非謂語 ing講解及用法

1、Ing 用法By Zhou CanhuaV.-ing形式“回眸”動詞-ing形式我們已經(jīng)比較系統(tǒng)地學(xué)習(xí)過動詞ing形式的用法,現(xiàn)在簡要回顧一下:判斷其作何種成分。(1 This is an interesting book. ( (2 The woman sitting by the window is our maths teacher. ( (3 Seeing the bird, the bear suddenly stood up. ( (4 I saw the man walking on the street yesterday. ( (5 Playing football is h

2、is favorite sport. ( (6 I didnt stop working last night. ( (7 My work is teaching English. ( 動詞-ing是動詞非謂語形式中的一種, 單獨(dú)使用時, 能在句中做除_ 之外的任何其他句子成分。如: 主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語、賓補(bǔ)等。作狀語時,可表時間、條件、原因、讓步或伴隨。動詞-ing形式的否定式是在其前加not;動詞-ing形式的完成式為;動詞-ing 形式的被動式為;動詞-ing形式的完成被動式為;動詞-ing形式之前可以有自己的邏輯主語,這種邏輯主謂結(jié)構(gòu)稱為,在句中作狀語,如本單元中出現(xiàn)的句子:

3、The other two climbed down into the crater to collect some lava for later study, but this being my first experience, I stayed at the top and watched them.聚焦V-ing形式作狀語V-ing形式作狀語,可表示時間、原因、方式、伴隨、條件等。試判斷下面句子屬于何種狀語:1. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper. ( 2. Hang Wei went to school, taking a train.

4、( 3. While reading the book, he nodded from time to time. ( 4. Not having received a reply, we wrote again. ( 5. Heating water,we can change it into vapor.( 一、現(xiàn)在分詞短語作時間狀語有以下情況:1.分詞動作一發(fā)生,謂語動作緊跟著發(fā)生,這時用現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式作時間狀語,其邏輯主語為句中的主語。常用hear, see, arrive, return, get to, look, open, close, leave, turn around,

5、 walk 等,表示一個極短暫動作。此種情況可以換作on+動名詞,表示相同的意思。譯作"一(剛就"。此種情況也可以換作是when引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,該從句的動詞多用一般過去時表示。如:Hearing their teacher's voice, the pupils stopped talking at once.(= On hearing their teacher's voice = When they heard their teacher's voice, the pupils一聽到教師的聲音,學(xué)生們立即停止講話。2.謂語動作發(fā)生在分詞所表示

6、的動作過程之中,則用when /while+現(xiàn)在分詞的一般式,分詞的邏輯主語為句中的主語。此種情況可以用in+動名詞的一般式代替。也可以換作when、while引導(dǎo)的時間狀語從句,該從句的謂語動詞用進(jìn)行時態(tài)。如:Don't be careless when /while having an exam. = Don't be careless in having an exam.= Don't be careless when / while you are having an exam. 考試時不要粗心。二表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個原因狀語從句。Being ill, he d

7、idn't go to school yesterday.由于生病,他昨天沒有上學(xué)。(= Since he was ill. Because I didnt master the way of studying, I didnt get a good result. = Not mastering the way of studying, I didnt get a good result.As I was so worried, I couldnt go to sleep.= Being so worried, I couldnt go to sleep.三表示結(jié)果,相當(dāng)于一個結(jié)果狀

8、語。His father died, leaving him a lot of money.= thus, left him a lot of money.他父親死了,留給他許多錢.四表示條件,相當(dāng)于一個條件狀語從句。Working hard at your lessons, you will succeed.=If you work hard at your lesso ns如果你努力學(xué)習(xí),就一定能成功。If you pass the three years, youll grow up.= Passing the three years, youll grow up.If you dont

9、 make use of the time, youll regret.= Not making use of the time, youll regret.五表示讓步,相當(dāng)于一個讓步狀語從句。Knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.= Although they knew all this.盡管知道了一切情況,他們還是要我賠償損失。Although I studied from morning till night, I didnt pass the exam.= Studying from morning till night,

10、I didnt pass the exam.Even though I made up my mind, I still wanted to play.= Making made up my mind, I still wanted to play.六表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說明,相當(dāng)于一個并列結(jié)構(gòu)。He lay on the grass, staring at the sky for a long time.= .and stared at the sky for a long time他躺在草地上,長時間地望著天空。一般情況下,動詞-ing所表示的動作和謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生,它

11、沒有相應(yīng)的狀語從句可以轉(zhuǎn)換,但可以用并列句轉(zhuǎn)換。The girl came into the classroom, singing and dancing.= The girl came into the classroom and they sang and danced.特別提醒:為了使動詞-ing形式作狀語所表達(dá)的時間、條件、讓步等意思更加明確,可在動詞-ing形式前加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞(when, while, if,though,unless, even if等。例如:Dont talk while having dinner.學(xué)習(xí)V-ing形式作狀語的用法時,需要注意以下四點(diǎn):(一與過去

12、分詞作狀語的區(qū)別。一般來說,-ing形式表示主動、進(jìn)行;過去分詞表示被動、完成。試比較:The enemy fled in a panic, leaving behind a lot of dead bodies and weapons.Defeated and frightened, the enemy fled in a panic. 分析:前一例中的-ing形式短語在句子中作伴隨狀語,它與其邏輯主語the enemy之間為主動關(guān)系;后一句中的過去分詞defeated和frightened表原因,它與其邏輯主語the enemy之間為被動關(guān)系。(二 關(guān)于邏輯主語的問題。-ing形式作狀語時

13、,一般情況下,其邏輯主語應(yīng)與主句的主語保持一致。如:Comparing all the great people with each other, youll find that they have much in common. Finding her car stolen, she hurried to a policeman for help.(上海2001,28Having suffered from heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes.

14、(上海2001春,38Having suffered such heavy pollution already, it may now be too late to clean up the river.分析:前三例中,-ing形式的邏輯主語均為主句的主語。最后一例中,having suffered的邏輯主語是the river,并不是主句的主語it。這種用法極為少見,有的語法家稱其為垂懸分詞,我們在學(xué)習(xí)中不宜模仿。如果狀語與主語不一致,可給從句加上主語,變成主從復(fù)合句。例如:【錯誤】While reading the book, the telephone rang.【正確】While sh

15、e was reading the book, the telephone rang.她看書的時候,電話鈴響了。(reading的動作不是the telephone發(fā)出【錯誤】Looking out through the window, the garden was beautiful.【正確】Looking out through the window, we found a beautiful garden.Ing 用法By Zhou Canhua (三 -ing形式的否定式。其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是:not + -ing形式,無論在完成式還是被動式里,not 必須置于-ing形式之前。如:Not

16、having finished his homework, the boy was still doing it in the classroom.(四 -ing形式(短語的功能有時相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句。根據(jù)這個性質(zhì),我們在使用-ing形式作狀語時,切記不要在前面或后面的句子前用連詞連接。如:Walking on the fallen leaves in autumn, so youll feel very comfortable.(×分析:如前所述,-ing形式短語相當(dāng)于一個狀語從句,所以后半句中的連詞so的使用是錯誤的,應(yīng)該去掉。原句應(yīng)改為:Walking on the falle

17、n leaves in autumn, youll feel very comfortable.(五主動語態(tài)-ing完成式(having done句中的主語是它的形式主語,它所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前。如:Having answered the letter,she went on to read an English novel.先回信再讀小說,主語都是she1. (writethe letter, John went to the post office.2. (see the beautiful sight, the children felt excited.被動語態(tài)-

18、ing完成式的基本用法。被動語態(tài)-ing完成式所表示的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前,在句中一般作狀語用。如:Having been shown the lab,we were taken to see the library.3. _ _ (tellhim the answer several times, I didnt know if he could understand.4. _ (tellthe answer several times, he still couldnt solve the questionhaving done 主句主語為動作的發(fā)出者h(yuǎn)aving been

19、done 主句主語為動作的承受者鞏固性練習(xí):5._ _(live in a southern city of China, I have never seen such a wonderful snow view.6._ _(not grow up yet, youre not allowed to enter the bars.7. _(encourage by the director, the actors performed wonderfully in the play.8._ _(Know all this, they made me pay for the damage.9. T

20、he students are sitting in the reading-room,_ _(read all kinds of books.10. A: Having worked in the company for four years, I decide to give it up.B: Well, maybe you are right. But _ _(生活在競爭如此激烈的世界中, we should treasure the jobs we have before we find a better one.A: The work is not promising, making

21、 it hard for me to put my heart into it. I always wake up every morning feeling tired and bored.B: _ (了解到你有你自己的想法, I will support your decision. By the way, having walked such a long distance, we should have a rest.11. A: _ (還沒有收到錄取通知書, I have to make another call.B: I think you should post your TOE

22、FL score report, letting them know your English communication abilities.A: _ (已受到這么多次打擊, I have little confidence.B: Be confident please, taking it as an experience of life.12. A: Although you didnt achieve your goal, I dont think you lack ability.B: I see. Its my fault. Thinking that I had done it

23、successfully many times, I ignored the deadline. _ (你再給我一次機(jī)會的話, I promise I will give you a great surprise.A: I believe in you, taking into consideration what you have done for our company.(六其他特殊分詞作狀語情況(1獨(dú)立主格。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)(Absolute Structure是由名詞或代詞加上分詞等構(gòu)成的一種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),用于修飾整個句子。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞或代詞與其后的分詞等構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。這種結(jié)構(gòu)

24、與主句不發(fā)生句法上的聯(lián)系,它的位置相當(dāng)靈活,可置于主句前、主句末或主句中,常由逗號將其與主句分開。需特別注意的是,獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)與主句之間不能使用任何連接詞。這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中多作伴隨狀語。亦可用來表示時間、原因、條件等?！菊`】When class being over, the students left their classroom.【正】Class (being over, the students left their classroom. 下課了,學(xué)生都離開了教室?！菊`】The moon appearing and they continued their way.【正】The moon

25、 appearing, they continued their way. 月亮出來了,他們繼續(xù)趕路。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)基本構(gòu)成形式名詞(代詞+現(xiàn)在分詞Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.黑夜籠罩大地,誰也看不清遠(yuǎn)處黑壓壓的一片是什么東西。There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于沒有公共汽車,我們只好走回家。名詞(代詞+過去分詞The workers worked still harder, their livin

26、g conditions greatly improved.由于工人們的生活條件大大提高,他們工作得更起勁了。He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上課專心聽講,眼睛緊盯著黑板。名詞(代詞+不定式在“名詞/代詞+動詞不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,動詞不定式和它前面的名詞或代詞如果存在著邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,動詞不定式則用主動的形式;如果是動賓關(guān)系,則用被動形式。The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter

27、 of the book.我們四人同意分工干,每人翻譯全書的四分之一。Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 種上許多的樹、花和草后,我們新建的學(xué)?？瓷先⒏?。名詞(代詞+形容詞The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.特洛伊人睡著了,于是希臘士兵從中空的木馬里悄悄爬了出來。Computers very small, we c

28、an use them widely. 電腦雖小,我們卻能廣泛地利用它們。名詞(代詞+副詞The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room.散會了,校長很快就離開了會議室。The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 燈熄了,我們不能繼續(xù)工作了。名詞(代詞+名詞His first shot failure,he fired again.他第一槍沒擊中,又打了一槍。Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them c

29、hildren.兩百人死于事故,其中有許多兒童。名詞(代詞 +介詞短語Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old house,a vast load of firewood on her back.每天下午,一個背著一大背柴禾的老婦人都會從那間破舊的房屋前蹣跚著走過13 I send you 100 dollars,the rest in a year.(2005湖南卷34題A. followB. followedC. to followD. being followed14 He came in and was seated i

30、n the chair. Please come in and be seated. So many directors_,Ing 用法By Zhou Canhua the board meeting had to be put off. (CET 4 2000,6A were absentB being absentC been absentD had been absent(2“with或without +名詞或代詞+分詞” 的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。常用作補(bǔ)充說明或表示伴隨情況。He fell asleep with the lamp burning.The young man was taken o

31、ut with his hands tied.(3某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)。generally/frankly speaking ,judging from/by 中,分詞的邏輯主語與句子的主語不一致,這種結(jié)構(gòu)只限于為數(shù)很少的幾個動詞。Judging by his dress,he comes from a wealthy family.Frankly speaking,I don't like him at all.Supposing he is ill, who will do the work?Generally speaking, boys are more interested in s

32、cience than girls.(4有些現(xiàn)在分詞可以作介詞用。如concerning,considering,regarding,respecting等。Considering his age,he is tall.考慮到他的年齡,他個子高。I have nothing to say concerning his speech.關(guān)于他的演講,我無話可說。-ing形式的補(bǔ)充1.作以下及物動詞及短語的賓語advise,suggest,risk,bear/stand(忍受,delay,stop,regret,miss,enjoy/appreciate,excuse, escape,avoid,c

33、onsider,forbid, permit,mind,imagine,finish,practicedevote oneself to,look forward to,give up,put off,keep (on/insist on/stick to,feel like,pay attention to,object to,cannot help,be/get used to,be accustomed to,be worth,set about等The mother did agree to let the boy risk swimming across the river.I

34、9;m looking forward to hearing from you soon.注意:在want,need,require,be worth等動詞后,常用動名詞的主動形式表示被動的意思(主語與動名詞之間存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系。My hair needs cutting.(=My hair needs to be cut.2.動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)。動名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由“物主代詞或名詞所有格+動名詞”構(gòu)成,在句中可作主語、賓語等。如果這種結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作賓語,其形式還可為“名詞的普通格或人稱代詞賓格+動名詞”構(gòu)成。My closing the door made him angry.I can

35、9;t stand Lao Chang's talking (Lao Chang talking like that about other comrades.Would you mind my opening (me opening the window?3動名詞的某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)。It is +no use,no good (fun,a great pleasure,a waste of time, 等名詞+doing sth.It is no use crying.It is +useless +doing sth.It is useless speaking.be on the p

36、oint of +doing “瀕臨,將要”He was on the point of leaving.on (upon +doing “一就”O(jiān)n hearing the news,I changed my plans.(=As soon as I heard the news,I changed my plans. go +doing (大部分指運(yùn)動和游戲He went shopping/hiking/swimming/fishing.動名詞短語常用在以下結(jié)構(gòu)中:have difficulty (in +doing sth.have trouble (in +doing sth.have

37、 fun (in doing sth. have a good time (in doing sth. have a hard time (in doing sth. feel like doing “想要”would like to 原形動詞 Do you feel like going to a movie? 4 不定式和動名詞的比較 一般來說，不定式和動名詞成分相同時，表示客觀性、一般性行為多用動名詞表示，而表示 一次性、具體性行為則多用不定式。 I like swimming，but I don't like to swim today because I don't

38、feel well. 注意下列重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容： 1begin 和 start 本身為進(jìn)行時，或后面動詞為心理變化意義的動詞時，須接不定式。 When we came in，they were beginning to have supper. After his explanation，I began to understand it/realize that I was wrong. 2有些詞后面既可以接不定式，亦可接動名詞，但其意義有很大區(qū)別，須特別注意： Aremember，forget，regret 接動名詞，表完成意義 (having done，接不定式，表將來意義。 Please rem

39、ember to bring me the book I want next time. I remember seeing her (having seen her somewhere before. Bmean to dowant to do 打算，想要 mean doing 意味著，就是 I am sorry I didn't mean to hurt your feelings. Learning a foreign language doesn't mean just working in class. C stop to do 停下來做， 要干另一件事(不定式作目的

40、狀語 stop doing 停止做(動名詞作賓語 After some time，they stopped walking and had a rest. After walking some time，they stopped to have a rest. Dtry to do 努力，試圖干 try doing 試著干 He searched everywhere and tried to find his key. They tried to succeed and tried doing their experiments again and again. Ecan't hel

41、p doing 情不自禁做 can't help (todo 不能幫助做 Hearing the news，I couldn't help jumping with excitement. Your suggest couldn't help solve the dispute between them. Fgo on to do 繼續(xù)干和原來不同的另一件事(不定式作目的狀語 go on doing 繼續(xù)干原來同一件事(動名詞作賓語 After a smoke，he went on telling us that interesting story. After wri

42、ting the composition he went on to work out his maths problems. G動詞 advise，allow，permit，forbid 接動名詞作賓語，接動詞不定式作賓補(bǔ)。 Doctors advise giving up smoking to benefit one's health. The doctor advised him to give up smoking so as to improve his health. Hbe considered to have done 被認(rèn)為已經(jīng)做了 consider to be 認(rèn)為

43、是 consider doing 考慮做某事 He is considered to have written a great work. I consider him to be my best friend. I consider writing him a letter this weekend. Ibe(getused to doing 習(xí)慣于 be used to do 被用來做 I am used to getting up early recently. The room will be used to store all these books. 一單選題 1. _ from

44、heart trouble for years, Professor White has to take some medicine with him wherever he goes. (上海 2001 春 6 Ing 用法 By Zhou Canhua A. Suffered B. Suffering C. Having suffered D. Being suffered 2. Finding her car stolen, _. (上海 2001 A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searched thoroughly C

45、. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help 3. He sent me an e-mail, _ to get further information. (上海 2000 A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope 4. While building a tunnel through the mountain, _. (上海 2000 春 A. an underground lake was discovered B. there was an underground

46、 lake discovered C. a lake was discovered underground D. the workers discovered an underground lake 5. Suddenly, a tall man driving a golden carriage _ the girl and took her away, _ into the woods. (上海 2004 春 A. seizing; disappeared B. seized; disappeared C. seizing; disappearing D. seized; disappea

47、ring 6. _ in the queue for half an hour, Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home. (北京 2004 A. To wait B. Have waited C. Having waited D. To have waited 7. European football is played in 80 countries, _ it the most popular sport in the world. (NMET 1998 A. making B. makes C. made D.

48、 to make 8. _ the programme, they have to stay there for another two weeks. (廣東 2004 A. Not completing B. Not completed D. Having not completed C. Not having completed 9. Though _ money, his parents managed to send him to university. (上海 2002 A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 10. Havin

49、g been attacked by terrorists, _. (上海 2004 A. doctors came to their rescue B. the tall building collapsed C. an emergency measure was taken D. warnings were given to tourists 11. The next thing he saw was smoke _ from behind the house. （2011 新課標(biāo)全國卷） A. rose B. rising C. to rise D. risen 12. Do you w

50、ake up every morning _ energetic and ready to start a new day? （湖南 2011） A. feel B. to feel C. feeling D. felt 13. Look over there theres a very long, winding path _ up to the house. （山東 2011） A. leading B. leads C. led D. to lead 14. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I chang

51、ed my mind, _ that he could do nothing to help. （上海 2011） A. to realize B. realized C. realizing D. being realized 15. Bats are surprisingly long-lived creatures, some _ a life span of around 20 years. （浙江 2011） A. having B. had C. have D. to have 16. On receiving a phone call from his wife _ she ha

52、d a fall, Mr. Gordon immediately rushed home from his office. （江西 2011） A. says B. said C. saying D. to say 17. _ around the fire, the tourists danced with the local people. （遼寧 2011） A. Gather B. To gather C. Gathering D. To be gathering 18. Recently a survey _ prices of the same goods in two diffe

53、rent supermarkets has caused heated debate among citizens. （江蘇 2011） A. compared B. comparing C. compares D. being compared 19. _ that she was going off to sleep, I asked if she'd like that little doll on her bed. （08 北京） A. Seeing B. To see C. See D. Seen 7 20. I like getting up very early in s

54、ummer. The morning air is so good _. (08 全國卷 I A. to be breathed B. to breathe C. breathing D. being breathed 21. -Did the book give the information you needed? -Yes. But _ it, I had to read the entire book. (08 北京 A. to find B. find C. to be finding D. finding 22. Nowadays people sometimes separate

55、 their waste to make it easier for it. （09 湖南） A. reusing B. reused C. reuses D. to be reused 23. _ the right kind of training, these teenage soccer players may one day grew the international stars. （09 江西） A. Giving B. Having given C. To give D. Given 24. The government plans to bring in new laws _

56、 parents to take more responsibility for the education of their children. （09 江西） A. forced B. forcing C. to be forced D. having forced 25. The children all turned _ the famous actress as she entered the classroom. （09 海南） A. looked at B. to look at C. to looking at D. look at 26. Now that weve disc

57、ussed out problem, are people happy with the decisions ? (09 海南 A. taking B. take C. taken D. to take 27. We are invited to a party _ in our club next Friday. （09 山東） A. to be held B. held C. being held D. holding 28I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. （09 陜西） A. to take B. to be taken C. taking D. being taken 29. _ not to miss the flight at 15: