美語發(fā)音規(guī)則與技巧 語音語調(diào)

1、Read the words below and give the past tense forms.chopconnectdemand disputescanfence heatimploreinsert reactlistmonitor outlinereflectrain rememberplaceplan penetratepickpart participatepraisemitigatepromotepronounceresent marklamentsettle seizeselectshape judgetrimqualify undermineresistdiminish美語

2、發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別基本分類及常識語音分元音和輔音兩大類，每一個(gè)語音必定屬于這兩者之一。元音元音是一種有聲音，發(fā)音時(shí)用舌頭和嘴唇使口腔定形，聲帶振動。同時(shí)氣流從咽腔和口腔不斷流出，不受阻礙，也沒有變狹窄，因而聽不出摩擦。輔音（在正常言語中）除元音外所有的其它音都叫輔音。一部分輔音發(fā)音時(shí)，氣流不通過口腔，如m；另一部分輔音發(fā)音時(shí)，氣流在通過口腔時(shí)，受到這樣或那樣的阻礙，或在口腔中的某個(gè)點(diǎn)受到摩擦。美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別元音分類A根據(jù)發(fā)音時(shí)舌頭在口腔中抬起的部位不同，我們把單素元音分為前元音、中元音和后元音。例如：1 前元音，口型舒展 u: 后元音，口型收攏前元音舌前部向硬顎抬起時(shí)發(fā)出的元音

3、叫前元音。前元音(Front Vowels)主要有：英式英語：i: i e 1美式英語：i I A 1Practice these four sounds in phrases.eat the meatmake a wishvery well a mad mankeep the seatsit downget readya jazz bandthree treesbest frienda black bagPeters secreta small fishten mena plastic bagthe Chinese peoplea bit chillyTeddy Bearhand in ha

4、nda piece of cheesebit by bitwet with sweata happy marriagea friend in needfit as a fiddlebest selleron behalf of our class美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別中元音舌中部向硬顎抬起時(shí)發(fā)出的元音叫中元音。中元音(Central Vowels)主要有：英式英語：4: 4 8美式英語：沒有4:，多為4r；4與8相同。Practice these three sounds in phrases.the first terma long termsome moneylearn the wor

5、dsamong the workerssome honeya firm girlnever forgetonce in a montha nervous nursea sheet of papera tough sonan early birda drop of watera funny couplea dirty shirtthe teachers of Chinaa sudden jumpthe third worldthe doctors daughterjust for funan active learnerat the counterblood for blood美語發(fā)音概述-英語

6、發(fā)音類別后元音發(fā)音時(shí)舌后部需要向軟顎抬起的元音叫作后元音；后元音(Back Vowels)主要有：英式英語：3 3: u u:美式英語：2 3 U uPractice these four sounds in phrases.pop musiclaw and orderpush and pullpop concert daughter-in-lawyouthfulby hook or by crookwhose tools a stopwatchaccording to law the butcher and the crooka new suitclocks and watchestalk

7、and walkgood looksa group of students socks and stockinga small waterfall good footworkdrop by drop along the corridorbook a room the Blue Danubecommon knowledgea long storytook some sugar a water bottlea quarter to four too few too soon to be truewooden plates美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別元音分類B 根據(jù)構(gòu)成元音的音素的不同，我們把元音分為

8、12個(gè)單元音（monophthongs）和8個(gè)雙元音（diphthongs）。Monophthongs: i: i e 1 8 2: 3 3: u u: 4: 4 Diphthongs: ei 2i 3i 4u 2u i4 e4 u4In American English, we simply use five of these diphthongs: ei4u2i2u3i美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別元音分類C根據(jù)發(fā)音時(shí)嘴唇的形狀：According to the shape of the lips合口元音Rounded Vowels：3: 3 u: u敞口元音Unrounded Vowels：

9、 i: i自然口型Neutral Vowels：e 1 8 4 美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別元音分類D根據(jù)元音的發(fā)音長度：According to the length of the vowels長元音 Long Vowels：i: 4: 2: 3: u:短元音 Short Vowels：i e 1 8 4 3 u美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別輔音分類A根據(jù)聲帶振動情況：按照聲帶振動情況給輔音分類，發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶完全敞開，氣流通過聲帶沒有引起振動的輔音稱為清輔音，發(fā)音時(shí)聲帶合攏，氣流通過聲帶并引起振動的輔音稱為濁輔音。每一組對應(yīng)的清濁輔音在發(fā)音時(shí)發(fā)音部位和發(fā)音方式都是完全相同的，只以聲帶振動與否來進(jìn)行區(qū)

10、別。英語中有十組對應(yīng)的清濁輔音，它們是：清輔音 Voiceless Consonants：p t k t5 f 7 s 5 ts tr t5濁輔音 Voiced Consonants：b d g d9 v 0 z 9 dz dr d9英語中有些音是沒有相對應(yīng)的清濁輔音的，它們是：清輔音：h濁輔音：m n 6 l r另外，人們習(xí)慣上把半元音也歸為濁輔音用。濁輔音：w j美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別輔音分類B根據(jù)氣流通過口腔時(shí)產(chǎn)生的不同效果：根據(jù)氣流通過口腔時(shí)產(chǎn)生的不同效果給輔音分類，可將輔音分為爆破音、摩擦音、塞擦音、鼻音和舌邊音。另外，我們將半元音也放在這一部分，方便練習(xí)掌握。摩擦音：口腔通道較

11、窄，氣流通過時(shí)產(chǎn)生摩擦。爆破音：氣流在口腔中完全封閉，然后再突然釋放，在釋放時(shí)不產(chǎn)生任何阻礙和摩擦。塞擦音：氣流通過口腔時(shí)被閉住，釋放時(shí)氣流通道又不完全敞開。鼻音：發(fā)音時(shí)需要鼻腔共鳴。舌邊音：發(fā)音時(shí)氣流從舌的兩側(cè)同過。半元音：w j美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別爆破音爆破音(plosive)：在相當(dāng)時(shí)間內(nèi)，氣流通道完全阻塞，氣流（一般由于肺部的動作）受壓，然后突然放開阻塞，發(fā)出爆破的聲音。英語中的爆破音有六個(gè)，它們是: p b t d k g嘴唇閉氣：p b舌前端在上齒齒齦和硬腭前端閉氣：t d舌后端抬高，軟腭下垂進(jìn)行閉氣：k gRead the dialogues, paying attenti

12、on to the pronunciation of plosives.(1) A: How do you do? Im Parker.B: How do you do, Mr. Barker?A: Parker.B: Oh, Parker with a P?A: Yes, with a P.B: ErIm Barker.A: Barker? With a B. Of course.B: Yes, with a B.A: Wont you come in, Mr. Barker?B: Thank you, Mr. Parker.(2) A: I love you, Miss Brown.B:

13、But how can I believe you, Mr. Black.A: Ill jump over the balcony, Miss Brown.B: Jump over the balcony, Mr. Black?A: Itll prove my love, Miss Brown.B: Itll break your back, Mr. Black.A: Then save me and take me back!(3) A: Whats the date today?B: December the fifteenth. The day after tomorrow is lit

14、tle Toms birthday.A: Right. What present should we give him this time? By the way, how old is he?B: Hes still thirteen today and tomorrow. Hell be fourteen the day after tomorrow. Lets get him a remote controlled toy truck.A: How time flies! Hes a big boy now.B: And dont forget Mary, Toms twin siste

15、r. Its her birthday, too. A: OK. Lets invite all their little friends to come and celebrate.(4) A: Was it a good game?B: It was a terrific game.A: You had a good day for it.B: A beautiful day.A: Did Chris score?B: He scored twice.A: And you?B: Now where did I put that bottle of milk?A: Did you score

16、?B: Ah, got it.A: Maybe the next game?B: Sure thing. Ill score one goal at least.美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別摩擦音摩擦音(fricative)：氣流通道收窄，氣流通過時(shí)發(fā)出可聽擦音。英語中摩擦音有十個(gè)，其中清濁相對的有八個(gè)：f v 7 0 s z 5 9上齒接觸下唇：f v上齒與舌面摩擦：7 0上齒齒齦產(chǎn)生摩擦：s z聲帶摩擦：h硬腭摩擦：r 5 9Read the dialogues, while paying attention to the pronunciation of fricatives.(1) A:

17、 Frank flatters me, Fred.B: Frank flatters everybody.A: He said I create a flame in his heart.B: A flame in his heart?A: A furious flame! He says I drive him frantic!B: You drive me frantic, too, Fanny.A: Oh, Fred! You old flatterer.B: But dont forget to fry the fish, Fanny.(2) A: Seven days old! Sh

18、es a lovely baby!B: Shes a beautiful baby!A: And shes a clever baby.B: And her voice, her voice is so so clear!A: Shes got a very clear voice, indeed.B: And shes big for a baby of her age!(3) A: Date of birth?B: The third of March, nineteen thirty-three.A: The third of March, nineteen thirty-three?B

19、: I thinkA: You think what?B: I think it was the third, but maybe it was the fourth.A: You think it was either the third or the fourth? Youre not sure of your own date of birth?B: No, Im sorry.A: Anyway, the position has been taken already. So it doesnt matter youre not sure of your date of birth.(4

20、) A: Maybe youll let me play in the mud, Mother?B: Dont you dare play there.A: Father doesnt mind if we play in the mud.B: Father doesnt wash the dirty clothes, dear.(5) A: Ill sing you a song.B: Yes, sing a song. But dont sing a sad song.A: Most of my songs are sad, sorry.B: Well, please sing one t

21、hats not within the definition of too sad.A: OK, Ill sing San Francisco, then. (6) A: A shirt, sir? Yes, sir. This one will suit you. Its in a very fashionable shade.B: Mm. I want something simpler.A: A silver one, maybe? Its got something special on the sleeve.B: Cant you show me a simple shirt in

22、a simple shade? Maybe I should try the next shop.(7) A: Whos that over there?B: Oh, thats John. Hes the Club Treasurer.A: Whats he doing there?B: Watching television.A: And does he always sleep when the televisions on?B: Usually he does.A: Ah.B: And occasionally he snores.A: Rather noisily.B: As eve

23、n the man on the moon must have noticed!(8) You and your friend are looking at some things in a shop window but you cant see very well.A: Is that a radio?B: It looks like a radio.A: Is that a pretty dress?B: It looks like a pretty dress.A: Is that a rugby ball?B: It looks like a rugby ball.A: Is tha

24、t a record?B: It looks like a record.A: Is that a record player?B: It looks like a record player.A: Is that a refrigerator?B: It looks like a refrigerator.(9) A: How handsome Henry is!B: Henry is handsome, isnt he?A: And how hardworking Henry is!B: Henry does work hard.A: And how honest Henry is!B:

25、Oh? Is Henry honest?美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別塞擦音塞擦音(affricate)：其形成如爆破音，但發(fā)音器官放開阻塞較慢，因而在放開阻塞時(shí)可以聽得出相應(yīng)的摩擦。英語中塞擦音有六個(gè)，它們是： t5 d9 ts dz tr dr牙齒處閉氣：ts dz硬腭前端摩擦：t5 d9舌頭在硬腭處閉氣：tr drRead the dialogues, while paying attention to the affricates.(1) A：We need some cheese. B：Ive just bought some cheese. A：And we need some cho

26、colate. B：Ive just bought some chocolate. A：And what about chicken soup? B：Ive just bought some chicken soup. A：Good, but we still havent got enough chairs. B：Dont worry. Ive just bought some cheap chairs. A：Thats everything then. Oh no! China plates.(2) A：You cant do that! B：Of course I can. Its my

27、 bridge. A：But you cant chop it down! B：Its my bridge, and Im chopping it down. A：Dont chop it down! How shall we cross? We cant manage without it. B：Well, youve got to learn how to jump really far! Jump! Jump!美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別鼻音鼻音(nasal)：口腔通道完全阻塞，但軟顎下垂，氣流自由通過鼻腔發(fā)出的音。英語中鼻音有三個(gè)，它們是：m n 6嘴唇處閉氣：m舌前端在硬腭處閉氣：n舌

28、后部抬高，軟腭下垂閉氣：6Read the dialogues, while paying attention to the nasals.(1) A：Dont be alarmed if Mum stamps. B：And dont be alarmed if Mum screams. A：Its not what it seems. B：Dont be alarmed. You wont really be harmed.(2) A：Norman went. And he never returned. B：He went? When? A：Oh, about the end of Jun

29、e. B：Did he send the rent? A：Yes, and Ive found a new tenant, Nancy Noble. B：I hope there wont be any problems. A：You dont know Nancy, do you? B：Well, I once lent her some cash and she never returned it.(3) A friend is helping you to do a crossword puzzle. A：I think its “singing”.B：No, “singing” is

30、wrong.A：What about ”ringing”?B：No, “ringing” is wrong.A：Well, can it be “bringing”?B：No, “bringing” is wrong.A：What about “thinking”?B：No, “thinking” is wrong.A：Well, is it “hanging”?B：No, “hanging” is wrong.A：What about “drinking”?B：No, “drinking” is wrong.A：Oh, dear, is anything going to be right?

31、美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別舌邊音舌邊音(lateral)：氣流通道中央阻塞，在阻塞處的兩邊或一邊留下通道讓氣流自由通過時(shí)發(fā)出的音。英語中舌邊音只有一個(gè)，就是：lRead the dialogue, while paying attention to the lateral.A：If you look on the library shelves, youll find A History of the Lakes. The Lakes were a large, rich, but unlucky family. They had thirteen children. The first el

32、even were killed in mysterious fatal accidents. And the twelfth, Lance. Poor Lance was eaten by wolves.B：And the remaining child? The last of the Lakes?A：I was lucky. I inherited everything. Now sign the contract or I may start calling you brother!美語發(fā)音概述-英語發(fā)音類別半元音半元音(semi-vowel)：即有聲滑音。發(fā)這個(gè)音時(shí)，發(fā)音器官開始時(shí)輕

33、微地發(fā)出一個(gè)本身響度較弱的音，然后立即過渡到一個(gè)響度相同或更加顯著的音。英語中半元音有兩個(gè)，它們是：w jRead the dialogue, while paying attention to the semi-vowels.A：How much do we have to give?B：We dont have to give.A：Ill give whatever Mrs. Whitney gave.B：She gave five.A：Very well, Ill give five dollars, too.B：She gave five hundred dollars.A：Oh, m

34、y! She always gives too much. Read the two poems.(1) We waddle away from the water.And now we will waddle back.Then swish, swish, we are swimming again.Quack! Quack! Quack!(2) When the orchard yield will be gathered soon. And the fields beyond are yellow with corn, The dog in our yard awakes with a

35、yawn, And yaps and yelps at the yellow moon.美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英音和美音標(biāo)準(zhǔn)美音：RP：Received Pronunciation GA：General American標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英音：RP：Received Pronunciation美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別元音區(qū)別A當(dāng)字母r出現(xiàn)在單詞的元音字母組合中時(shí)，北美英語會出現(xiàn)獨(dú)特的卷舌音。/2r/ /4r/ /ir/ /Ar/ /ur/ /3r/2r/ car far /ir/ dear near/Ar/ air/3r/ for more door floor/Ur/ sure tour poor/

36、jur/ fewer cure/4r/ her earn bird /2ir/ fire liar buyer/2ur/ hour flower tower power/3ir/ employer destroyerRead the following words, while paying to the pronunciation of the /r/.(1) /2rs/farcarlargechargesmart(2) /irs/dearclearfearcheerhere(3) /Ar/airdarepeartheirwhere(4) /3r/formoredoorpourbefore(

37、5) /Ur/ /jUr/surepoortourcurefewer(6) /4r/herturnlearnwordfirst(7) /2ir/firetiredhigherliarbuyer(8) /2Ur/hourflourshowerpowertower(9) /3ir/destroyeremployer美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別元音區(qū)別B英語中的元音/2:/在用于/f,7,s/或鼻音前時(shí)，美語發(fā)為/1/，但在字母組合lm前發(fā)音不變?nèi)詾?2/。英音美音(1)half/h2:f/h1f/(2)bath/b2:7/b17/(3)pass/p2:s/p1s/(4)ask/2:sk/1sk/(5)

38、calm/k2:m/k2m/(6)palm/p2:m/p2m/(7)father/f2:04/f204r/(8)plaza/pl2:z4/pl2z4/(9)Chicago/5ik2:g4u/5ik2g4u/2r/DialogueAt a PartyMargaret：Wheres your glass, Barbara?Barbara：Its on the bar.Martin：Barbara, Margaret! Come into the garden! Martha and Charles are dancing on the grass!Margaret：In the garden? W

39、hat a laugh!Barbara：So they are!Margaret：They are dancing under the stars!Martin：And Arnolds playing his guitar.Barbara：Doesnt Martha look smart?Margaret：Look at Charles! What a marvelous dancer!Barbara：Ah! Lets take a photograph of Martha and Charles.Martin： We cant. Its too dark.美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別元音區(qū)別C英

40、語/3:/變?yōu)槊勒Z/3/或/2/。英音美音(1)bought/b3:t/b3t/或/b2t/(2)talk/t3:k/t3k/或/t2k/(3)ball/b3:l/b3l/或/b2l/(4)caught/k3:t/k3t/或/k2t/(5)law/l3:/l3/或/l2/(5)saw/s3:/s3/或/s2/Read the following words, paying attention to the pronunciation of /3/.coffeewatercaughtlawboughtbosstalltalklawyer foughtwalkballcause drawdaugh

41、terAugustsaw oughtflawpaw美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別元音區(qū)別D英語/3/變?yōu)槊勒Z/2/。英音美音(1)hot/h3t/h2t/(2)cot/k3t/k2t/(3)clock/kl3k/kl2k/(4)shop/53p/52p/(5)box/b3x/b2x/(6)not/n3t/n2t/Read the following words, while paying attention to the different pronunciation of /2/.whatwantwashwatchbottlepromiseshopjobhottop collegepot美式發(fā)音與

42、英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別元音區(qū)別E英語/8/、/4/在美語中不再區(qū)分，讀為/4/。英音美音(1)above/4b8v/4b4v/(2)but/b8t/b4t/(3)touch/t8t5/t4t5/(4)love/l8v/l4v/(5)blood/bl8d/bl4d/Now practice the sound in words. Listen and repeat each word twice.(1)up/4p/up(2)love/l4v/love(3)cut/k4t/cut(4)another/4n404r/another(5)above/4b4v/above(6)bus/b4s/bus(7)nut

43、/n4t/nut(8)sun/s4n/sun(9)bun/b4n/bun(10) cup/k4p/cup美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別元音區(qū)別F與英語中的/e/相比，美語中的/A/口型向兩側(cè)分得略大一點(diǎn)。英音美音(1)bed /bed/bAd/(2)head/hed/hAd/Now practice the sound in words.(1)egg/Ag/egg(2)guess/gAs/guess(3)neck/nAk/neck(4)red/rAd/red(5)let/lAt/let美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別輔音區(qū)別AAmerican T：字母T可出現(xiàn)在單詞的詞首、詞中和詞尾三個(gè)部位。其中在詞首與詞

44、尾時(shí)的發(fā)音技巧與英式英語相同，例tight /t2it/。而在詞中時(shí)，英國人的讀法和詞首、詞尾一致，美國人卻有兩種讀法。Flatt由舌尖彈動發(fā)出的彈舌音，聽起來像一個(gè)非常輕的/d/。bettercityletterlittlebottlebetternotedcitylittlecitizenpatioputtingRead the words, while paying attention to the pronunciation of /t/(=/d/).cityfortybutterwaterdirtymatterwriterbetterBetty/t/ /d/ItalianItalya

45、ttack atticatomicatomphotographyphotograph美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別鼻腔爆破鼻腔爆破(Nasal Plosive)：由舌前端在上齒根部閉氣，軟顎放低，發(fā)出鼻輔音/n/的瞬間，氣流突然從鼻腔沖出，形成鼻腔爆破。button cotton thirteen×buttonwrittencurtaineatenimportantLatinNow practice the sound in words. Notice the phonetic spelling. Listen and repeat each word twice.(1)mutton/m4

46、tn/mutton(2)written/ritin/ritn/written(3)curtain/k4:tin/k4rtn/curtain(4)certain/s4:tin/s4rtn/certain(5)eaten/itin/itn/eaten(6)button/b8t4n/b4tn/button美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別輔音區(qū)別BClear LClear L：舌尖抵在上齒根部，再自然落下，發(fā)出類似漢語“了”的音。lightletliplocallakelampPhrases and single sentencesa lovely girlAll is well. Let her alone

47、.to tell a lieate at night Did he leave?little by littleto live wellto talk loudIs Della telling us a lie?Laura left a little after eleven.All love letters belong to loose Louise.Would you like to look at the lake where Larry Lotter was eaten for lunch?Where shall we meet for lunch?A little boy just

48、 fell into the lake.美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別Dark LDark L：舌尖抵在上齒根部但不落下，氣流從舌邊涌出，聲帶振動發(fā)/4/。ball talk fail feel ill wolfNow practice the sound in words. Notice the phonetic spelling. Listen and repeat each word twice.(1)kill/ kill/kill(2)school/skul/school(3)soul/s4Ul/soul(4)pail/p2il/pail(5)boil/b3il/boil(6)tool/tu

49、l/tool美式發(fā)音與英式發(fā)音的區(qū)別單詞中不同位置的L字母L出現(xiàn)在單詞的詞首、詞中、詞尾時(shí)的發(fā)音:字母L單獨(dú)或以雙寫形式出現(xiàn)在單詞的詞中時(shí)，英國人只發(fā)一個(gè)Clear L。而美國人則先發(fā)一個(gè)Dark L，再發(fā)一個(gè)Clear L。如：telephoneelephanta million(1) alive(2) alarm (3) believe(4) dollar 字母L單獨(dú)或以輔音連綴的形式出現(xiàn)在單詞的詞首時(shí)，發(fā)Clear L。如： flyplayblameclimb。 字母L單獨(dú)或以輔音連綴的形式出現(xiàn)在單詞詞尾時(shí)，英美人都發(fā)Dark L。如：feelbellfeltbelt。Practice

50、the sound /l/ as in “l(fā)ike” in several different positions. Listen and repeat these words./l/ in initial position(1) look(4) lunch(7) laugh(10) loud(2) labor(5) legal(8) lecture(11) lover(3) license(6) lawyer(9) leader(12) literature/l/ in medial position(1) alive(4) alarm(7) believe(10) dollar(2) col