、 wallet was stolen called the police9 I come from a country Its history goes back thousands of yearsI come from a country whose history goes back thousands of years10 I have to call the man I picked up his umbrella after the meetingI have to call the man whose umbrella I picked up after the meeting關(guān)

10、系代詞 whom， which 在定語(yǔ)從句中作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以和介詞一起放于先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句 之間，有時(shí)為了關(guān)系緊湊也可以將 whom 與 which 與先行詞緊挨著書寫，而將介詞置于定語(yǔ)從句的后面，如：That was the room in which we h ad lived for ten years 或可以寫作：That was the room which we had lived in for ten yearsHe was the man whom(who) you were looking for 要注意的是此句的關(guān)系代詞 whom 可以用主格取代，而 look for 是

11、短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞也不可將 for 放于定語(yǔ)從句之前。that 作關(guān)系代詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能緊跟介詞，而只能將介詞置于定語(yǔ)從句的后面。如： The man that we were talking about has come to our school 這時(shí)不可用 about that 請(qǐng)看下面例句：1 The meeting was interesting I went to itThe meeting that I went to was interesting 2 The man was very kind I talked to him yesterdayThe man who I talke

12、d to yesterday was very kind3 I must thank the people I got a present from himI must thank the people who I got a present from4 The picture was beautiful She was looking at itThe picture that (which) she was looking at was beautiful5 The man is standing over there I told you about himThe man who I t

13、old you about is standing over there除關(guān)系代詞外，還有關(guān)系副詞， when， where， why， 其中 when用來指時(shí)間，在定語(yǔ)從句中作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)。如： I never  forget the day when I first came to the Great Wall 而 where 則指地點(diǎn)，如： This is the house where the old man lives 請(qǐng)看下面例句：1 The city was beautiful We spent our vacation thereThe city where we spe

14、nt our vacation was beautiful2 That is the restaurant I will meet you thereThat is the restaurant where I will meet you3 The town is small I grew up thereThe town where I grew up is small4 That is the drawer I keep  my newpapers thereThat is the drawer where I keep my newspapers5 Monday is the

15、day We will come thenMonday is the day When we will came6 is the time My plane arrives then is the time when my plane arrives7 is the year The revolution took place then is the year when the revolution took place8 July is the month The weather is usually the hottest thenJuly is the month when the we

16、ather is usually the hottest 在定語(yǔ)從句中又可分為兩大類定語(yǔ)從句，即限制性定語(yǔ)從句和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞在意義上不可缺少的定語(yǔ)，如果去掉的話，主句的意思就不完整，意義就表述不明。這種句型一般定語(yǔ)從句緊接先行詞，如：I was the only person in my office who was invited非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。它與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，只是對(duì)其附加說明，也就是講即便去掉定語(yǔ)從句，句意也不受影響，仍然清晰明了。這樣的定語(yǔ)從句要在它和主句之間加一逗號(hào)分開。且關(guān)系代詞不引導(dǎo)這種非限制性定語(yǔ)從句，如： Abraham Lincoln，

17、 who led the United States through these years， was shot on April ， at a theatre in washington 又如：Galileo lived in the city of Pisa， where there is a leaning tower about 180 feet high（二） 正誤辨析 誤 I won't tell you the name of the person who teach me English 正 I won't tell you the name of the pe

18、rson who teaches me English 析 在定語(yǔ)從句中，關(guān)系代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，從它本身看不出其數(shù)的形式，這時(shí)要由它的先行詞決定。這里who 應(yīng)由 the person 單數(shù)決定，應(yīng)該用單數(shù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞。又如：I who am a student want to find a spare time job這里的 who 應(yīng)與 I 是一致的，所以其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞應(yīng)該用am。誤 We talked about the things and the people who we met during the Second World War 正 We t alked about the things

19、 and the people that we met during the Second World War 析 這里的關(guān)系代詞不要用 who， 因?yàn)槠湎刃性~有兩個(gè)一個(gè)是 things (物)，而另一個(gè)是people (人)，這時(shí)既不可用 who， 又不可用 which， 因前者只能用于先行詞是人的情況下，而后者則用于先行詞是物的情況下，所以只能用 that， 因?yàn)樗南刃性~既可以是人又可以是物。誤 The book， that I bought yesterday， was very good正 The book， which I bought yesterday， was very go

20、od 析 先行詞與定語(yǔ)從句被逗號(hào)分割開來時(shí)，即作為非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中 which， when， who， whom， where， when， whose 等都可以和限制性定語(yǔ)從句中的作用一樣，而獨(dú)有 that 不易用于非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。誤 The dictionary which I lent it yesterday is a very useful tool 正 The dictio nary which I lent yesterday is a very useful tool 析 關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中是要起語(yǔ)法作用的，它不是作主語(yǔ)就是作賓語(yǔ)。雖然在作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)它的位

21、置由原來的賓語(yǔ)位置移到了句首，但它的作用依然存在，而且在原賓語(yǔ)位置上不能再出現(xiàn)賓語(yǔ)。誤 The teacher I want to learn English from is the one which comes from America正 The teacher I want to learn English from is the one who comes from America 析 the one， anyone， those 作代詞并且是指某人、物時(shí)，其關(guān)系代詞不能用 which 應(yīng)用 who。誤 This is the room in that the old man

22、 lives 正 This is the room in which the old man lives 正 This is the room which the old man li ves in 正 This is the room that the old man lives in 析 that 不能緊跟在介詞后作介詞賓語(yǔ)，但如果介詞不前置仍放于句尾，則可用 that 作引導(dǎo)詞，而且可以省略。如： This is the room the old man lives in誤 I can do everything which is good for you 正 I can do everything that is good for you 析 在先行詞是 all， much， little， something