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1、關于真核基因表達的調(diào)控 (2)第一頁,共109頁幻燈片前前 言言第二頁,共109頁幻燈片真核生物與原核生物基因表達調(diào)控的特點比較:真核生物與原核生物基因表達調(diào)控的特點比較: 1. 真核生物的基因數(shù)目比原核生物的多,而且多數(shù)基因組基因真核生物的基因數(shù)目比原核生物的多,而且多數(shù)基因組基因含有內(nèi)含子以及功能不清的重復序列等;含有內(nèi)含子以及功能不清的重復序列等; 原核的染色質(zhì)是裸露的原核的染色質(zhì)是裸露的DNA,而真核的染色質(zhì)則是由,而真核的染色質(zhì)則是由DNA與與組蛋白緊密結(jié)合形成為核小體;組蛋白緊密結(jié)合形成為核小體; 在原核細胞中,染色質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)對基因的表達沒有明顯的調(diào)控在原核細胞中,染色質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)對基因
2、的表達沒有明顯的調(diào)控作用,而在真核中,這種作用是明顯的。作用,而在真核中,這種作用是明顯的。 第三頁,共109頁幻燈片 2. 在原核基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的調(diào)控中,既有激活物的調(diào)控(正調(diào)控)在原核基因轉(zhuǎn)錄的調(diào)控中,既有激活物的調(diào)控(正調(diào)控),也有阻遏物的調(diào)控(負調(diào)控),二者同等重要。在真核中雖然,也有阻遏物的調(diào)控(負調(diào)控),二者同等重要。在真核中雖然也有正調(diào)控成分和負調(diào)控成分,但迄今已知的主要是正調(diào)控。而也有正調(diào)控成分和負調(diào)控成分,但迄今已知的主要是正調(diào)控。而且一個真核基因通常有多個調(diào)控序列,必須有多個激活物同時特且一個真核基因通常有多個調(diào)控序列,必須有多個激活物同時特異地結(jié)合上,才能啟動基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄;異地結(jié)
3、合上,才能啟動基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄; 3. 原核基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯通常偶聯(lián)在一起,而真核基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄是原核基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯通常偶聯(lián)在一起,而真核基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄是在細胞核中進行,翻譯在胞質(zhì)中進行;在細胞核中進行,翻譯在胞質(zhì)中進行; 4. 生成的初級轉(zhuǎn)錄物需在核中進行轉(zhuǎn)錄后的加工和運輸,所以,真生成的初級轉(zhuǎn)錄物需在核中進行轉(zhuǎn)錄后的加工和運輸,所以,真核基因的表達有多種轉(zhuǎn)錄后的調(diào)控機制;核基因的表達有多種轉(zhuǎn)錄后的調(diào)控機制; 第四頁,共109頁幻燈片 5. 真核生物大都為多細胞生物,在個體發(fā)育過程中逐步分化形成各真核生物大都為多細胞生物,在個體發(fā)育過程中逐步分化形成各種組織和細胞類型。分化是不同基因表達的結(jié)果。不同類型
4、的細胞,功種組織和細胞類型。分化是不同基因表達的結(jié)果。不同類型的細胞,功能不同,基因表達的情況也不一樣。某些基因僅特異地在某種細胞中表能不同,基因表達的情況也不一樣。某些基因僅特異地在某種細胞中表達,稱為細胞特異性或組織特異性表達,因而具有調(diào)控這種特異性表達達,稱為細胞特異性或組織特異性表達,因而具有調(diào)控這種特異性表達的機制。的機制。 6. 真核生物對外界環(huán)境條件變化的反應和真核生物對外界環(huán)境條件變化的反應和 原核生物十分不同原核生物十分不同。同一群原核生物細胞處在相同的環(huán)境條件中,對環(huán)境條件的變化。同一群原核生物細胞處在相同的環(huán)境條件中,對環(huán)境條件的變化會作出基本一致的反應;而真核生物常常只
5、有少部分細胞基因的表會作出基本一致的反應;而真核生物常常只有少部分細胞基因的表達直接受到環(huán)境條件變化的影響和調(diào)控,其他大部分間接或不受影達直接受到環(huán)境條件變化的影響和調(diào)控,其他大部分間接或不受影響。響。第五頁,共109頁幻燈片第一節(jié)第一節(jié) 染色體水平的調(diào)控染色體水平的調(diào)控一、染色體丟失一、染色體丟失 某些生物,在個體發(fā)育的早期,體細胞的染色體部分丟失,而性細某些生物,在個體發(fā)育的早期,體細胞的染色體部分丟失,而性細胞的染色體數(shù)目保持不變。胞的染色體數(shù)目保持不變。 例子:例子:馬蛔蟲馬蛔蟲(Parascaris equoorum):):2n=2; 動物極動物極植物極植物極第六頁,共109頁幻燈片
6、小表癭蚊小表癭蚊(Mayetiole destructor):):2n=40。極細胞區(qū):極細胞區(qū):2n=402n=8第七頁,共109頁幻燈片二、染色體擴增二、染色體擴增 染色體擴增的本質(zhì)是細胞內(nèi)特定基因拷貝數(shù)的專一性大量染色體擴增的本質(zhì)是細胞內(nèi)特定基因拷貝數(shù)的專一性大量擴增。擴增。 基因組序列的選擇性擴增?;蚪M序列的選擇性擴增。以以dhfr基因的擴增為例,說明基基因的擴增為例,說明基因組序列的選擇性擴增機制。因組序列的選擇性擴增機制。二氫喋啶二氫喋啶 FH2 FH4 CoF衍生物衍生物 嘌呤或嘧啶嘌呤或嘧啶(1)合成酶;合成酶;(2)還原酶。還原酶。(1)(2)第八頁,共109頁幻燈片四氫葉
7、酸四氫葉酸第九頁,共109頁幻燈片1. 類型:類型: Stable lines and Unstable lines In stable lines, the amplified genes are retained, because they reside on the chromosome, at the site usually occupied by the single dhfr gene. Usually the other chromosome retains its normal single copy of dhfr. In unstable lines, the ampli
8、fied genes are at least partially lost when the selective pressure is released, because the amplified genes exist as an extrachromosomal array. 第十頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 17.28 The dhfr gene can be amplified to give unstable copies that are extra-chromosomal (double minutes) or stable (chromosomal). Extra-c
9、hromosomal copies arise at early times. 第十一頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 17.29 Amplified copies of the dhfr gene produce a homogeneously staining region (HSR) in the chromosome. CHO野生型野生型CHOr第十二頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 17.30 Amplified extrachromosomal dhfr genes take the form of double-minute chromosomes, as seen in the
10、 form of the small white dots. Photograph kindly provided by Robert Schimke. 第十三頁,共109頁幻燈片2. dhfr基因擴增的機理和特點基因擴增的機理和特點 (1)機理:)機理: 非同源重組非同源重組第十四頁,共109頁幻燈片(2)特點:)特點: A. 在用在用MTX加壓篩選的初期,細胞大部分或全部是不穩(wěn)定的加壓篩選的初期,細胞大部分或全部是不穩(wěn)定的; B. dhfr基因的單細胞拷貝數(shù)的變化范圍為基因的單細胞拷貝數(shù)的變化范圍為40400,隨著加壓程,隨著加壓程度的提高,拷貝數(shù)逐漸增加,對度的提高,拷貝數(shù)逐漸增加,對M
11、TX的耐受力也相應提高;的耐受力也相應提高; C. dhfr基因的長度為基因的長度為31kb,但被擴增的,但被擴增的DNA長度可達長度可達5001 000kb; D. 當當MTX壓力解除后,壓力解除后,dhfr基因?qū)⒅饾u減少;基因?qū)⒅饾u減少; E. 當與當與dhfr基因相連的外源基因相連的外源DNA導入細胞后,有整合到內(nèi)源導入細胞后,有整合到內(nèi)源dhfr基因位點的趨勢?;蛭稽c的趨勢。第十五頁,共109頁幻燈片3. dhfr加壓系統(tǒng)的應用加壓系統(tǒng)的應用 EPO(促紅細胞生成素)的高效表達。(促紅細胞生成素)的高效表達。pCMV/EPOCHO cell line/dhfr-Stable High
12、 ExpressionMTXTransformationEPOExtraction第十六頁,共109頁幻燈片三、染色體重排三、染色體重排(一)酵母交配型的轉(zhuǎn)變(一)酵母交配型的轉(zhuǎn)變 The mating type of a cell is determined by the genetic information present at the MAT locus. MATa allele at this locus are type a; likewise, the MAT allele are type . Cells of opposite types can mate; cells of
13、 the same type cannot. Recognition of cells of opposite mating type is accomplished by the secretion of pheromones. cells secrete -factor (13 amino acids); a cells secrete a-factor( 12 amino acids). A cell of one mating type carries a surface receptor for the pheromone of the opposite type. When an
14、a cell and an cell encounter one another, their pheromones act on each other to arrest the cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle followed by cell and nuclear fusion to produce an a/ diploid cell. 第十七頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 17.1 Mating type controls several activities. 1. 不同交配型的特點不同交配型的特點第十八頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igu
15、re 17.2 The yeast life cycle proceeds through mating of MATa and MATa a haploids to give heterozygous diploids that sporulate to generate haploid spores. 2. 不同交配型的接合過程不同交配型的接合過程第十九頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 17.3 Either a or a a factor/receptor interaction triggers the activation of a G protein, whose bgbg sub
16、units transduce the signal to the next stage in the pathway. 3. 交配型的信號傳遞交配型的信號傳遞第二十頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 17.4 The same mating type response is triggered by interaction of either pheromone with its receptor. The signal is transmitted through a series of kinases to a transcription factor; there may be bran
17、ches to some of the final functions. 第二十一頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 17.5 Changes of mating type occur when silent cassettes replace active cassettes of opposite genotype; when transpositions occur between cassettes of the same type, the mating type remains unaltered. 4. 交配型的轉(zhuǎn)換交配型的轉(zhuǎn)換80%90%80%90%5%5%5%5%第二十二頁,共
18、109頁幻燈片5. 不同交配型轉(zhuǎn)換的機制不同交配型轉(zhuǎn)換的機制WWXXXYYYa/ a aZ1Z1Z1Z2Z2MATa/ MATa/ a a HMRaHML a a/ a a第二十三頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 17.6 Silent cassettes have the same sequences as the corresponding active cassettes, except for the absence of the extreme flanking sequences in HMRa. Only the Y region changes between a and a
19、a types. 第二十四頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 17.7 In diploids the a a1 and a a2 proteins cooperate to repress haploid-specific functions. In a haploids, mating functions are constitutive. In a a haploids, the a a2 protein represses a mating functions, while a a1 induces a a mating functions. 第二十五頁,共109頁幻燈片第二十六頁,共1
20、09頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 17.10 Cassette substitution is initiated by a double-strand break in the recipient (MAT) locus, and may involve pairing on either side of the Y region with the donor (HMR or HML) locus. 第二十七頁,共109頁幻燈片第二十八頁,共109頁幻燈片(二)抗體的多樣性(二)抗體的多樣性 1. 免疫球蛋白的產(chǎn)生、種類、結(jié)構(gòu)免疫球蛋白的產(chǎn)生、種類、結(jié)構(gòu) The immune response of
21、 vertebrates provides a protective system that distinguishes foreign proteins from the proteins of the organism itself. Foreign material (or part of the foreign material) is recognized as comprising an antigen. The immune system provides a striking and extensive case in which the content of the geno
22、me changes, when recombination creates active genes in lymphocytes. B cells ,T cells mature in the thymus. Each class of lymphocyte uses the rearrangement of DNA as a mechanism for producing the proteins that enable it to participate in the immune response. For practical purposes, we usually reckon
23、that a mammal has the ability to produce 106-108 different antibodies. 第二十九頁,共109頁幻燈片B淋巴細胞的分化過程:淋巴細胞的分化過程:骨髓干細胞骨髓干細胞前前B淋巴細胞淋巴細胞未成熟未成熟B淋巴細胞淋巴細胞成熟成熟B淋巴細胞淋巴細胞外周外周B淋巴細胞淋巴細胞抗體抗體骨髓骨髓外周血外周血第三十頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 24.1 Humoral immunity is conferred by the binding of free antibodies to antigens to form antigen-a
24、ntibody complexes that are removed from the bloodstream by macrophages or that are attacked directly by the complement proteins. 第三十一頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 24.17 Immunoglobulin type and function is determined by the heavy chain. J is a joining protein in IgM; all other Ig types exist as tetramers. 第三十二頁,共
25、109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 24.4 Heavy and light chains combine to generate an immuno-globulin with several discrete domains. Each antibody is an immunoglobulin tetramer consisting of two identical light chains (L) and two identical heavy chains (H). If any light chain can associate with any heavy chain, to produ
26、ce 106108 potential antibodies requires 103104 different light chains and 103104 different heavy chains. 第三十三頁,共109頁幻燈片不同不同Ig家族的家族的V、D、J、C基因片段數(shù)基因片段數(shù) V D J C 人人 小鼠小鼠 人人 小鼠小鼠 人人 小鼠小鼠 人人 小鼠小鼠L 6 4L 1000 30 12 4 4 9 8家族家族第三十四頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 24.5 The lambda C gene segment is preceded by a J segment, so
27、that V-J recombination generates a functional lambda light-chain gene. 2. 輕鏈和重鏈基因的結(jié)構(gòu)與重組輕鏈和重鏈基因的結(jié)構(gòu)與重組第三十五頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 24.6 The kappa C gene segment is preceded by multiple J segments in the germ line. V-J joining may recognize any one of the J segments, which is then spliced to the C gene segment
28、 during RNA processing. 第三十六頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 24.7 Heavy genes are assembled by sequential joining reactions. First a D segment is joined to a J segment; then a V gene segment is joined to the D segment. 第三十七頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 24.8 The lambda family consists of V gene segments linked to a small number
29、of J-C gene segments. Figure 24.9 The human and mouse kappa families consist of V gene segments linked to 5 J segments connected to a single C gene segment. 3. 抗體的多樣性抗體的多樣性第三十八頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 24.10 A single gene cluster in man contains all the information for heavy-chain gene assembly. 第三十九頁,共109頁幻
30、燈片4. 重組機制重組機制RAG(recombination active gene)基因在抗體基因的重組過程中基因在抗體基因的重組過程中發(fā)揮了重要作用。發(fā)揮了重要作用。第四十頁,共109頁幻燈片構(gòu)成抗體多樣性的因素:構(gòu)成抗體多樣性的因素:輕、重鏈基因多樣性的物質(zhì)基礎:輕、重鏈基因多樣性的物質(zhì)基礎: 1)V基因的多樣性;基因的多樣性; 2)D基因片段的多樣性;基因片段的多樣性; 3)J基因片段的多樣性;基因片段的多樣性; 4)C基因的多樣性?;虻亩鄻有?。輕鏈輕鏈V-J-C重組方式的多樣性;重鏈重組方式的多樣性;重鏈V-D-J-C重組方式的多樣性重組方式的多樣性;輕鏈輕鏈V-J和重鏈和重鏈V-
31、D連接處堿基的插入或缺失;連接處堿基的插入或缺失;1. 輕鏈與重鏈的組合方式。輕鏈與重鏈的組合方式。第四十一頁,共109頁幻燈片5. 抗體的表達與分泌抗體的表達與分泌Figure 24.15 A V gene promoter is inactive until recombination brings it into the proximity of an enhancer in the C gene segment. The enhancer is active only in B lymphocytes.第四十二頁,共109頁幻燈片第二節(jié)第二節(jié) 染色質(zhì)水平的調(diào)控染色質(zhì)水平的調(diào)控一、染色質(zhì)
32、的組成與結(jié)構(gòu)一、染色質(zhì)的組成與結(jié)構(gòu) Chromatin: A mixture is composed of DNA、histones and nonhistones. Euchromatin (lower density) Heterochromatin(higher density):):無表達活性。無表達活性。 Nucleosome: contains 200bp of DNA, organized by an octamer of small, basic proteins-histones into a bead-like structure. They form an interio
33、r core; the DNA lies on the surface of the particle. The nucleosome provides the first level of organization, giving a packing ratio of 6. Its components and structure are well characterized. 第四十三頁,共109頁幻燈片染色體染色體DNA 線狀,無分支。不同生物的線狀,無分支。不同生物的DNA長度相差很大。長度相差很大。 生物生物 bp DNA長度長度(mm) 染色體數(shù)染色體數(shù)(對對) 大腸桿菌大腸桿菌
34、4.0 106 1.4 1 酵母酵母(S. cerevisiae) 1.4 107 4.6 16 果蠅果蠅(D. malanogaster) 1.7 108 56 4 人人 3.9 109 990 23 Packing ratio(堆積比堆積比): the ratio of the length of DNA to the unit length of the fiber containing it. 第四十四頁,共109頁幻燈片2. 組蛋白組蛋白(Histones): H1, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 在進化過程中,不同生物之間,同種生物的不同發(fā)育時期均高在進化過程中,不同生物
35、之間,同種生物的不同發(fā)育時期均高度保守,尤其度保守,尤其H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 。 小牛胸腺組蛋白小牛胸腺組蛋白 組蛋白組蛋白 氨基酸數(shù)氨基酸數(shù) 分子量分子量(kDa) 精精(%) 賴賴(%) H1 215 23.0 1 29 H2A 129 14.0 9 11 H2B 125 13.8 6 16 H3 135 15.3 13 10 H4 102 11.3 14 11 Unit evolutionary period(單位進化周期單位進化周期):兩個進化系趨異后氨:兩個進化系趨異后氨基酸序列改變基酸序列改變1%的時間間隔。的時間間隔。H3: 3億年;億年;H4: 6億年。億年。
36、第四十五頁,共109頁幻燈片3. 非組蛋白非組蛋白(Nonhistones) The nonhistones include all the proteins of chromatin except the histones. They are more variable between tissues and species, and they comprise a smaller proportion of the mass than the histones. They also comprise a much larger number of proteins, so that any
37、 individual protein is present in amounts much smaller than any histone. The functions of nonhistone proteins include control of gene expression and higher-order structure. RNA polymerase may be considered to be a prominent nonhistone. The HMG (high-mobility group) proteins comprise a discrete and w
38、ell-defined subclass of nonhistones (at least some of which are transcription factors). 第四十六頁,共109頁幻燈片4. 核小體核小體Figure 19.1 Chromatin spilling out of lysed nuclei consists of a compactly organized series of particles. The bar is 100 nm. 第四十七頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.2 Individual nucleosomes are released by
39、 digestion of chromatin with micrococcal nuclease. The bar is 100 nm. 第四十八頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.7 Micrococcal nuclease digests chromatin in nuclei into a multimeric series of DNA bands that can be separated by gel electrophoresis. 第四十九頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.3 The nucleosome consists of approximately equa
40、l masses of DNA and histones (including H1). The predicted mass of the nucleosome is 262 kD. 1)組成)組成第五十頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.4 The nucleosome may be a cylinder with DNA organized into two turns around the surface. 2)結(jié)構(gòu))結(jié)構(gòu)第五十一頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.6 Sequences on the DNA that lie on different turns around
41、 the nucleosome may be close together. 第五十二頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.10 Microccocal nuclease initially cleaves between nucleosomes. Mononucleosomes typically have 200 bp DNA. End-trimming reduces the length of DNA first to 165 bp, and then generates core particles with 146 bp. 第五十三頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.8 Ea
42、ch multimer of nucleosomes contains the appropriate number of unit lengths of DNA. 第五十四頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.21 In a symmetrical model for the nucleosome, the H32- H42 tetramer provides a kernel for the shape. One H2A-H2B dimer can be seen in the top view; the other is underneath. 3)組裝)組裝第五十五頁,共109頁幻燈
43、片F(xiàn)igure 19.27 In vitro, DNA can either interact directly with an intact (crosslinked) histone octamer or can assemble with the H32-H42 tetramer, after which two H2A-H2B dimers are added. 第五十六頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.22 The crystal structure of the histone core octamer is represented in a space-filling mo
44、del with the H32-H42 tetramer shown in white and the H2A-H2B dimers shown in blue. H2A-H2BH32-H42第五十七頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.19 The 10 nm fiber(left)to the 30nm fiber which has a coiled structure. 5. 30nm 纖絲的形成纖絲的形成第五十八頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 19.20 The 30 nm fiber may have a helical coil of 6 nucleosomes per t
45、urn, organized radially. 第五十九頁,共109頁幻燈片6. 輻射狀環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的形成輻射狀環(huán)結(jié)構(gòu)的形成Figure 18.7 Histone-depleted chromosomes consist of a protein scaffold to which loops of DNA are anchored. 第六十頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 18.9 The sister chromatids of a mitotic pair each consist of a fiber (30 nm in diameter) compactly folded into th
46、e chromosome. 第六十一頁,共109頁幻燈片 (一)異染色質(zhì)化(一)異染色質(zhì)化 (二)活潑轉(zhuǎn)錄區(qū)(二)活潑轉(zhuǎn)錄區(qū)DNADNA對核酸酶的敏感性提高對核酸酶的敏感性提高 超敏感位點超敏感位點: : 僅在發(fā)生基因表達的細胞中才能發(fā)現(xiàn)有這種對僅在發(fā)生基因表達的細胞中才能發(fā)現(xiàn)有這種對核酸酶超敏感的位點,可見它與基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄有關。已發(fā)現(xiàn),這些位核酸酶超敏感的位點,可見它與基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄有關。已發(fā)現(xiàn),這些位點通常位于被轉(zhuǎn)錄基因的點通常位于被轉(zhuǎn)錄基因的55端端1000bp1000bp的側(cè)翼內(nèi),但也有位于離的側(cè)翼內(nèi),但也有位于離55端更遠一些、端更遠一些、33端和甚至基因內(nèi)部的。許多超敏感位點相當端和甚至
47、基因內(nèi)部的。許多超敏感位點相當于已知的調(diào)控蛋白所結(jié)合的位點。于已知的調(diào)控蛋白所結(jié)合的位點。 (三)正在轉(zhuǎn)錄的染色質(zhì)處(三)正在轉(zhuǎn)錄的染色質(zhì)處DNADNA的甲基化程度降低的甲基化程度降低 (四)正在轉(zhuǎn)錄區(qū)的組蛋白和有關蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生改變(四)正在轉(zhuǎn)錄區(qū)的組蛋白和有關蛋白質(zhì)發(fā)生改變 活潑轉(zhuǎn)錄的染色質(zhì)趨于缺乏組蛋白活潑轉(zhuǎn)錄的染色質(zhì)趨于缺乏組蛋白H1H1,而且其它的核心組蛋白,而且其它的核心組蛋白則被乙?;蚺c則被乙?;蚺c泛素(泛素(ubiquitinubiquitin)相結(jié)合而被修飾。相結(jié)合而被修飾。 染色質(zhì)的體外重組實驗染色質(zhì)的體外重組實驗二、染色質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)對基因表達的調(diào)控二、染色質(zhì)的結(jié)構(gòu)對基因表
48、達的調(diào)控第六十二頁,共109頁幻燈片染色質(zhì)體外重組實驗:染色質(zhì)體外重組實驗: 用鹽或稀酸處理染色質(zhì),可將用鹽或稀酸處理染色質(zhì),可將DNA、組蛋白和非組蛋白分開、組蛋白和非組蛋白分開,經(jīng)離子交換層析、乙醇沉淀等技術(shù)處理可分別獲得上述三種,經(jīng)離子交換層析、乙醇沉淀等技術(shù)處理可分別獲得上述三種組分。組分。 來自不同細胞的染色質(zhì)組分混合后,能夠重新組建成染色質(zhì)。來自不同細胞的染色質(zhì)組分混合后,能夠重新組建成染色質(zhì)。 將無轉(zhuǎn)錄活性細胞的將無轉(zhuǎn)錄活性細胞的DNA和組蛋白與有轉(zhuǎn)錄活性細胞的非組蛋和組蛋白與有轉(zhuǎn)錄活性細胞的非組蛋白混合,則產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。白混合,則產(chǎn)生轉(zhuǎn)錄活性。第六十三頁,共109頁幻燈片第三節(jié)
49、第三節(jié) 轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后加工的調(diào)控轉(zhuǎn)錄和轉(zhuǎn)錄后加工的調(diào)控一、順式作用元件與反式作用因子一、順式作用元件與反式作用因子(一)順式作用元件(一)順式作用元件(Cis-acting sequences)啟動子核心成分:如啟動子核心成分:如TATA box;上游啟動子成分:如上游啟動子成分:如CAAT box,GC box、八聚體(、八聚體(octamer)以及)以及ATF結(jié)合位點等;結(jié)合位點等;遠上(下)游序列:如增強子,酵母的遠上(下)游序列:如增強子,酵母的UAS(upstream activator sequences),靜息子等;),靜息子等;1. 特殊細胞中的啟動子成分:淋巴細胞中的特殊細胞中
50、的啟動子成分:淋巴細胞中的Oct和和B等。等。第六十四頁,共109頁幻燈片哺乳動物哺乳動物RNA polymerase 啟動子上游轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合的序列元件啟動子上游轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合的序列元件組件組件 保守序列保守序列 DNA長度長度 結(jié)合因子結(jié)合因子 大小大?。╧Da) 豐度豐度/細胞細胞 分布分布TATA box TATAAA -10bp TBP 27 ? 普遍普遍CAAT box GGCCAATCT -22bp CTF/NF1 60 300000 普遍普遍GC box GGGCGG -20bp SP 1 165 60 000 普遍普遍Octamer ATTTGCAT -20bp Oct- 1 7
51、6 ? 普遍普遍Octamer ATTTGCAT 23bp Oct- 2 52 ? 淋巴細胞淋巴細胞B GGGACTTTCG -10bp NF B 44 ? 淋巴細胞淋巴細胞B GGGACTTTCG -10bp H2.TH1 ? ? 普遍普遍ATF GTGACGT -20bp ATF ? ? 普遍普遍第六十五頁,共109頁幻燈片結(jié)合于反應性元件的特殊轉(zhuǎn)錄因子結(jié)合于反應性元件的特殊轉(zhuǎn)錄因子調(diào)節(jié)劑調(diào)節(jié)劑 反應元件反應元件 保守序列保守序列 長度長度 反應因子反應因子 大?。ù笮。╧Da)熱休克熱休克 HSE CNNGAANNTCCNNG 27bp HSTF 93糖皮質(zhì)激素糖皮質(zhì)激素 GRE TGG
52、TACAAATGTTCT 20bp 受體受體 94佛波酯佛波酯 TRE TGACTCA 22bp AP1 39血清血清 SRE CCATATTAGG 20bp SRF 52 (二)反式作用因子(二)反式作用因子(Trans-acting element)通用反式作用因子:一般細胞中普遍存在,如通用反式作用因子:一般細胞中普遍存在,如TBP, SP1, CTF/NF-1,Oct-1等等;特殊組織和細胞中的反式作用因子:特殊組織和細胞中的反式作用因子:Oct-2;1.與反應性元件結(jié)合的反式作用因子與反應性元件結(jié)合的反式作用因子: 見下表。見下表。第六十六頁,共109頁幻燈片反式作用因子的調(diào)控作用途
53、徑:反式作用因子的調(diào)控作用途徑: 1)蛋白質(zhì)與)蛋白質(zhì)與DNA相互作用;相互作用; 2)蛋白質(zhì)之間的相互作用;)蛋白質(zhì)之間的相互作用; 3)蛋白質(zhì)與配基結(jié)合;)蛋白質(zhì)與配基結(jié)合; 4)蛋白質(zhì)自身的修飾。)蛋白質(zhì)自身的修飾。第六十七頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 21.2 The activity of a regulatory transcription factor may be controlled by synthesis of protein, covalent modification of protein, ligand binding, or binding of inhibi
54、tors that sequester the protein or affect its ability to bind to DNA.第六十八頁,共109頁幻燈片二、調(diào)控蛋白與二、調(diào)控蛋白與DNA的結(jié)合方式的結(jié)合方式 調(diào)控蛋白通常是結(jié)合在特異的調(diào)控蛋白通常是結(jié)合在特異的DNA序列上而發(fā)揮作用的。而且調(diào)控序列上而發(fā)揮作用的。而且調(diào)控蛋白通常有獨立的結(jié)合蛋白通常有獨立的結(jié)合DNA的結(jié)構(gòu)域。的結(jié)構(gòu)域。 (一)螺旋轉(zhuǎn)角螺旋(一)螺旋轉(zhuǎn)角螺旋( helix-turn-helix ) (二)鋅指(二)鋅指(Zinc Finger) (三)同源異型結(jié)構(gòu)域(三)同源異型結(jié)構(gòu)域(homeodomains,
55、HD)第六十九頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 10.13 The structure of a monomer of Lac repressor identifies several independent domains. (一)螺旋轉(zhuǎn)角螺旋(一)螺旋轉(zhuǎn)角螺旋( helix-turn-helix ) The helix-turn-helix motif was originally identified as the DNA-binding domain of phage repressors. One -helix lies in the wide groove of DNA; the
56、other lies at an angle across DNA. 第七十頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 10.15 Inducer changes the structure of the core so that the headpieces of a repressor dimer are no longer in an orientation that permits binding to DNA. 第七十一頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 21.12 Helix 3 of the homeodomain binds in the major groove of DNA, with
57、 helices 1 and 2 lying outside the double helix. Helix 3 contacts both the phosphate backbone and specific bases. The N-terminal arm lies in the minor groove, and makes additional contacts. 第七十二頁,共109頁幻燈片(二)鋅指(二)鋅指(Zinc Finger) The zinc finger motif comprises a DNA-binding domain. It was originally
58、recognized in factor TFIIIA, which is required for RNA polymerase III to transcribe 5S rRNA genes. It has since been identified in several other transcription factors (and presumed transcription factors). A distinct form of the motif is found also in the steroid receptors The steroid receptors are d
59、efined as a group by a functional relationship: each receptor is activated by binding a particular steroid. The glucocorticoid receptor is the most fully analyzed. Together with other receptors, such as the thyroid hormone receptor or the retinoic acid receptor, the steroid receptors are members of
60、a superfamily of transcription factors with thesame general modus operandi. 第七十三頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 21.3 Transcription factor SP1 has a series of three zinc fingers, each with a characteristic pattern of cysteine and histidine residues that constitute the zinc-binding site.第七十四頁,共109頁幻燈片F(xiàn)igure 21.4 Zin
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