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1、Key Terms in Computer Science IlluminatedChapter 1 the big pictureAbstraction 抽象Computing System 計(jì)算系統(tǒng)Computer hardware 計(jì)算機(jī)硬件 Computer software計(jì)算機(jī)軟件Central Processing Unit中央處理器 Memory 存儲(chǔ)器 Main Memory 主存/內(nèi)存 Secondary/Auxiliary memory輔助存儲(chǔ)器Disk drive磁盤驅(qū)動(dòng)器 Magnetic Disk磁盤Hard disk硬磁盤Floppy disk軟磁盤Periphe

2、ral device外圍設(shè)備 Terminal 終端Keyboards 鍵盤Monitors顯示器 magnetic tape drives 磁帶機(jī) Card reader 卡片閱讀器 Punched card 穿孔卡Line printer行打印機(jī)Circuit boards電路板 chips 芯片Microchips 微芯片Wires 導(dǎo)線Integrated Circuits (ICs) 集成電路Transistors晶體管Vacuum tubes 真空管Magnetic cores 磁芯 Magnetic Drum 磁鼓Large-scale Integration (LSI) 大規(guī)模

3、集成 Very Large-scale Integration(VLSI) 超大規(guī)模集成Representation 表示GUI (Graphic User Interface) 圖形用戶界面Microcomputer 微型計(jì)算機(jī)Personal Computer（PC）個(gè)人計(jì)算機(jī)Compatible machines 兼容機(jī)Workstations 工作站File Server 文件服務(wù)器RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer) 精簡(jiǎn)指令集計(jì)算機(jī) CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computer) 復(fù)雜指令集計(jì)算機(jī)Parall

4、el computing 并行計(jì)算Parallel architecture 并行體系結(jié)構(gòu)SIMD (Single-Instruction Multiple-Data-stream) 單指令流多數(shù)據(jù)流)MIMD (Multiple-Instruction Multiple-Data-stream) 多指令流多數(shù)據(jù)流Embedded system 嵌入式系統(tǒng)Operating System (OS) 操作系統(tǒng) Time sharing 分時(shí)Time slice 時(shí)間片Utility program 實(shí)用程序Spreadsheets 電子表單 Word processors 字處理程序 Datab

5、ase management systems 數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)管理系統(tǒng)BASIC（Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code）初學(xué)者多功能符號(hào)指令代碼Turing machine 圖靈機(jī)Information LayerChapter 2 Binary Value and Number Systemsbinary digit 二進(jìn)制數(shù)字positional notation 位置記數(shù)法 place value 位值base 基數(shù) Base 10, Decimal 十進(jìn)制 Base 2, Binary 二進(jìn)制 Base 8, Octal, 八進(jìn)制 Bas

6、e 16, Hexadecimal 十六進(jìn)制number 數(shù)值，數(shù) integer 整數(shù) natural number 自然數(shù) negative number 負(fù)數(shù) rational number 有理數(shù)bit (b小寫) 位,比特 Byte (b大寫) 字節(jié) word 字 word length字長(zhǎng)KB/MB/GB（Kilobyte/Megabyte/Gigabyte）千字節(jié)/兆字節(jié),百萬(wàn)字節(jié)/十億字節(jié)Chapter 3 Data RepresentationAnalog data 模擬數(shù)據(jù) Digital data 數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù) Digitize 數(shù)字化 Pulse Code Modulati

7、on (PCM) 脈沖編碼調(diào)制 Multimedia 多媒體 Bandwidth 帶寬Compression ratio 壓縮比/率Data compression 數(shù)據(jù)壓縮Compression 壓縮 decompression 解壓縮Lossless compression 無損壓縮 Lossy compressions有損壓縮 numeric data 數(shù)值數(shù)據(jù) Radix point小數(shù)點(diǎn) Overflow 溢出Signed-magnitude representation 符號(hào)數(shù)值表示法 Complement 補(bǔ)碼 floating-point 浮點(diǎn) Exponent 指數(shù)Manti

8、ssa尾數(shù)Text 文本 Character set字符集 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 美國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)信息交換代碼Unicode 統(tǒng)一碼/萬(wàn)國(guó)碼/單一碼Encoding 編碼 decoding 解碼 Keyword encoding Run-length encoding 行程編碼 Huffman encoding 哈夫曼編碼 Audio 音頻 Sound wave 聲波 Sampling 采樣 Sampling Rate采樣率 Bit Rates 比特率Picture (Image/photograph) 圖

9、像 Graphic 圖形 Resolution分辨率/解像度 PIXELS (PICTure Element)像素 Color Depth 顏色的深度 TrueColor 真彩色 Raster-graphics/bitmaps 光柵圖/位圖 Vector graphics 矢量圖/向量圖Video視頻Codec編解碼器 = Compressor編碼器 / DECompressor 解碼器Redundancy冗余 Temporal compression 時(shí)間壓縮 Spatial compression 空間壓縮The Hardware LayerChapter 4 Gates and Circ

10、uitsTransistor 三極管/晶體管/半導(dǎo)體 Gate 門 Semiconductor 半導(dǎo)體 Conductor 導(dǎo)體 Insulator 絕緣體Circuit電路，門電路Integrated circuit集成電路Combinational circuit 組合邏輯電路Sequential circuit 時(shí)序邏輯電路Adder加法器Full Adder 全加器Half Adder半加器 Multiplexer 多路選擇器Boolean algebra布爾代數(shù)Logic Diagram邏輯圖Truth Table真值表Circuit Equivalence 等值電路Chapter

11、5 Computing ComponentsComputer Systems Organization 計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)組成/計(jì)算機(jī)組成原理 Von Neumann Architecture 馮諾依曼體系結(jié)構(gòu)Processor/CPU處理器Control Unit控制單元Arithmetic/Logic Unit算術(shù)/邏輯單元Primary Memory主存Secondary Memory 輔存Input/Output輸入/輸出bus總線Register 寄存器op code 操作碼Operand操作數(shù)Instruction cycle or processing cycle指令周期Fetch th

12、e next instruction取指令Decode the instruction翻譯指令Get data if needed取數(shù)據(jù)Execute the instruction執(zhí)行指令Cell單元Physical Address 物理地址RAM = Random Access Memory 隨機(jī)訪問存儲(chǔ)器ROM = Read Only Memory 只讀存儲(chǔ)器Sequence access順序訪問Platter盤片Capacity容量Synchronous同步Pipelining流水線The Operating System LayerChapter 10Operating System

13、 (Os) 操作系統(tǒng) Process 進(jìn)程Pcb (Process Control Block)進(jìn)程控制塊Process Management 進(jìn)程管理Cpu Scheduling Cpu調(diào)度 First-Come, First-Served (Fcfs) 先來先服務(wù)Shortest Job Next (Sjn) 最短作業(yè)/進(jìn)程優(yōu)先 Round Robin 輪轉(zhuǎn)/循環(huán)調(diào)度Turnaround Time周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間Average Turnaround Time 平均周轉(zhuǎn)時(shí)間 Memory Management 內(nèi)存管理Address Binding 地址綁定Single Contiguous 單一連

14、續(xù)分配Partition Approach 分區(qū) Fixed Partition 固定分區(qū)分配Dynamic Partition 動(dòng)態(tài)分區(qū)分配Physical Address 物理地址(絕對(duì)地址) Logical Address 邏輯地址(相對(duì)地址)Paging分頁(yè)Frames 塊Fixed-Pages 固定頁(yè)面 Pmt (Page Map Table)頁(yè)表First Fit 首次適應(yīng)算法Best Fit 最佳適應(yīng)算法Worst Fit 最壞適應(yīng)算法 Multiprogramming 多道程序設(shè)計(jì)Batch Processing批處理Timesharing分時(shí)Real-Time System實(shí)

15、時(shí)The Communication LayerChapter 15 Networking 聯(lián)網(wǎng) Client/Server (C/S) 客戶/服務(wù)器Browser/Server (B/S) 瀏覽器/服務(wù)器Local-area network (LAN) 局域網(wǎng) Wide-area network (WAN) 廣域網(wǎng)Network topology 網(wǎng)絡(luò)拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu) Ring/Star/Bus topology令牌環(huán)/星形/總線拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)Ethernet 以太網(wǎng) Internet 因特網(wǎng) internet 互連網(wǎng) Broadband 寬帶Gateway 網(wǎng)關(guān)Router路由器 Repeater 中繼

16、器 Packet switching 包交換Internet Service Provider（ISP）因特網(wǎng)服務(wù)提供商Modem (from modulator-demodulator) 調(diào)制解調(diào)器 Cable Modem有線調(diào)制解調(diào)器DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)數(shù)字用戶線 ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)非對(duì)稱數(shù)字用戶線Download 下載 Upload 上傳Protocol 協(xié)議TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol) 傳輸控制協(xié)議/網(wǎng)

17、際協(xié)議ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) 網(wǎng)間控制報(bào)文協(xié)議UDP (User Datagram Protocol) 用戶數(shù)據(jù)報(bào)協(xié)議 FTP (File Transfer Protocol) 文件傳輸協(xié)議Telnet遠(yuǎn)程登錄port 端口SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 簡(jiǎn)單郵件傳送協(xié)議IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol Internet) Internet消息訪問協(xié)議/交互郵件訪問協(xié)議MIME(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions

18、) 多用途網(wǎng)絡(luò)郵件擴(kuò)展HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) 超文本傳輸協(xié)議HTML (Hyper Text Make-up Languages) 超文本標(biāo)記語(yǔ)言HTTPS (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure安全超文本傳輸協(xié)議Firewall 防火墻Hostname主機(jī)名IP AddressIP地址DNS(Domain name system) 域名服務(wù)器Chapter 16World Wide Web (WWW, 3W) 萬(wàn)維網(wǎng)URL (Uniform Resource Locator) 統(tǒng)一資源定位符Search engine 搜索引擎Instant messaging 即時(shí)通信Metalanguage 元語(yǔ)言Web log Web日志Tag 標(biāo)簽Link 鏈接Hyperlink 超鏈接Attribute 屬性cookies存儲(chǔ)在本地計(jì)算機(jī)上的用戶訪問網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一