機(jī)械制造技術(shù)是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)

1、 機(jī)械制造技術(shù)是產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)、加工制造、銷(xiāo)售使用、維修服務(wù)乃至回收再生的整個(gè)過(guò)程的工程學(xué)科,是以提高質(zhì)量、效益、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力為目標(biāo),包含物質(zhì)流、信息流和能量流的完整的系統(tǒng)工程。隨著的發(fā)展,人們對(duì)產(chǎn)品的要求也發(fā)生了很大變化,要求品種要多樣、更新要快捷、質(zhì)量要高檔、使用要方便、價(jià)格要合理、外形要美觀、自動(dòng)化程度要高、售后服務(wù)要好、要滿(mǎn)足人們?cè)絹?lái)越高的要求,就必須采用先進(jìn)的機(jī)械制造技術(shù)。1 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)1.1 是面向21世紀(jì)的技術(shù) 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)是制造技術(shù)的最新發(fā)展階段，是由傳統(tǒng)的制造技術(shù)發(fā)展起來(lái)的，既保持了過(guò)去制造技術(shù)中的有效要素，又要不斷吸收各種高新技術(shù)成果，并滲透到產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)的所有領(lǐng)域及其全部過(guò)

2、程。先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)與高新技術(shù)相結(jié)合而產(chǎn)生了一個(gè)完整的技術(shù)群，它是具有明確范疇的新的技術(shù)領(lǐng)域，是面向21世紀(jì)的技術(shù)。1.2 是面向的技術(shù) 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)并不限于制造過(guò)程本身，它涉及到產(chǎn)品從市場(chǎng)調(diào)研、產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)及工藝設(shè)計(jì)、生產(chǎn)準(zhǔn)備、加工制造、售后服務(wù)等產(chǎn)品壽命周期的所有，并將它們結(jié)合成一個(gè)有機(jī)的整體。先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)的應(yīng)用特別注意產(chǎn)生最好的實(shí)際效果，其目標(biāo)是為了提高競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和促進(jìn)國(guó)家和綜合實(shí)力的增長(zhǎng)。目的是要提高制造業(yè)的綜合經(jīng)濟(jì)效益和社會(huì)效益。 1.3 是駕馭生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的系統(tǒng)工程 先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)特別強(qiáng)調(diào)機(jī)技術(shù)、信息技術(shù)、傳感技術(shù)、自動(dòng)化技術(shù)、新材料技術(shù)和現(xiàn)代系統(tǒng)管理技術(shù)在產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、制造和生產(chǎn)組織管理、銷(xiāo)售及售后服務(wù)

3、等方面的應(yīng)用。它要不斷吸收各種高新技術(shù)成果與傳統(tǒng)制造技術(shù)相結(jié)合，使制造技術(shù)成為能駕馭生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的物質(zhì)流、能量流和信息流的系統(tǒng)工程。1.4 是面向全球競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的技術(shù) 20世紀(jì) 80年代以來(lái)，市場(chǎng)的全球化有了進(jìn)一步的發(fā)展， 發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家通過(guò)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、手段爭(zhēng)奪市場(chǎng)，傾銷(xiāo)產(chǎn)品，輸出資本。隨著全球市場(chǎng)的形成，使得市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)變得越來(lái)越激烈，先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)正是為適應(yīng)這種激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)而出現(xiàn)的。因此，一個(gè)國(guó)家的先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)，它的主體應(yīng)該具有世界先進(jìn)水平，應(yīng)能支持該國(guó)制造業(yè)在全球市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力。1.5 是市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)三要素的統(tǒng)一 在20世紀(jì) 70年代以前，產(chǎn)品的技術(shù)相對(duì)比較簡(jiǎn)單，一個(gè)新產(chǎn)品上市，很快就會(huì)有相同功能的產(chǎn)品跟著上市。因此

4、，市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的核心是如何提高生產(chǎn)率。到了20世紀(jì)80年代以后，制造業(yè)要贏得市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的主要矛盾已經(jīng)從提高勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐詴r(shí)間為核心的時(shí)間、成本和質(zhì)量的三要素的矛盾。先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)把這三個(gè)矛盾有機(jī)結(jié)合起來(lái)，使三者達(dá)到了統(tǒng)一。2 先進(jìn)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀近年來(lái)，我國(guó)的制造業(yè)不斷采用先進(jìn)制造技術(shù)，但與工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，仍然存在一個(gè)階段性的整體上的差距。 （1）管理方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家廣泛采用計(jì)算機(jī)管理，重視組織和管理體制、生產(chǎn)模式的更新發(fā)展，推出了準(zhǔn)時(shí)生產(chǎn)（JIT）、敏捷制造（AM）、精益生產(chǎn)（LP）、并行工程（CE）等新的管理思想和技術(shù)。我國(guó)只有少數(shù)大型企業(yè)局部采用了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助管理，多數(shù)小型企業(yè)仍處于

5、經(jīng)驗(yàn)管理階段。（2）設(shè)計(jì)方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家不斷更新設(shè)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)和準(zhǔn)則，采用新的設(shè)計(jì)，廣泛采用計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)技術(shù)（CAD/CAM），大型企業(yè)開(kāi)始無(wú)圖紙的設(shè)計(jì)和生產(chǎn)。我國(guó)采用CAD/CAM技術(shù)的比例較低。（3）制造工藝方面。發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家較廣泛的采用高精密加工、精細(xì)加工、微細(xì)加工、微型機(jī)械和微米/納米技術(shù)、激光加工技術(shù)、電磁加工技術(shù)、超塑加工技術(shù)以及復(fù)合加工技術(shù)等新型加工。我國(guó)普及率不高，尚在開(kāi)發(fā)、掌握之中。（4）自動(dòng)化技術(shù)方面。工業(yè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家普遍采用數(shù)控機(jī)床、加工中心及柔性制造單元（FMC）、柔性制造系統(tǒng)（FMS）、機(jī)集成制造系統(tǒng)（CIMS），實(shí)現(xiàn)了柔性自動(dòng)化、知識(shí)智能化、集成化。我國(guó)尚處在單機(jī)自動(dòng)化、剛性

6、自動(dòng)化階段，柔性制造單元和系統(tǒng)僅在少數(shù)使用。3 我國(guó)先進(jìn)機(jī)械制造技術(shù)的趨勢(shì)（1）全球化。一方面由于國(guó)際和國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)越來(lái)越激烈，例如在機(jī)械制造業(yè)中，國(guó)內(nèi)外已有不少企業(yè)，甚至是知名度很高的企業(yè)，在這種無(wú)情的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中紛紛落敗，有的倒閉，有的被兼并。不少暫時(shí)還在國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)上占有份額的企業(yè)，不得不擴(kuò)展新的市場(chǎng)；另一方面，通訊技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展推動(dòng)了企業(yè)向著既競(jìng)爭(zhēng)又合作的方向發(fā)展，這種發(fā)展進(jìn)一步激化了國(guó)際間市場(chǎng)的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。這兩個(gè)原因的相互作用，已成為全球化制造業(yè)發(fā)展的動(dòng)力，全球化制造的第一個(gè)技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)是網(wǎng)絡(luò)化，網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)使制造的全球化得以實(shí)現(xiàn)。（2）網(wǎng)絡(luò)化。網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展和普及，給企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)和經(jīng)營(yíng)活動(dòng)帶

7、來(lái)了革命性的變革。產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)、物料選擇、零件制造、市場(chǎng)開(kāi)拓與產(chǎn)品銷(xiāo)售都可以異地或跨越國(guó)界進(jìn)行。此外，網(wǎng)絡(luò)通訊技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展，加速技術(shù)信息的交流、加強(qiáng)產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的合作和經(jīng)營(yíng)管理的，推動(dòng)了企業(yè)向著既競(jìng)爭(zhēng)又合作的方向發(fā)展。 （3）虛擬化。制造過(guò)程中的虛擬技術(shù)是指面向產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)過(guò)程的模擬和檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)產(chǎn)品的可加工性、加工Mechanical manufacturing technology is the product design, theproduction, the processing manufacture, sell use, maintenance service and even the wh

8、ole process of recycling the engineering discipline, is to enhance quality, efficiency, competition for target, contains material flow, energy flow and information flow of complete system engineering. Along with the development of product requirements, people also has changed greatly, requirement br

9、eed to diversity, update wants quick, quality to high-grade, use convenient, reasonably priced, appearance beautiful to look at, automation degree is high, after-sale service, to satisfy people more and more high demand, we must adopt the advanced mechanical manufacturing technology.1 the characteri

10、stics of advanced manufacturing technology1.1 is a 21st century technologyAdvanced manufacturing technology is the latest manufacturing technology development stage, is from the traditional manufacturing technology develops, maintain the past manufacturing technology and the effective elements, unce

11、asingly absorb all kinds of hi-tech achievements, and permeate all fields and production all the process. Advanced manufacturing technology combined with high technology and produced a complete technical group, it is a clear new technical fields in the category of, is a 21st century technology.1.2 i

12、s oriented technologyAdvanced manufacturing technology is not limited to manufacturing process itself, it involves products from the market research, product development and process design, production preparation and processing manufacturing, after-sale service and other product life cycle, and all

13、they combine into an organic whole. The application of advanced manufacturing technology, the special attention to produce the best practical effect, the goal is to improve the competition and promote the growth of national and comprehensive strength. The purpose is to improve manufacturing comprehe

14、nsive economic benefit and social benefit.The production process of 1.3 is control system engineeringThe advanced manufacturing technology special emphasis on machine technology, information technology, sensing technology, automation technology and new materials technology and modern systems managem

15、ent technology in product design, manufacture and production organization management, sales and after-sales service applications. It will constantly absorbing all kinds of achievement of new and high technology combined with traditional manufacturing technology, manufacturing technology to become co

16、uld control the production process of material flow, energy flow and information flow system engineering.Facing the global competition 1.4 is technicalSince 1980s, the market globalization have further development, developed countries through, economic, means in terms of market, dumping products, ou

17、tput capital. With the global market formation, causes the market competition is becoming more and more fierce, advanced manufacturing technology is adapt to the fierce market competition and appear. Therefore, a country's advanced manufacture technology, and its main body should have the advanc

18、ed world level, should be able to support its manufacturing competitiveness of in the global market.1.5 is the unity of market competition three elementsIn the 1970s before, products of technology is relatively simple, a new products, will soon have the same function product follow listed. Therefore

19、, the core of the market competition is how to improve productivity. Arrived after 1980s, manufacturing to win the main contradiction have market competition from improve labor productivity for change in time as the core of the time, cost, and quality of the three elements of the conflict. The advan

20、ced manufacturing technology to combine the three contradictions, make three reached unity.2 advanced mechanical manufacturing technology development present situationIn recent years, China's manufacturing continuously adopts advanced manufacturing technology, but compared with the developed cou

21、ntries, there are still a gradual overall gap.(1) management. Industrialized countries, attention widely used computer management organization and management system, production mode, he launched a renewal development on just-in-time (JIT), production of agile manufacturing (AM), lean production (LP)

22、 and concurrent engineering (CE) and other new management ideas and technology. Our country only a few large enterprise local adopted computer-aided management, most small businesses still in experience management phase.(2) design. Industrialized countries to constantly updated design data and stand

23、ards, adopting new design, widely adopt CAD technology (CAD/CAM), large enterprise started without drawing design and production. By using CAD/CAM technology in the low proportion.(3) manufacturing process. Developed nations more widespread adoption of high precision machining, fine processing and m

24、icrofabrication, micro mechanical and micro/nano technology, laser processing technology, electromagnetic processing technology, super plastic processing technology and composite processing technology and so on the new processing. Our voices is not high, is still in development, hands.(4) automation

25、 technology. Industrialized countries to widespread use of the nc machine tools, processing center and flexible manufacturing unit (FMC), flexible manufacturing systems (FMS), machine integrated manufacturing system (CIMS), realize flexible automation, knowledge, intelligence, integration. Our count

26、ry is still at the single machine automation, rigid automation stage, flexible manufacturing unit and system only in a few use.3 our country's advanced mechanical manufacturing technology trends(1) globalization. On the one hand because of international and domestic market more and more competit

27、ion, for example in machinaofacture, at home and abroad, many enterprises, even well-known enterprise, in this relentless competition in in succession lost, some collapse, some are mergers. Many temporary still in the domestic market share of possession, had to expand enterprise new market; On the other hand, the rapid development of communication technology to promote the enterprise competition and cooperation as the direction, this development further intensified international market competition. The interaction of these two reasons, has become a globa