定語從句---語法規(guī)則

1、定語從句一 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句1. 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別。限制性定語從句對(duì)先行詞起修飾限制作用。而非限制性定語從句是對(duì)先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明作用。非限制性定語從句中，先行詞與定語從句往往有逗號(hào)隔開。非限制性定語從句相當(dāng)于并列句，狀語從句等。如：I want this man ,who(=for he) can speak English.He gave up the plan, which(=though it) was a very good one.I will take this one, which(=for it)seems to be the best o

2、ne.He has two sons, who work in the same company.(He has only two sons) He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)二 非限制性定語從句中關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的用法。1. 關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在任何情況下都不能省略。2. who（主語），whom(賓語)， which(主語，賓語) 不能用that 代替，也不能互相替換。3. 介詞+which/whom +從句結(jié)構(gòu)中，介詞不能移到從句后面。4. when,whe

3、re可用于非限制性定語從句。題組訓(xùn)練That is my father, and he works in Shanghai.That is his father,_works in Shanghai.I like the boy, who is very lovely.I like the boy, _is very lovely.He told me a story yesterday, and I think it is very interesting. He told me a story yesterday,_ I think is very interesting.關(guān)系代詞的用法（

4、一） 關(guān)系代詞的作用和分類1. 關(guān)系代詞的作用有三個(gè)：（） 連接作用：關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句，把它和主句連接起來。（） 替代作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中替代它前面的先行詞。（） 成分作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中總是充當(dāng)句子成分。關(guān)系代詞的用法分類：用于限制性和非限制性定語從句只用于限制性定語從句指人指物既指人又指物主格whowhichthat 賓格whom屬格詞 whose/of whomwhose/of whichwhose關(guān)系代詞的用法與分類有三個(gè)依據(jù)：（）根據(jù)所引導(dǎo)的從句的限制性和非限制性。（）根據(jù)所替代的先行詞是指人還是指物。（）根據(jù)它在從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞种髡Z，賓語，表語或定語。（二）關(guān)系代詞that和

5、which的用法。限定性定語從句中，必須用關(guān)系代詞that的情況。（）當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one時(shí)。Eg: Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?You should hand in all that you have.(2) 當(dāng)先行詞前面被the only, the very（恰恰，正好）, any , few, little, no, all 等詞修飾時(shí)。如：This is the

6、 very bus that Im waiting for.The only thing that we can do is (to) give you some money.(3) 當(dāng)先行詞是形容詞最高級(jí)或先行詞的前面有形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí)。如：This is the best that has been used against pollution.This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.(4) 當(dāng)先行詞是序數(shù)詞或它前面有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。 如：This train is the last that will go to Suzh

7、ou.What is the first American film that you have seen?(5) 當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。如：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?(6) 當(dāng)主句的主語是疑問詞who或which時(shí)。如：Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the boy that won the gold medal?(7) 有兩個(gè)定語從句時(shí)，其中一個(gè)關(guān)系從句代詞宜用 which， 另外一個(gè)宜用 that。如:They secretly built

8、up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.(8) 當(dāng)先行詞在主句中作表語， 而關(guān)系代詞也在從句中作表語時(shí)。如：Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.2.定語從句中，必須用which的情況：（）在非限制性定語從句中，只用which,不用that。如：Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others e

9、nvy him.（）當(dāng)動(dòng)詞短語中的介詞提前時(shí)，只用which，不用that。This is a house in which Lu Xun once lived.注意：在一些固定搭配的動(dòng)詞短語中，由于動(dòng)詞和介詞不可分割，因此不能把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞之前。如：This is the pen (which/that) Im looking for.不可以說：This is the pen for which Im looking.題組訓(xùn)練 用關(guān)系代詞that 或which 填空。1.Is there anything_ you dont understand about the problem?2.

10、The worst matter_ Im afraid of happened in the end.3.All the presents_ your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.4.This is the very book _ I have been looking for.5.He was late for the opening ceremony,_ was very surprising to me.三關(guān)系代詞who, whom 和 whose 的用法。當(dāng)先行詞指人：1.在從句中作主語時(shí)，用who ，不可省

11、略；2.在定語從句中作賓語時(shí)，用whom/that 可以省略；3.在定語從句中作定語時(shí)，用whose ，不可省略。如： She is the girl who lives next door.先行詞在定語從句中作主語Thats the girl (whom/that) I teach.先行詞在定語從句中作賓語。This is the scientist whose achievements are well-known.先行詞在定語從句中作定語。This is the house, whose window broke last night.=This is the house,the win

12、dow of which broke last night.=this is the house, of which the window broke last night.用關(guān)系代詞Who,whom 或whose填空。1. Luxun, _real name was Zhou Shuren,wrote many political novels and essays.2. The man _you met just now is my old friend.3. The man _is walking on the playground is my old friend.4. A child

13、 _parents are dead is called an orphan.三 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞” 引導(dǎo)的定語從句。 “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用which指物 ,whom指人.1. 當(dāng)介詞在關(guān)系代詞前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞只能用which 或whom ， 且不能省略。如：Is this the house in which Shakespeare was born?He paid the boy $10 for washing ten windows, most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.In the dar

14、k street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.2.在限制性定語從句中，當(dāng)介詞位于定語從句末尾時(shí)，可用that/which 指物，that/whom/who 指人作介詞的賓語，而且作介詞賓語的關(guān)系代詞往往省略。如This i

15、s the hero that/who/whom we are pround of.This is the pen that/which I wrote the letter with.3。復(fù)合介詞短語+關(guān)系代詞 which 引導(dǎo)的定語從句，這種結(jié)構(gòu)引導(dǎo)的定語從句常與先行詞用逗號(hào)分開，定語從句常用倒裝語序。如： He lives in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.5. 介詞+which/whom +不定式結(jié)構(gòu)The poor man has no house in which to live.The poor man

16、 has no house which to live in.=The poor man has no house to live in=The poor man has no house in which he can live.The beggar has no money with which to buy food.=The beggar has no money to buy food with.=The beggar has no money that/which he can buy food with.1. Mrs.lee will move into the new hous

17、e next Monday, _A_it will be completely finished.A. by which time B. by that time C. by this time D. by the time.2.Have you seen the book _C_is yellow? A. the cover of it B. which cover C. the cover of which D. whichs cover3.Franks dream is to have his own garden _D_ many beautiful flowers.A. in it

18、to produce B. which produce C. it produces D. in which to produce五關(guān)系代詞as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句。關(guān)系代詞as 既可引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句，也可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，as 在從句中作主語，賓語，表語。引導(dǎo)限制性定語從句常用于下列句式：1. such+名詞+as -像-一樣的，像-之類的。The same +名詞+ as -和-同樣的。其中關(guān)系代詞 在從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)主語，賓語和表語。如：We have found such materials as are used in their factory. ( as作主語)These house

19、s were sold at such a low price as people expected. (As 賓語)He is not the same man as he was. (as表語)I lend you such books as will interest you.(as 作主語)She knew he felt just the same as she did.(as 作賓語)Such people as you describe are rare nowdays. (as 作賓語)Mass is not the same thing as weight is. (as 作

20、表語)質(zhì)量并不等于重量。在“the sameas” 和 “ the same.that” 中，as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物 “相似”， 指同類事物；that 引導(dǎo)的定語從句表示其內(nèi)容與主句所講的事物是“同一個(gè)”， 指同一事物。 This is the same (kind of ) pen as I lost yesterday.這和我昨天丟的筆一樣。（類似的筆）This is the same pen (the very pen) that I lost yesterday.這支筆就是我昨天丟的那支。2. -such as -Such為代詞，意為“這樣的人或物”, as 在

21、從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分，修飾先行詞such。 This book is not such as I expect.（as 作賓語）六關(guān)系代詞 as ,which 的區(qū)別。1. as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句既可放在主句前，又可放在主句后，有時(shí)還可插在句中，而 which 引導(dǎo)的非限制定語從句只能置于主句之后。相同的是兩者都可代替主句的整個(gè)內(nèi)容，而不是主句中的某一個(gè)詞。如： The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expected.2. 當(dāng)非限制性定語從句放在主句前面時(shí)，只能用 as 如： As is know

22、n to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. =the moon travels round the earth once every month, as/which is known to everybody. =It is known to everybody that the moon travels round the earth once every month. =What is known to everybody is that the moon travels round the eart

23、h once every month. （后兩句屬名詞性從句范疇。）另外 as 多用于下列習(xí)慣用語中：as anybody can see 正如人人看到的那樣，as is well-known=as is known to all 眾所周知，as we had expected 正如我們所預(yù)料的那樣。As has been said before如上所述，as is mentioned above 正如上面提到的。3. 當(dāng)定語從句放在主句后面時(shí)，也并不是as 就永遠(yuǎn)等于which 。1. 當(dāng)定語從句是否定句或表示否定意義時(shí)只能用 which.He came here very late, wh

24、ich was unexpected.2.當(dāng) as 在從句中作主語時(shí)，后面接動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語態(tài)，如be known, be said, be reported, be announced 等。如果從句中行為動(dòng)詞是主動(dòng)語態(tài)，一般用which 作主語。She has been absent again, as is expected.Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy.3.as常在 as it seems likely, as it often happens, as it was printed out, as it was

25、said earlier, as I remember it, as I understand it , as it appears 等結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens.She has read widely in Romantic literature, as it appears from her essay.4. as仍然保持作連詞時(shí)常有的某種含義。如：David is tall, as are my brothers.He opposed the idea, as could be expected.5.當(dāng)非

26、限制性定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞是一個(gè)復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，只能用 which引導(dǎo)定語從句。如：Betty always tells a lie, which her parents find strange.6. 當(dāng)非限制性定語從句為否定句時(shí)，常用which 如： Mr.Smith usually praise his students Rose in public,which she doesnt like at all.用As,which, it, what ,that 填空1. He is such a lovely student_as_everyone likes.2. He is such a l

27、ovely student_that_everyone likes him.3. _what_is known to us all is that China has the largest population in the world.4. _It _is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world.5. _As_is known to us all, China has the largest population in the world.6. That student that the teac

28、her thinks best played truant yesterday, _which_made the teacher very disappointed.關(guān)系副詞的用法。一 當(dāng)先行詞在定語從句中作狀語時(shí)，要用關(guān)系副詞。其中when =表時(shí)間的介詞如in, at ,during +which ，where =表地點(diǎn)的介詞 如in, at,on,under +which ， why=表原因的介詞如 for+which，how =表方式的介詞如in +which.I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing. (when=on

29、 which)Can you tell me the office where he works? (where=in which) Do you know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which)二。介詞+關(guān)系代詞which = where/when。有時(shí)為表示清楚，還可以在關(guān)系副詞when/where 前加介詞from,to 等。如： China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, korea,Thailand and India.三高考試題

30、中對(duì)于 where的考查趨于復(fù)雜，從先行詞為明顯的地點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)為 地點(diǎn)的模糊化。事實(shí)上，對(duì)于where 這個(gè)詞，考生不能只理解為表地點(diǎn)。當(dāng)先行詞表示某人/物的situation 或某事所發(fā)展的stage ，或表達(dá)某事的某個(gè)方面時(shí)都可用 where這個(gè)關(guān)系副詞。如： The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in. 這種用法不是僅僅限于定語從句，特殊疑問詞中的where 名詞性從句中的where 都是這種用法。如 Where will this trouble lead? That is

31、where you are mistaken.1. We are living in an age_when_many things are done on computer.2. We are living in an age_that/which_we have lot of things to learn about.3. I can think of many cases _where_students obviously knew a lot of English words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay. 4. I c

32、an think of many cases_that/which_you know nothing about.關(guān)系副詞和關(guān)系代詞的比較引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞除了起連接作用外，它們還有一個(gè)最重要的作用，那就是它們分別在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)成分。具體地說，關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語，賓語，表語，而關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中作狀語。因此，在選擇引導(dǎo)詞時(shí)，最重要的是分析一下定語從句中的成分，若從句中缺主語，賓語，表語，那么必須要用關(guān)系代詞；若從句中不缺主語，賓語，表語，那么必須要用關(guān)系副詞。Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Q

33、ingdao?Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?在句1中，定語從句缺賓語，因此須用關(guān)系代詞that/which來引導(dǎo)從句，而在句2中不缺賓語，因此須用關(guān)系副詞when 來引導(dǎo)。1.I want to know the date_you were born.2.I have remembered the date_I forgot just now.3.Do you know the reason _he is absent today?4.That is the reason

34、_I want to know.5.This is the factory _his father works.6.This is the factory_his father built.五。定語從句的其他要點(diǎn) 一 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語時(shí)，不能省略。 二定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)與先行詞保持一致。 當(dāng)引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語時(shí)，定語從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞在人稱，數(shù)的方面應(yīng)該與先行詞保持一致。 1.one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+定語從句中用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如： The Great wall is one of the world-famous buildings that

35、draw lots of visitors. Titanic is one of the most wonderful movies that have been produced in Hollywood.2. the only one of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+定語從句中用單數(shù)動(dòng)詞。如：The Great wall is the only one of the buildings on the earth that is seen from the moon.Titanicis the only one of these wonderful movies that has been pr

36、oduced in Hollywood.注意。Not the only one of = one of Tom isnt the only one of the boys who have passed the exam.=Tom is one of the boys who have passed the exam.3.當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞 as與 which 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，修飾主句內(nèi)容時(shí)，若as 與 which 作主語，則從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。如：Great changes have taken place in China ,as is known to all.He has pass

37、ed the college entrance examination, which makes his parents quite happy.4.其他情況I，who am your teacher,will try my best to help you.To own a computer in families, which we thought was impossible twenty years ag., now becomes true.Have you heard of the persons and things that are being talked about?用動(dòng)詞

38、的適當(dāng)形式填空He is one of my friends who _(have) seen the film.He is the only one of my friends who_(have) seen the film.He is not the only one of my friends who_(have) seen the film.I, who_(be) very busy, cant help them at the moment.As _(be )known to everybody, Taiwan is a part of China,We must unify it.The idea,which I think_ (be) reasonable, was brought up by profes