英語詞匯學(xué)串講（上中下)

1、英語詞匯學(xué)串講<上> 第一講：1.考試題形式分為：.選擇題(30分)：完全是考書中的例子，理論與例子的結(jié)合,也就是 Theory和 Example 的結(jié)合。.填空（10分）：考特例,不是考簡單的ExamplesTheory而是考Exceptions .（10分） 考試內(nèi)容：.Types of meaning changes: 詞意變化的種類.Types of meaning : 詞義的種類，如：概念意義，聯(lián)想意義，情感意義等。.Languages branches :語系與語族, 語系如：印歐語系；語族如：一個大的語系下分為那幾個小的語族，如：日爾曼語族，斯堪的納維亞語族等。. F

2、eathers of idioms: 習(xí)語的特點.(10分) 考試內(nèi)容：.Types of Bound Morphemes: 粘著詞素的種類.Types of Word Formations: 構(gòu)詞法的種類.Types of Meaning: 詞義的種類.Types of Meaning of Idioms:習(xí)語涵義的種類. 名詞解釋 (10分)：. 簡答題 (12分)：.比較題：兩種理論/概念之間的區(qū)別就叫比較題，比如說概念意義與聯(lián)想意義有何區(qū)別，粘著詞素與派生詞根有何區(qū)別，兩種事物與兩種理論之間的區(qū)別等。.名詞解釋擴展題：難的名詞解釋派生的簡答題， 如:Affected Meaning 名

3、詞解釋起來太長了，放在簡答題里，就成為： What is Affected Meaning, briefly exemplify it.Optional: 可考可不考的題，往往是給出名詞讓你舉例子.分析題(18分)：給出例子，讓你用理論加以分析。二. 串講內(nèi)容：Introduction 部分：Lexicology 這門課算哪一種學(xué)科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology和那些重要的學(xué)科建立了聯(lián)系:1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicogra

4、phy研究lexicology 的兩大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 歷時語言學(xué)2) Synchronic approach : 共時語言學(xué)e.g. wife 縱觀歷時語言學(xué)的方法論，woman 詞義的變化算是詞義變化的哪一種模式？Woman 的詞義的變化算Narrowing or specialization 第一章部分：What is word ?詞具有哪些特點？詞的特點也就是對詞的名詞解釋。1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a u

5、nit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence. 以上詞的四個特點也就是詞的名詞解釋詞的分類（classification of a word） 詞根據(jù)發(fā)音可以分為哪兩種詞？或者說詞根據(jù)拼寫可以分為哪兩類詞？1) simple words 2) complex words 單音節(jié)詞例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音節(jié)詞例子： e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次劃分為manage 和 -ment misfortune

6、 可以次劃分為mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次劃分為black 和 mail What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by diff

7、erent sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English 3)Wit

8、h the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two. What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a sep

9、arate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart. 3) A third reason is that s

10、ome of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要記住以上四句話中的關(guān)鍵詞： 1) influenced by Romans 2) Pronunciation changed 3) early scribes4) borrowing 你能不能舉出外來語對英語發(fā)音,拼寫造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fies

11、ta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外來語對英語造成的最大的影響就是sound and form 不一致。What is vocabulary?Vocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.Vocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book,

12、a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. Classification of Words (本課的一個重點, 年年考試都考)What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?Three criteria : 1) By use of frequency2) By notion 3) By origin By use of frequency 可劃分為：1) The basic word stock2) N

13、onbasic word vocabularyBy notion 可劃分為：1) Content word2) Functional word Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的別稱)Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functional words 的別稱)Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stab

14、ilityAccording to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* (年年考試必考) the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polysemy 5) Collocability 要把握住All national charac

15、ter的詞,就是和我們?nèi)粘Ｉ钕⑾⑾嚓P(guān)的，最普通的詞穩(wěn)定性是基本詞的一個很大特點，請你舉例說明？e.g. man, woman , fire, water e.g. machine, video, telephone e.g. bow, chariot , knight Stability is relative, not absolute.根據(jù)詞的use frequency 劃分出的基本詞之外，還有一類詞叫作None basic vocabulary, 非基本詞有幾大特點？或者是幾大分類？1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 2) Jargon e.g. B

16、ottom line ( Jargon ) 3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 4) Argot e.g. persuader 5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) beaver 是girl 的slang 表達方式，但是二者之間存在著Stylistic differenceWhich constitutes the la

17、rger number among English vocabulary, content words or functional words ?Answer : Content words What is native words? Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native words and borrowed words.(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes:

18、the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know as Anglo-Saxon words.(3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language什么叫borrowed words? Answer: (1) words taken over

19、from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary(3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed.什么叫Denizens?

20、Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).Denizens的例子都要記：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L), shift from skipta (ON

21、), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier (F), pork from porc (F).什么叫Translation-loans ?Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch

22、)什么叫Semantic-loans ?words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant joy and music , and its modern meaning was

23、borrowed later from the Norse. 第二章：The development of the English vocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it 5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word sto

24、ck and grammar . (重點：語系劃分的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)）What is the criteria to divide language families ?The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar(重點)The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as(選擇題內(nèi)容：) Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian. Indo-Eu

25、ropean 兩大分支：1.Eastern set2.Western set Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.Celtic ：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, BretonThe five Romance languages, namely ,Por

26、tuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic.The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.With Vikings in

27、vasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language. It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German. 重點句: Modern Englis

28、h began with the establishment of printing in England 古英語最大的模糊性的概念來自于 (scripts ) 古英語正因為出現(xiàn)印刷術(shù)才打破了 ( early scripts) Sound and form 真正達到統(tǒng)一是在什么時期？.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English period ) 如果從詞匯變化的角度而言，Modern English 又可以細(xì)劃分為 early period , modern period. *現(xiàn)代英語早期階段屬于哪一種文化現(xiàn)象的發(fā)展時期 （

29、重要的選擇或填空內(nèi)容）Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance Modern English period 有什么樣的外來語的進入？The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period 現(xiàn)代英語時期，英語詞匯大量豐富還有另外一個原因是 (colonization) The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from (Colonization ) The English language

30、 has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language ( 重要選擇或填空內(nèi)容)Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary Three main sources of new words : 1)The rapid development of modern science and technology 2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and langu

31、age2.4 Modes of Vocabulary Development 1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing 2)Semantic change （還包括外來詞的Semantic loans ）Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer外來詞可以被稱作borrowed words , 因此又可以被稱作 .重點句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words .恢復(fù)古英語的用詞是美國英語的一大特色Reviving archaic o

32、r obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially true of American English. 英語從synthetic language 發(fā)展到present analytical language 是在英語的哪一個階段完成的？答案：Modern English period 文藝復(fù)興時期，恰逢英語發(fā)展的哪個階段?答案：Early Modern English period 在英語發(fā)展過程 在哪個階段出現(xiàn)

33、三語鼎立的現(xiàn)象？French, Latin, English in Middle English period easel, port, freight, 出現(xiàn)于英語發(fā)展的哪個階段，屬于哪一種外來詞的引入？答案：Middle English , Dutch 在英語發(fā)展的某一個階段，有一種語言進入英語，它一共帶來了2500 個詞匯，這種語言是什么？答案：Dutch (前年考題)據(jù)現(xiàn)代語言學(xué)家的統(tǒng)計，英語中目前所占本族詞的數(shù)量有多少?答案：50,000 to 60,000他們的來源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue ) 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)以后，大量外來詞進入英語中，如：Mao jackets ,

34、 black belt , kongfu, 這些詞屬于英語詞匯發(fā)展的Present - day English Vocabulary 注意：第二章出大題的內(nèi)容無非就是請簡述印歐語系的發(fā)展與組成。Old English 和 Middle English 最大的striking distinction 存在于哪一個方面?答案：Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.文藝復(fù)興時期，哪兩種文化得到了復(fù)興，這對英語詞匯的豐富具有什么樣的影響?答案：Greek , Roman

35、 culture 某些希臘詞被引入到了英語是在什么階段?答案：Modern English十六世紀(jì)，有一種新工業(yè)出現(xiàn)對詞匯的發(fā)展產(chǎn)生重要的影響，這是哪一種industry?答案：Printing 這導(dǎo)致sound and form 出現(xiàn)concord , 出現(xiàn)standardization.第三章復(fù)習(xí):The smallest unit in the English language refers to (morphemes)The minimal free form in the English language refers to (word)In the plural form chan

36、ging, some of the words will take internal vowel change , this internal vowel change is called (allomorphs) Deer 復(fù)數(shù)沒有變,還是deer, sheep 復(fù)數(shù)沒有變,還是sheep, 因此,這種變化被稱作(zero derivation) 名詞解釋:Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes.In other words, the morphemes is the smal

37、lest functioning unit in composition of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs are known as allomorphs, e.g.the morpheme of plurality -s has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats in bags, matchesIt can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-m

38、en, goose-geese or by zero morphs as in deer-deer, fish-fish簡答題： what are the types of morphemes ? ( 答簡答題時,名詞解釋)答案：Free morphemes and bound morphemes Free morphemes : 1) Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to be free. 2) These morphemes have complete meanings in them

39、selves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. 3) They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root words ,as each of them consists of a single free root .4) free morphemes are free roots.bound morphemes: 1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate wo

40、rds are bound.2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words. 3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix affix 分為兩類: inflectional and derivational affixes.Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus know

41、n as inflectional morphemes. Derivational affixes: 1)derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create now words. 2) Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes. root : 1) a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total l

42、oss of identity.2) the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word3) a root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removedstem : 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two r

43、oot morphemes as in a compound like handcuff. 2) It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate.3) Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 問題：Stem 和 root 有一個最大的區(qū)別在哪里? ( 連著兩年沒有考過)答案： a stem can be defined a

44、s a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 問題：請加以區(qū)別下面兩個詞的特征: nation , dict 請加以理論的分析?Both nation and dict belong to roots, nation is free root, which can function alone in a sentence, Nation as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attached to it are removed, nat

45、ion as a free root, still remains Dict is a bound root, which can not function alone grammatically , dict carries the fundamental meaning of words, dict has to combine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictionary , contradiction .問題：分析下面一句話: He is much more cleverer than a

46、ny other one in the village, too heads are better than one. 請從構(gòu)詞角度分析以上的例子, cleverer , better cleverer (-er : inflectional affixes ) better ( good , well 的特殊變化) It is allomorph of good and well.第四章: 問題：在英語中,主要的構(gòu)詞法分為哪幾種?答案：有七種:1) Affixation 2) Compounding 3) conversion 4) shortening5) clipping 6) acro

47、nymy 7) blending 有三種最常用: affixation , compounding and conversion 問題：由專有名詞變?yōu)槠胀~是詞義變化的哪一種?答案：Extension問題：由普通名詞變?yōu)閷Ｓ忻~是詞義變化的哪一種模式?答案：Narrowing 問題：Affixation 又被稱為什么? 它分為哪兩類？答案：Affixation is also known as derivation Affixation falls into two subclasses : prefixation and suffixation要點: 有哪些前綴屬于什么樣的類別: a-,

48、non, ir : negative prefixes de- , dis- ( 既屬于negative , 也屬于reversative prefixes )mal-, pseudo-, mis- : pejorative prefixes super , sur-, extra ： prefixes of degree or sizeanti-, contra-, counter-, pro- : prefixes of orientation and attitudetrans-, fore- tele- : locative prefixes fore-, post- : prefix

49、es of time and order bi-, uni-, semi- : number prefixes pan-, vice - : miscellaneous prefixes suffixation :1. Noun suffixes 1) Denominal nouns 2) Deverbal nouns 3) De-adjective nouns: ity, -ness,4) Noun and adjective suffixes 注意Compounding, acoronymy , blending , conversion , clipping 的名詞解釋.要點: 復(fù)合詞分

50、為哪三類: 1)solid 2) hyphenated 3) open 簡答題: what are the characteristics of compounds ? What are the difference between compounds and free phrases ?答案：1) phonetic features 2) Semantic features 3) Grammatical features 最常見的三種詞性 : 1) Noun compound 2) Adjective compounds 3) verb compounds 問題：在名詞性復(fù)合詞中有哪幾種有多

51、產(chǎn)性, 哪兩種不具有多產(chǎn)性?在形容性復(fù)合詞當(dāng)中, 哪三類有多產(chǎn)性?動詞性復(fù)合詞是靠哪兩種方法復(fù)合在一起的? *名詞解釋:Conversion ( 重點，還沒考過) Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. Functional shift = conversion Zero-derivation ( 選擇或填空要點)Adjective to noun : (1) full conversion (2) partial conversion 問題：形容詞轉(zhuǎn)

52、為動詞分為哪兩類？答案：由Adjective to verbs : (1) Transitive (2) Intransitive 簡答題: 形容詞變動詞的三種類別( 沒考過)問題：請你舉出由conjunction 變?yōu)閚oun 的一個例子?答案： Ifs and buts blending are also called blends or portmanteau words ( 選擇或填空要點)問題：blending 分為哪四類合成詞？1. head + tail 2. head + head 3. head + word 4. word + tail 問題: 絕大多數(shù)blending 都

53、是什么詞性?答案：nouns The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns;very few are verbs and adjectives are even fewer. 問題：截短法clipping 分為哪四類？答案：There are four common types of clipping :1) Front clipping2) Back clipping 3) Front and back clipping 4) Phrase clipping 要注意clipping 的例子有一個特殊變化：fridge ( refrigerator

54、 截短之后在i, g 中間加一個d ) , 還有拼寫發(fā)生變化，比如說：coke ( coca cola) 問題：什么是acronymy？Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of neames of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical termsAcronymy 包含兩類:1) initialisms (不發(fā)音) e.g. BBC, VOA, TB2) acronyms (形成新的發(fā)音)e.g.