加拿大雙語教育背景研究畢業(yè)論文

1、Introduction Bilingual education is a term that is commonly used by the European education Council. It refers to the discipline of teaching a foreign language or a second language as a teaching medium to teach. In this education system, schools general courses are taught by foreign languages or stud

2、ents second language. Bilingual education was prevalent in the United States, Canada, Singapore and other countries. However, due to the different national conditions, the purposes of bilingual education in various countries also varied. In general, the modes of bilingual education can be divided in

3、to three dominant types; they are transitional bilingual education, maintenance bilingual education, immersion bilingual education. From which the Canadian immersion bilingual education is the most successful. The final goal of bilingual education is to acquire subjects knowledge and to improve thei

4、r language skills. Students are encouraged to use a second language to communicate the subject contents with classmates and teachers in order to continuously improve their language skills and critical thinking ability. Many studies have shown that bilingual children generally have better sensitivity

5、 in language comprehension and tend to be more flexible in thinking mode than monolingual children. Since the early 1970s, the United States, Sweden, Australia, Finland, Spain, Singapore and other countries have begun a serious of bilingual education researches suit to their own national conditions,

6、 on the basis of Canadian successful bilingual education research achievements, the objective is to fully develop learners language learning potentials, to make their second language be used as good as their mother tongue, and to better adapt to the worlds diversified development.This paper is mainl

7、y focus on the historical background of Canada Bilingual Education. For searching this historical origin deeply and specifically, we have to trace back to the European colonial period. The paper is arranged in four sections. First and foremost, I will discuss the historical background of Canadian so

8、ciety, as well as Canadian bilingual educations origin, especially English and French. Secondly I will mainly discuss the English- speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians respectively. Thirdly, I will talk about background of Immersion Model of Bilingual Education, especially in Quebec. The

9、 last but not the least, I will share with you the Influence from Canadian Bilingual Education for Bilingual Teaching in Chinas Universities and Colleges.1 The Historical Background of Canada Bilingual Education1.1 Canada Multiculturalism Background and Its Main PrinciplesIf one mentions Canada, peo

10、ple often first thought it was one of the seven major industrialized countries in the west world and the beautiful Maple leaf country, but in fact, Canada is also a multi-ethnic and a multicultural country. There are up to more than 100 ethnic compositions and more than 50 kinds of religious beliefs

11、 coexist in Canada. Multi-lingual, multi-religious and multi-culture coexistence is three prominent features of Canadian society. Canada is the worlds first country to implement the multicultural policy. In 1988, the Canadian Multiculturalism Act was finally come into force, and it has achieved grea

12、t success functioned as multicultural purpose of implementation model of multicultural education, as well as the specific mode of multicultural education or bilingual education. The practice has proved that the success of Canadian multicultural implementation of bilingual education dues to both of C

13、anadas national conditions and the law of its culture development.Multiculturalism is a trend of todays cultural development. It has different cultural traditions and values in different countries, different regions and different nations. In the Canadian case for example, there are both indigenous a

14、nd foreign immigrants; there are the Nordic countries with similar multi-language, so its no wonder that Canada exist its ethnic and cultural diversity and complexity. The rise of multicultural education in the 1960s and 1970s in Western countries is based on respect for different cultures, and acte

15、d as the starting point of promoting mutual understanding and implementing equal education among different cultural groups. Canada is in its multi-cultural background to implement bilingual education, which not only meet the diverse cultural needs, but also cater for people form countries all over t

16、he world who want to develop bilingual education successfully.The main principles of multiculturalism are as follows: Prohibiting anyones discrimination on the grounds of race, national culture or ethnic origin, skin color, religion and other factors; Ensuring that all Canadians could enjoy the equa

17、lity rights in fields of society, economy, culture and politics; Protecting and improving Canadas multicultural tradition; Recognizing the pluralism and multi-cultural are the characteristics of Canadian culture; Encouraging and protecting all of Canadas traditional languages and acknowledging the c

18、ultural and economic benefits of the multi-language.1.2 The Definition of Canada Bilingual EducationMulticultural education generally refers to a language teaching form, which means in multi-ethnic countries or regions, for protecting a variety of ethnic cultural background, especially ensure minori

19、ty and immigrants children can enjoy equal opportunities in education, so that their unique characteristics of ethical cultures could be inherited and respected. In a short, multicultural education aims to respect the different cultures in various groups on an equal basis, to promote mutual understa

20、nding between different cultural groups, purposefully.Bilingual education can be divided into two main types, which are General bilingual education and Narrow bilingual education. General bilingual education refers to the use of two languages in school education; well narrow bilingual education mean

21、s using a second or foreign language to teach subjects matter in school education.1.3 The Multicultural Education and Bilingual EducationCanadians universally apply the word mosaic to describe their own kingdom, which means the Canadian national recognition and respect for the variety of cultural di

22、fferences. It is the various cultures that make up Canadas colorful culture as a whole. First of all, multiculturalism is already an unchangeable fact in Canada. The history of Canada itself is multicultural formation and development process. On the basis of the original 50 Indian tribes, the immigr

23、ants from Europe, Asia, Africa and America had been gradually pouring into Canada. So far, the territory of Canada has distributed more than 100 ethnic compositions. Canada has become one of the worlds largest multi-ethical countries. Residents from all kinds of ethnic groups have contained a profou

24、nd national culture, and inherited a rich and varied culture historically, so it is no wonder that Canada is a typical multi-cultural society; Secondly, multi-culture as a concept means multiculturalism, it is a cultural development theory that in favor of all ethnic and cultural groups to realize m

25、utual respect, equality, coexistence and cooperation under the premise of retaining their original cultural characteristics. In the meantime, multiculturalism also views racial equality, freedom and individual justice as its core characteristics, expressing an ideal of social goals. In addition, mul

26、ticulturalism is a government policy that implemented by Canadian federal and provincial governments. In 1971, Canadian federal government explicitly recognized Canada is a multicultural society, and formally announced the introduction of multicultural policies. Besides, the Canadian Multiculturalis

27、m Act in 1988 had risen Canada multicultural to a legal level, which marked multiculturalism became the mainstream ideology of ethnic relations in Canada.Canada is clearly the first country in the world to implement multiculturalism, its multiculturalism policy is to respect and protect the traditio

28、nal culture of various ethnic groups, and promote equality of members of various ethnic groups to participate in the activities of the national social life. The implementation of the policy of multiculturalism helps to ease the discord and antagonism of various ethnic groups in Canada; it is conduci

29、ve to strengthen the Canadian multicultural awareness, and to safeguard the unity and solidarity of Canada. According to the information data in the Ministry of Canadian multiculturalism, the majority of Canadians think that multiculturalism is beneficial to Canadian society, 77 percent of Canadians

30、 believe that multiculturalism will enrich Canadian culture, 73 percent Canadians think that multiculturalism will provide more equal opportunities for all groups. Canadas multiculturalism is the original force to induce the community to a civilized society, multicultural education to ease the ethni

31、c conflicts and the consolidation of state power, to establish good international relations. The impact of education, multicultural policy is extended to the field of education, multicultural education policies and social reality in Canada must implement multicultural education. Canadian federal and

32、 provincial governments, multicultural education policies and measures include: the cultural preservation program, the official language plan, multicultural education and anti-racism education. We have studied bilingual education to place education on the social and cultural research, because educat

33、ion is a universal social behavior unique to humans, to ensure cultural continuity and convergence. The rise of development in multicultural bilingual education provides a new vision and development background, so multicultural background is a historical necessity of bilingual education research.2 E

34、nglish-Speaking Canadians and French-Speaking Canadians2.1 The Background of Anglo-Canadians and French-CanadiansCanada has two founding ethnics: the Anglo and French Canadians, also known as the English-speaking Canadians and French-speaking Canadians. Anglo-Canadians occupy most of territories of

35、this country, while the French Canadians in Quebec remains the absolute superiority in population number, language and culture.Canada is the cultural coexistence country of a French culture and British culture, of which 80 percent of its population speak in English, 20 percent of its population spea

36、k in French. For a long time English is the common and official language of this country. However, in Quebec on the opposite, there are only 20 percent of residents speak English, 80 percent of the residents speak French, （abstract from Research of Canadian Multiculturalism by Cao Mian, March. 2011）

37、but English is the common language of Canada, the status of French has been placing under English for a long period of time, children from French families are forced to receive an English education, so the French population and French was quickly assimilated, resulting in a perilous position of the

38、French. In 1960s. Quebec begun a variety of cultural and political awakening, which set off the climax of the nationalist movement and the emergence of the national tendency to separate. One of the goals of this struggle is to fight for the right to French education for the children from French fami

39、lies, as well as the right to fight for autonomy for French schools. Canadian federal government is under great pressure, and in order to conform to the development needs of the multicultural era, the official language act of the Official Languages Act was enacted in 1969, established the provisions

40、 of Canadian English and French both have equal status, French finally won exactly the same rights and status compared with English .From a historical point of view, Canada is a multicultural country, for many years Canada has been a paradise where flowers growing in full bloom, constantly absorbing

41、 immigrants from all over the world. As we all know, the indigenous people lived in Canada are the Indians and the Inuit, their population number account for 1.8 percent of the countrys population. According to the 1996 census, the Anglo-Canadians accounted for 39 percent of the countrys population,

42、 French and Italian origins accounted for 26.8 percent; The Dutch descent accounted for 3.5 percent, Chinese for 2 percent, the Middle East accounted for 1.1 percent. You can say that there is one in every 10 Canadians was born outside Canada territory（abstract from Research of Canadian Multicultura

43、lism）by Cao Mian, March. 2011）. Canada is a country formed by immigrants; she does not have a single cultural background, race or heritage. Instead, she has a wide diversity of cultural heritage. Such diversity is the inevitable result of Canadas historical development, for centuries a direct result

44、 of immigration. Canada is a nation combined with many countries, and includes almost all the main ethnic groups of the countries in the world. The influx of immigrants changed the ethnic composition of Canada completely, making Canada the convergence of a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural land. It is th

45、e complex ethnic composition and ethnic relations that make the coexistence problem linger decades of years.2.2 The French-Speaking CanadiansThe Frenchmen is the first batch of Europeans who establish a permanent military and trading base in Canada, ever since Columbus discovered the American Contin

46、ent in 1492. A century later in 1534, Frenchman Jacques Cartier as the first European set foot on this piece of land, and established the first settlement in Acadia, the following year he came to Canada once again and named the famous St. Lawrence River, and named the newly discovered land New Franc

47、e. In fact, the true meaning of New France lies in the establishment of Quebec City. From then on as a fur trading post, Quebec had gradually become the bridgehead of French colonization in North America. In 1642, Frenchmen built City Montreal on the upstream of River St. Laurence. The “New France”

48、had ruled Canada for about a hundred years, during this periods, it had been in war with British army continuously, eventually lost Quebec and Montreal as the result of the wars. The Treaty of Paris was signed in 1763, which allowed the British took control of the entire French territory. After the

49、signing of the Paris Peace Treaty, the British government began implementing “English policy”, but was resisted powerful by the French. This conflict was particularly prominent in Quebec region. The British government enacted a Royal Announcement to encouraged 13 states residents in British North Am

50、erica moved to Canada to promote the traditional British political system, law, language and religious (Protestant) to take root in Canada. Thus conflict was come into being with French culture that had already existed here long time ago, therefore, the assimilation policy adopted by British Governm

51、ent sowed hidden bomb of national discords between France and England. French people, however, were not willing to be governed under the aliens rule, so they launched a series of sustained struggles for all the rights which still exist nowadays. For French-speaking Canadians, the biggest problem is

52、to retain their culture and language.2.3 The English-Speaking CanadiansAnglo-Canadians occupy most of Canadian national population; they have been living in a dominant position from 1763 when they defeated the French. In fact, Anglo Canadians are not an ethnic group exactly, but a title of an ethnic

53、 group instead. Anglo- Canadians are from the British Isles, including English, Scottish, Irish and Welsh. From which Wales population is the least, and Welsh people is not very different with England people, so it is usually attributed to the scope of the latter. While Scots and Irish, though dont

54、want to be viewed as England people, but because of they have a common enemy: the Frenchmen, and speak in the same language, so that they can form an alliance with England people. The United Kingdoms first colony was established in Newfoundland in 1611, at that time there were only a few fishermen.

55、In 1621, a Scottish knight William Alexander established settlement in Nova Scotia to do the fur business like the Frenchmen. During the period when Britain occupied Quebec, a large number of Scots entered into Quebec. Since the Canadian federal set up in 1867, the Anglo-Canadians have an advantage

56、in both the population number and cultureEarly in 1753, Irish established colonies in the North Atlantic coast. From 1830-1850s, a large number of Irish people fled from their motherland and came to British North America due to the famine, In the 20 century, Irish gradually went to other British col

57、onies, but the immigrants number had reduced much. After the American Revolution (1775-1783 ), many people were still hold royalty towards the British Empire, they were called United Empire Loyalists who moved to Canada from the United States, soon after this large-scale immigration, another immigra

58、nt climax was triggered by the Industrial Revolution happened in the economic turmoil Industrial Revolution. Thousands of England residents therefore fled from England. In 1871, England people is the third largest ethnic group in Canada, came after France and Ireland, with the population just over 7

59、00,006. From 1890-1930, Canada was regarded as a land full of opportunities, and at that time England immigrants reached a peak.2.4 The Origin and Development of Canadian French IssueBritain and Frances colonization towards Canada is the hotbed from which French issue produces. Canada was Frances colony at the beginning. Canada was turned into British hand after Seven Years War. In 1774, the Quebec Bill had planted the seed of French issue, and this bill acknowledged Frenchs existence and rea