電池發(fā)展歷史、現(xiàn)狀及趨勢(shì)

1、電池發(fā)展歷史、現(xiàn)狀及趨勢(shì)主要內(nèi)容n電池發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史n電池的定義、特點(diǎn)和作用n一次電池n二次電池n電化學(xué)電容器n燃料電池Baghdad 電池2200年前 電池發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史主要電池的發(fā)明時(shí)間-2200 Baghdad battery1800Voltaic pile: silver zinc1836Daniell cell: copper zinc1838 Grove: principle of air cell1859Plant: lead-acid cell1868Leclanch: carbon zinc wet cell1888Gassner: carbon zinc dry cell1899Jun

2、ger: nickel cadmium cell電池發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史電池的歷史1946Neumann: sealed NiCd1956 Bacon: alkaline fuel cell1959 Urry: alkaline primary battery1960sRechargeable NiCd1970sLithium, sealed lead acid1990Nickel metal hydride (NiMH)1991Lithium ion1992Rechargeable alkaline1999Lithium ion polymer電池發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史1980年代前后n1980年代，電池工業(yè)被認(rèn)為已

3、相當(dāng)成熟，無(wú)太多的發(fā)展空間n最近二十年，新型電池層出不窮v傳統(tǒng)電池的性能顯著的改善 v新概念電池發(fā)明 電池發(fā)展簡(jiǎn)史定義電池是將化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化成電能的一種裝置電池的定義、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用價(jià)值電活性物質(zhì)Most wants to reduce (gain electrons)nGoldnMercurynSilvernCoppernLeadnNickelnCadmiumnIronnZincnAluminumnMagnesiumnSodiumnPotassiumnLithiumMost wants to oxidize (lose electrons)電池的定義、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用價(jià)值電池發(fā)電的特點(diǎn)n能量轉(zhuǎn)化效率高n無(wú)

4、噪音n操作方便n 電池的定義、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用價(jià)值電池為人類(lèi)帶來(lái)了極大的便利n最早的手提電話：第一部手提電話重量為9.8kg 1982年，Nokian現(xiàn)在的大多數(shù)手提電話重量小于100g電池的定義、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用價(jià)值新世紀(jì)更需要電池n社會(huì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展v減少自然資源的使用v減少環(huán)境污染人類(lèi)生活更加舒適便利v電器越來(lái)越多v電器變小v使用時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)v電動(dòng)汽車(chē)電池的定義、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用價(jià)值電池的新應(yīng)用n高價(jià)值的電子設(shè)備n電動(dòng)工具n工業(yè)牽引n軍事n固定備用電源n電動(dòng)汽車(chē) n可再生能源利用的儲(chǔ)能裝備電池的定義、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用價(jià)值電池工業(yè)發(fā)展趨勢(shì)n環(huán)保v電池本身對(duì)環(huán)境無(wú)污染v電池可回收二次化高能高功率電池的定義、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用價(jià)值發(fā)

5、展需求與電池化學(xué)的矛盾n能用于設(shè)計(jì)成電池的化學(xué)反應(yīng)相當(dāng)有限n需求v能量：從100mWh 的扣式電池到20kWh的動(dòng)力電池v功率：從25-100W的心臟起搏器電池到MW級(jí)的備用電源 電池的定義、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用價(jià)值對(duì)策材料的變革結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)的進(jìn)步電池的定義、特點(diǎn)和應(yīng)用價(jià)值一次電池一次鋰電池n優(yōu)點(diǎn) 高能n缺點(diǎn) 成本高鋰二氧化錳電池 一次電池Li-CFx電池一次電池鋅錳電池一次電池智能卡(Smart Card)一次電池紙電池 一次電池鋅二氧化錳薄電池一次電池鋅銀電池一次電池金屬空氣電池n金屬作陽(yáng)極作活性物質(zhì)Li, Mg, Zn, Al, Fen用不完的空氣作陰極活性物質(zhì)一次電池鋁空氣電池一次電池鋅空氣電池一次

6、電池二次電池閥控式鉛酸電池二次電池Alloy (H) + OH- Alloy + H2O + e- NiOOH + H2O + e- Ni(OH)2 + OH-Ni-MH電池二次電池鋅鎳電池二次電池鋰離子電池二次電池鋰離子電池二次電池二次電池鋰電池材料二次電池聚合物干聚合物聚合物凝膠聚合物溶液二次電池鋰二次電池二次電池可充堿性鋅錳電池二次電池電化學(xué)電容器電容器電化學(xué)電容器電解電容器電化學(xué)電容器電化學(xué)電容器n電化學(xué)電容器1000m2/g * 5uF/cm2 * 10000 = 50F/g電化學(xué)電容器電化學(xué)電容器電化學(xué)電容器e- -2H2 4H+ + 4e- -2H2 + 4OH- - 4H2O

7、+ 4e- -2H2 4H+ + 4e- - CH3OH + H2O CO2 + 4H+ + 4e- -O2 + 2CO2 + 4e- - 2CO32- -2H2 + 2CO32- - 2CO2 + 2H2O + 4e- - or2CO + 2CO32- - 4CO2 + 4e- - O2 + 4e- - 2O2- -2H2 + 2O2- 2H2O + 4e- - or 2CO + 2O2- 2CO2 + 4e- - or CH4 + 2O2- CO2 + H2O + 4e- -OxidantFuelCurrentLoadElectrolyteResidual oxidant and wate

8、rResidual fuel and product gasesLi2CO3 + K2CO3in LiAlO2 CO32-YSZ O2- -PAFCAFCPEMFCDMFCMCFCSOFC+e- -O2 + 4H+ + 4e- - 2H2OH3PO4H+ O2 + 2H2O + 4e- - 4OH- - KOH OH- -O2 + 4H+ + 4e- - 2H2OPolymerH+ O2 + 4H+ + 4e- - 2H2OAcid or polymerH+ 燃料電池的類(lèi)型燃料電池的類(lèi)型燃料電池固定電站燃料電池固定電站 PAFC systems most commercially advanc

9、ed 150 220 C operates on H2 ( low S, low C, CO2 tolerant ) efficiency 35 45 % start-up time 1 4 h1 MW power plant 5 200 kW unitsAnchorage, Alaska( UTC )PEMFC systems trials with 250 kW units 80 90 C operates on pure hydrogen efficiency 40 60% responsive to load changes fast start-up time ( 6 min )1

10、kW ( Ballard / Tokyo Gas ) SOFC systems trials with 100 250 kW units 700 1000 C ( suitable for cogeneration operations ) operates on a variety of fuels, inexpensive catalysts efficiency 45 50 % slow response to load changes (best for base-load) difficult materials science problems slow start-up ( 1

11、5 h )220 kW SOFCgas turbine system (Siemens Westinghouse )混合動(dòng)力電源混合動(dòng)力電源Principal difficulties with fuel cell vehiclesFuel availability and supply compact and lightweight storageVehicle requirements fast start-up from cold intermittent operation hydrocarbon fuel + reformer is impracticalAt present, PE

12、MFC / compressed H2 system preferredShort range ( typically 300 km ) Hybrid systems preferred ( with batteries / supercapacitors )Fuel cellPower control unitMotorSecondarybatteryToyota FCHVDaimlerChrysler FC BusGM Sequel3500300025002000150010005000便攜式燃料電池便攜式燃料電池Micro fuel cell ( PEMFC, DMFC ) + batt

13、ery ( Li ) systems for : mobile phones personal digital assistants laptop computers MP3 players military equipment man-pack radios helmet-mounted image displays night-vision sights laser range finders communications systems sensorsMT Micro Fuel Cells, Inc.NECSpecific energy ( Wh kg-1)NiCdNiMHLi-ionDMFC1239301002006003003000ExpectedPresentMotorolaMotorola, 4 cells, 0.35 W5 cmCarbon nanohor ns微生物燃料電池液流儲(chǔ)能電池Dye-sensitized solar cell: energy generator (electricity) Tandem cell太陽(yáng)能電池太陽(yáng)能電池Photoel