中西方飲食文化對(duì)比研究英語專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文

1、 LUOYANG NORMAL UNIVERSITY 2014屆本科畢業(yè)論文 中西方飲食文化差異院（系）名稱外國語學(xué)院專 業(yè) 名 稱英語（雙學(xué)位）學(xué)生姓名張楊子學(xué)號(hào)120722066指導(dǎo)教師莫艷艷講師完成時(shí)間2014年5月Luoyang Normal UniversityDifferent Food Cultures Between China and the WestA Thesis Submittedto Foreign Languages College of Luoyang Normal Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requireme

2、ntsfor the Degree of Bachelor of ArtsByZhang YangziSupervisor：Mo Yanyan May 10, 2014中文摘要飲食文化在世界文化中起著十分重要的作用，不同的國家有自己不同的飲食文化特點(diǎn)。 中國是一種農(nóng)耕文化的陸地文化，而傳統(tǒng)的西方文化是一種畜牧文化的海洋文化，兩種不同的文化反映出人們生活方式的差異，其中飲食文化更是具有代表性的一個(gè)方面。在此基礎(chǔ)上，本文研究分析了中西飲食文化在各個(gè)方面的不同之處。分析表明，在不同的文化背景下，中西方在飲食觀念、飲食內(nèi)容、飲食方式還是餐桌禮儀等各個(gè)方面的差異都是顯而易見的。正是這種不同飲食文化的溝通

3、與交流，推動(dòng)了全世界范圍內(nèi)文化的融合。關(guān)鍵詞: 差異；文化；飲食文化AbstractIn the complex world culture, the dietary culture plays an extremely important role. The differences between Chinese and Western culture created the differences between Chinese and Western food culture. Different countries have their own dietary cultures. Tr

4、aditional Chinese culture is agricultural culture and land culture, while traditional western culture is animal husbandry culture and ocean culture. These two kinds of cultures reflect diverse life styles in which food is the most representative aspect. In variously cultural contexts, differences in

5、 food lie in concept, object, kitchen ware, table ware, or table manners. And understanding these differences could promote the communication of cultures in the world.Key words: difference; culture; food cultureTable of Contents中文摘要.Abstract.Table of Contents.1. Introduction.12. Dietary Concept.2 2.

6、1. Chinese Dietary Concept.2 2.2. Western Dietary Concept. 33. Food .4 3.1. Condiment.53.2. Side Dish.54. Table Manners.7 4.1. Differences Between Chinese and Western Table Manners.7 4.2. Characteristics of Table Manners. .7 . Characteristics of Table Manners in China .8 . Characteristics of Table M

7、anners in the West.85. Conclusion.9Bibliography.101. IntroductionDiet is not only the premise of social development, but also the paramount material base for human to survive with good health condition. In the early stage of barbarism, like other animals, looking for food to survive is just the inst

8、inct for human beings. But when man began to use fire to cook food and they entered the age of civilization, especially the time of cooking with the pottery, the food became the creation made by the human own wisdom and their technology. Then there is the essential difference in diet between human b

9、eings and animals that the diet has its cultural nature. Thus the history of human diet is to be this kind of history that human adapt to nature, conquer and reform nature to survive and develop in the nature, and the human dietary culture gradually comes into being in the course of this progress. A

10、s an important part of human culture, the dietary culture has a generalized meaning and a narrowed meaning. This thesis discuss the dietary culture in this narrow sense which is the total of material wealth and spirit wealth created and accumulated in the long-term progress of food consumption, and

11、it is the knowledge about what to eat, how to eat and why to eat, including dietary object, dietary tableware and so on.China has profound cultural heritage of dietary culture and diet play a foremost role in peoples daily life so that dietary culture take a huge proportion in Chinese culture. Facin

12、g the dietary culture from other countries, we should accept or reject them based on ourselves condition. We cant only chase for enjoyment in taste, because it is harmful to our physical health if we eat too much foreign food which is belong to the high calories food. However, it is obvious that we

13、shouldnt aimlessly reject all the new objects. Under the influence of entering the WTO and globalization, the international connection has become closer and closer so that the collision and fusion in the dietary culture always happen between Chinese and westerners. Granted, it takes a long time for

14、two different cultures to merge and coexist and there must be an aspect that both sides cant adapt to each other. If this phenomenon occurs, we should try our best to understand, respect and tolerate another culture in right manner. The difference of dietary culture between Chinese and westerners wi

15、ll arouse culture misunderstanding in certain extent. For example, many Chinese think that Hamburger, KFC and McDonalds are the typical food in American. But it is not the fact. The fact is American food is very complex.Therefore, in this thesis, we discuss the difference of dietary culture between

16、Chinese and westerners from dietary concept, dietary object, cooking utensil, dietary tableware and table manners. Through the study, it is beneficial for both sides to strengthen the communication in culture, and more able to eliminate the obstacles and misunderstanding when two nations are communi

17、cating, so that people can have in-depth understanding about the dietary culture from China and western countries. To study both parties dietary culture difference from various aspects, it can not only help us to strengthen the awareness and adaption in the culture communication, but also can enhanc

18、e our understanding, tolerate and accept the foreign culture. Then this makes Chinese and western dietary culture can mutually develop and fuse in communication, which it plays a remarkable role in boosting the development of culture in the whole world .2. Dietary Concept Diet is absolutely necessar

19、y in mankinds life, and even in the existence or development. Because of the differences between Chinese and English cultural traditions, the Chinese and English dietary cultures are different in concept.2.1. Chinese Dietary ConceptIn Chinese dietary culture, people play more attention to pursuing t

20、he taste than to emphasizing the nutrition. They consider that the nutrition is less important if the food is delicious and good-looking enough. The reason why there is a unique dietary culture that eating is on top of the list in Chinese nation is that productivity has been always under the average

21、 level for thousands of years and people have not enough food to eat. People often say the taste is the most important in the whole of color, aroma and taste. In addition, the key of special charm in Chinese diet is nothing but its taste. Chinese think a lot of art and sensibility, so the pursuit of

22、 delicious taste is always the highest meaning in dietary. However, a part of the nutrition may lack in pursuing the deliciousness in Chinese diet. The shape of the food is the external thing while the taste is the internal thing. Emphasizing the inner and not decorating painstakingly the external,

23、or emphasizing the taste rather than showing off the form of the dishes, is the paramount expression in Chinese dietary concept. But it does not take any count of the collocation of nutrition. The medicated food appeared in the Tang dynasty and now there is a formulation that “diet therapy is better

24、 than medical treatments”, which all reflect that Chinese pay attention to the collocation in dietary nutrition since ancient times. However, the traditional nutrition theory only has a vague concept without specific data analysis as westerners to figure out what kind of food is good for health with

25、 nutrition. Chinese people are thinking highly of eat. Bread is the staff of life, this old adage explained that we see eating as important as days. Because our national for thousands of years are in the low level of productivity, people always do not have enough to eat, so they would have a unique

26、food culture that eating is very important. I think this is probably from a survival to needs. Li Xiaohong pointed out: If a culture put ate as primary, so it will appear two phenomena: on one hand will put the food function to acme, not only survive, but also use it to maintain healthy, this is als

27、o the culture basis that diet cures more than the doctors. On the other hand, the excessive attention to eat, it can make the person praise highly of delicious pursuit. 2.2. Western Dietary ConceptIn western dietary culture, eating like a biological machine add fuel, especially about the food's

28、nutrition composition, protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins and all kinds of inorganic element content , people play more attention to pursuing the nutrition than to emphasizing the color, aroma and taste. The western diet is a kind of rational diet so that they devote particular care to the nutrit

29、ion and collocation. They treat dietary as a science with a realistic attitude to lay stress on dietary nutrition and as a result, the pursuit of nutrition becomes the highest meaning in diet. The core standard in evaluating food in westerners is whether it is reasonable in dietary nutrition and whe

30、ther it accord with the scientific demand. Westerners often think that food is just a means of survival so that they pay more attention to dietary nutrition and supply condition of energy and they seldom connect dietary with spiritual enjoyment, which reflects a strong practicability and utilitarian

31、. For westerners, the only thing they care is not what the food color, aroma, taste and shape is, is the nutrition must be guaranteed. Then they spend time on paying attention to how many calorie, vitamin, protein, etc. should be absorbed a day with neglect of color, aroma and taste. Even if the tas

32、te may be the same, even compared with Chinese food, or as dull as cardboard, but the sense push them to eat because it is nutritive. For another word, it just like refuels the machine. As to westerners, the taste is the secondary. If heating up the food will cause the loss of nutrition, they prefer

33、 to eat the half-baked, even raw food. Therefore, the western dietary can be summarized with convenience and practicability. There is a case in point that a nutritive breakfast can be simply made of a combination of some bread, jam, cheese, butter and fresh vegetables.3. Food China is known for vast

34、 fields and various geographical environments with a long history and an abundant production as well as species of plants and animals, which offer the sufficient resources of products to the formation of Chinese dietary culture. Chinese staple food is based on rice and wheat. On the side, millet, co

35、rn, buckwheat, potato and sweet potato are also the main food people usual eat so they take a tiny place in the dietary culture. Except for the rice noodles, there are still kinds of food can be supplied for people to make their life more colorful, including the other kinds of pasta, steamed bun, de

36、ep-fired dough sticks, various porridge, cookie and ever-changing snacks. In the Chinese long history, the distribution of “south rice and north wheat” has formed this situation that the main raw materials are rice and wheat in Chinese staple food. Most Chinese people prefer to take vegetarian diet

37、as the principle thing. According to a study of western botanist, there are more than 600 species of vegetables in China. It is six times more than the west. In fact, in the Chinese dishes, vegetarian dishes are considered as the common food, and only in holidays or at the higher living standards, t

38、he meat can be a part of the usual diet.The western dietary culture mainly originates from rear livestock culture, which decides the western dietary structure that takes meat and dairy products as the principal things and vegetarian dishes as the auxiliary thing. According to the weather, it is not

39、suitable for western countries to plant the crop so that they give priority to animal husbandry and give second place to agriculture. In addition, another factor to give first place to animal is that the technology is quite high in the animal cultivation. As a result, there are a lot of kinds of ani

40、mals and a huge production of meat in western countries. The main agriculture products are wheat, corn, and grape and so on. In the western dietary structure, the meat also takes up the excessive place in the dishes. They are mainly beef, chicken, pork, mutton as well as fish. It is obvious that wha

41、t they usually eat is provided with a “three-high” characteristic that is high protein, high fat and high calorie. Therefore, meat has occupied and will always occupy the remarkable high proportion in western dietary. Although the proportion of planting has increased in recent years, the proportion

42、of meat in dietary structure is always higher in the western than in Chinese. Therefore, when westerners prepare the diet, you can see most dishes are meat and a few are vegetables. Whats more, bread and meat are the principle food; coffee, wine and milk are the main drinking in their life.3.1. Cond

43、imentThe condiment is also different between the Chinese and westerners in cooking dishes. In China, the taste plays a part as the soul in the dish so that there are seven main kinds of taste in the Chinese diet, including sour, sweet, bitter, salt, peppery, fresh and obscure. The purpose of condime

44、nt is to exert a positive effect on reaching the excellent fusion from some seasoning, which has the ability to add aroma without weird smell as well as the smell from fresh meat or fish. Whats more, it can ameliorate the color of the dishes which can draw their attention to have a try. They usually

45、 choose the ginger, scallion, garlic, soy sauce, vinegar and monosodium glutamate to be their condiments in common use. But sometimes, they will use grain wine to season.The western-style food is almost the meat, which is always processed into a piece of massive one. Thus there is a big problem in t

46、he condiment that it is difficult to saturate the massive piece with condiment used in China. In order to solve this problem, they make up with two methods that they adopt to cook sauce without anything and they have the entree with sauce. Since then, they have formed a special way in condiment in w

47、estern-style dish. Based on the five used foundation of sweet, sour, bitter, salt and peppery in the west, they prefer to such effect that can make them feel a deep delicious with appetite. They usually choose the cream, butter, sauce, lemon, onion, celery and bay leaves to be their condiments in co

48、mmon use. In addition, spice and wine are the two important factors in cooking. Because both vanilla and spice have the special smell, they exert an indispensable effect on the aroma of their dishes. For instance, when they cook the vegetable soup、spaghetti and sauce、stuffed、salad, they always used

49、a kind of mixed spice, which are used to mix together with the marjoram and oregano. In addition, thyme is also the main spice for them to add into the soup, venison and barbecue while sage is mainly used in the dishes made with pork in their daily life.3.2. Side DishThe side dish also plays a signi

50、ficant part in the Chinese dietary structure. The side dish indicates that they are the combination for raw material in one dish, including cold dish and hot dish, or the combination for all the dishes showed up on the table. The latter one develops based on the former one and there is no denying th

51、at the highest form is belonging to the latter one. Now we take side dish of hot dish as an example to make a compare. The side dish of hot dish is required with the quality of dish in China. It should coordinate appropriately with one or several kinds of raw materials which have been processed to t

52、he shape they need. Then a complete dish comes into being. As a chef for side dish, he must not only be proficient in the skill of cutting up, but also be familiar with the shape of the finished product. Besides, it is awfully essential for the chef to be acquainted with the cooking method for the r

53、eason that the raw material will have some changes during the cooking. In addition, the fundamental rules of the collocation are very crucial in the dish, such as, the collocation of color, the collocation of shape, the collocation of aroma, the collocation of taste and the collocation of nutrition

54、and so on. And all of these collocations prefer to concentrate on reflecting the collocation of meat and vegetables. In other words, it is the collocation of animal material and vegetarian material. The Chinese make plant as the main dish, and has a lot of contact with the advocacy of Buddhism. Thei

55、r think the animal is "the life", but plants the laws of nature "not to work", therefore, advocates the vegetarianism . For the westerners, the side dish is also the indispensable part in hot dishes. As usual, after finishing the main food that they have already put on a dish, a small amount of vegetables, rice or noodles processed should be put on the e