測(cè)繪工程專業(yè)英語考試重點(diǎn)(包括單詞)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上第一單元 微小世界8、地球自轉(zhuǎn)一周的時(shí)間是一天；地球公轉(zhuǎn)一周的時(shí)間是一年；月球公轉(zhuǎn)一周的時(shí)間是農(nóng)歷一個(gè)月。8、地球自轉(zhuǎn)一周的時(shí)間是一天；地球公轉(zhuǎn)一周的時(shí)間是一年；月球公轉(zhuǎn)一周的時(shí)間是農(nóng)歷一個(gè)月。答：無色無味，比空氣重，不支持燃燒。4、舉例說明微生物對(duì)人類有益的方面是什么？3、你知道月食的形成過程嗎？13、以太陽為中心，包括圍繞它轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的八大行星（包括圍繞行星轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的衛(wèi)星）、矮行星、小天體（包括小行星、流星、彗星等）組成的天體系統(tǒng)叫做太陽系。14、大我數(shù)地區(qū)的自來水水源取自水庫、湖泊或河流。自來水是主要的飲用水，飲用水源受到污染，會(huì)直接影響我們的身體健康。10、由于煤、石油

2、等化石燃料消耗的急劇增加，產(chǎn)生了大量的二氧化碳，使空氣中的二氧化碳含量不斷增加，導(dǎo)致全球氣候變暖、土壤沙漠化、大陸和兩極冰川融化，給全球環(huán)境造成了巨大的壓力。答：燃燒的蠟燭變得越來越短，發(fā)光發(fā)熱并伴有氣體生成。測(cè)繪工程專業(yè)英語考試重點(diǎn)Geomatic測(cè)繪學(xué)Geosciences地球科學(xué)Geodesy大地測(cè)量學(xué)Cadastral surveying地籍測(cè)量Geodetic surveying 大地測(cè)量Marine survey 海洋測(cè)量Geological survey 地質(zhì)測(cè)量Control survey 控制測(cè)量Horizontal survey 水平測(cè)量Vertical survey 高程

3、測(cè)量Topographic survey 地形測(cè)量Tacheometry 視距測(cè)量Contour等高線Chart圖表Fieldwork外業(yè)Officework內(nèi)業(yè)Elevation高程Basic point 基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)Benchmark 水準(zhǔn)基點(diǎn)Stations 測(cè)站Geoid 水準(zhǔn)面Vertical垂直Theodolite經(jīng)緯儀Monumentation埋石Latitude緯度Longitude經(jīng)度Prime meridian 本初子午線Gravity field 重力場(chǎng)Curvature 曲率Fixed error 固定誤差Proportionnal error 比例誤差Multiplicat

4、ion constant 乘常數(shù)Angle 角度Zenith distance 天頂距Circle 度盤Azimuth方位角Triangulation 三角測(cè)量Traversing 導(dǎo)線測(cè)量Triangulateration 邊角測(cè)量Control network 控制網(wǎng)Forward intersection 前方交會(huì) Resection 后方交會(huì)Side intersection 側(cè)方交會(huì)Traverse angle 導(dǎo)線折角Open traverse 支導(dǎo)線Close traverse 閉合導(dǎo)線Close loop traverse閉合環(huán)導(dǎo)線Connecting traverse 符合導(dǎo)

5、線Coordinate increment坐標(biāo)增量Trigonometric leveling 三高程測(cè)量Horizontal 水平距Rod plate 尺墊Coordinates 坐標(biāo)系Geodetic 大地基準(zhǔn)Origin 原點(diǎn)Parameter 參數(shù)Map projection 地圖投影Equidistant projection等距投影Equivalent projection 等積投影Orthographic projection 正射投影Differential correction 差分改正Real time kinematicRTK實(shí)動(dòng)定位Cartograph制圖學(xué)Raster

6、 柵格 光柵Embed 嵌入Resolution 分辨率Data classification 數(shù)據(jù)分類Topological relationship 拓?fù)潢P(guān)系aerial photogrammetry 航空攝測(cè)量Remote sensing 遙感InSAR干涉合成孔徑雷達(dá)Prism 棱鏡Blunder/gross error 粗差I(lǐng)ndex error 指標(biāo)差Standard deviation 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差Mean square error中誤差Calibrate 校準(zhǔn)Normal equation 法方程Space segment 空間部分-settlement observation 沉陷

7、觀測(cè)deflection observation 撓度觀測(cè)property line survey 建筑紅線放樣cross-section survey 橫斷面測(cè)量geoid undulation 大地水準(zhǔn)面差距orthometric height 正高very long baseline interferometry 甚長基線干涉測(cè)量connecting traverse 附合導(dǎo)線zenith distance 天頂距hydrographic survey 水道測(cè)量工程測(cè)量 engineering survey施工放樣 construction layout or setting-out s

8、urvey竣工測(cè)量 as-built survey參考橢球 reference ellipsoid 參考衛(wèi)星激光測(cè)距 satellite laser ranging(SLR)重力場(chǎng) gravity field測(cè)量平差 adjustment of observation or survey adjustment多余觀測(cè) redundant observation點(diǎn)位中誤差 mean square error of a point粗差檢驗(yàn) gross error detection自動(dòng)目標(biāo)識(shí)別 automatic target recognition(ATR 水準(zhǔn)尺 level lod平面控制網(wǎng)

9、horizontal control network地籍測(cè)量 cadastral surveying or property survey專心-專注-專業(yè)1. Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizonta

10、l or vertical relationships.測(cè)量是測(cè)定地面上各點(diǎn)的相對(duì)位置，以便根據(jù)它們之間正確的水平或豎直關(guān)系，按比例展示出天然地物和人工地物的一種技術(shù)。2. The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling, automatically takes into account the curvature of the earth and compensates for earth

11、curvature and refraction, and elevations referred to the curved surface of reference are secured without extra effort by the surveyor.在進(jìn)行高程測(cè)量的一般程序中，比如水準(zhǔn)測(cè)量中保持前后視距相等，自動(dòng)考慮和補(bǔ)償了地球曲率和大氣折光的影響，基于曲面得到的高程仍然是可靠的，不需要測(cè)量員對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的處理。3. The type of surveying that takes that takes into account the true shape of the

12、 earth is called geodetic surveying. This type of survey of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. In geodetic surveying，the stations are normally long distances apart, and more preci

13、se instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.這種類型的測(cè)量考慮到地球曲率的影響，被稱為大地測(cè)量。這種類型的測(cè)量的特點(diǎn)是區(qū)域廣、基線長，用來測(cè)定控制點(diǎn)的精確位置。在大地測(cè)量中，測(cè)站之間距離長，需要使用比平面測(cè)量中更精密的儀器和測(cè)量方法。4. Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. 兩點(diǎn)之間距離可以是水平的，傾斜的或垂直的。orizontal an

14、d slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. 水平距離和傾斜距離測(cè)量有多種方法，取決于測(cè)量的精度要求。5. The advent of EDM instrument has completely revolutionized all surveying procedures, resulting in a change of emphasis and techniques. Distance can

15、now be measured easily, quickly and with great accuracy, regardless of terrain conditions.電子測(cè)距儀的問世給測(cè)量程序帶來一場(chǎng)深刻的革命，導(dǎo)致了重點(diǎn)與技術(shù)的改變。不管地形情況如何，距離測(cè)量現(xiàn)在都變得簡(jiǎn)單、迅速，而且有很高的精度。5. More complete EDM instruments also have the capacity of measuring horizontal and vertical or zenith angles as well as the slope distance. T

16、hese instruments referred to as total station instruments.更集成的電子測(cè)距儀除測(cè)量斜距外，同時(shí)還具備測(cè)量水平角、豎直角和天頂距的功能。這類儀器一般稱之為全站儀。6. Control networks range from small, simple and inexpensive to large and complex and very expensive to establish.控制網(wǎng)的類型從小區(qū)域的、簡(jiǎn)單的、便宜的到大范圍的、復(fù)雜的、價(jià)格昂貴的不等。7. The method of surveying called triang

17、ulation is based on the trigonometric proposition that if one side and three angles of a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be computed by the law of sines.這種測(cè)量方法稱為三角測(cè)量，是基于如下三角形定理：如果三角形的一條邊長和三個(gè)內(nèi)角已知，那么其余的邊長可以根據(jù)正弦定理計(jì)算得到。Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known, the direction of the

18、remaining sides can be determined. And the coordinates of unknown points can be computed by application of trigonometry.此外，如果其中一條邊的方向已知，其余邊的方向就可以確定。故未知點(diǎn)的坐標(biāo)可以由三角公式計(jì)算得到。8. Since the advent of EDM equipment, traversing has emerged as the most popular method to establish control networks such as basic a

19、rea control, mapping, control of hydrographic surveys and construction projects.自從電子測(cè)距儀問世，導(dǎo)線測(cè)量已成為建立控制網(wǎng)最常用的方法，比如基本的區(qū)域控制，制圖，水文測(cè)量和建筑工程的控制等。9. In engineering surveying, it is ideal way to surveys and dimensional control of route-type projects such as highway, railroad, and pipeline construction.在工程測(cè)量中，導(dǎo)

20、線測(cè)量是線狀工程的測(cè)量和尺寸控制的理想方法，比如公路、鐵路、管線施工等。10. An indirect measurement requires calculation and can be determined from its mathematical relationships to direct measurements when it is not possible or practical to make direct measurements. For example, station coordinates can be mathematically computed by m

21、easuring angles and lengths of lines between points directly.當(dāng)進(jìn)行直接測(cè)量不可能或不實(shí)際時(shí)，間接測(cè)量值需要通過它與直接測(cè)量值之間的關(guān)系計(jì)算得到。例如，測(cè)站坐標(biāo)可通過直接測(cè)量的角度和邊長計(jì)算得到。11. Whenever the surveyor conducts a field survey, no matter how simple or complex, he invariably makes more measurements than are absolutely necessary to locate the points

22、 in the survey.不管測(cè)量員什么時(shí)候進(jìn)行野外測(cè)量，無論簡(jiǎn)單還是復(fù)雜，他都不可避免的要進(jìn)行比確定點(diǎn)的位置所必須的觀測(cè)次數(shù)要多余的觀測(cè)。12. In a least-squares adjustment, the following condition of mathematical probability is enforced: The sum of the square of the errors times their respective weights are minimized.在最小二乘平差中，遵守以下數(shù)學(xué)概率條件：誤差與各自權(quán)重乘積的平方和最小。In surveyin

23、g, errors in measurements conform to the laws of probability, and they follow the normal distribution theory.在測(cè)量中，測(cè)量誤差遵循概率定律，服從正態(tài)分布。13. Students are tempted to scribble notes on scrap sheets of paper for later transfer in neater form to the regular field book.學(xué)生喜歡現(xiàn)在草紙上潦草地記錄，然后再以比較工整的形式轉(zhuǎn)抄到正規(guī)的野外手簿上。14

24、. This demonstration should make the student conscious of the need for care of these screws, which can become bound or even stripped if too pressure is applied.這項(xiàng)示范應(yīng)該使學(xué)生意識(shí)到小心使用這些螺旋的必要性，因?yàn)槿绻昧^大，就會(huì)使這些螺旋變得太緊甚至脫扣。15. It can be seen that for short distances up to several hundred feet EDM equipment may n

25、ot provide measurements as precise as those obtained by taping.我們可以看到在幾百英尺的距離上用EDM儀器測(cè)量的結(jié)果不如鋼尺測(cè)量的準(zhǔn)確。16. Due to factors such as changes of ground water level, tidal phenomena, tectonic phenomena, etc, engineering structures (such as dams, bridges, high rise buildings, etc.) are subject to deformation.

26、由于地下水位變化、潮汐現(xiàn)象、地質(zhì)構(gòu)造等因素的影響，工程建筑物（例如大壩，橋梁，高大建筑物等）會(huì)發(fā)生形變。四、句子翻譯（漢譯英）1. 閉合導(dǎo)線能對(duì)所測(cè)得角和距離進(jìn)行檢核Closed traverses provide checks on the measured angles and distances.2. GPS由于其高精度、全天候、經(jīng)濟(jì)等獨(dú)特的特點(diǎn)，目前已在大地測(cè)量、工程測(cè)量等領(lǐng)域獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用。Due to the advantages such as high-accuracy, all-weather, cost-saving and so on, GPS has widely a

27、pplied to the field of geodetic survey, engineering survey, etc. at present.3. 這種測(cè)量應(yīng)用了大地測(cè)量原理，因此它具有較高的精度，而且通常可延續(xù)較大的區(qū)域。Surveys employing the principles of geodesy are of high precision and generally extend over large areas.4. Geomatics是一個(gè)現(xiàn)代科學(xué)術(shù)語，用以表示量測(cè)、分析、管理、存儲(chǔ)和顯示基于地球數(shù)據(jù)(即通常說的空間數(shù)據(jù))的描述和位置的集成方法。 Geomatics

28、 is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earth-based data, often termed spatial data. 5. 測(cè)量的類型有多種，比如土地測(cè)量、線路測(cè)量、城市測(cè)量、施工測(cè)量、水道測(cè)量等， 但一般而言，測(cè)量被分為兩大類：大地測(cè)量與平面測(cè)量。測(cè)量中要么考慮地球的曲率（大地測(cè)量），要么把地球當(dāng)作平

29、面（平面測(cè)量）。There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying. Surveys will either take into account the true

30、shape of the Earth (Geodetic surveys) or treat the earth as a flat surface (Plane surveys).6. 一般認(rèn)為只有在大區(qū)域的精密測(cè)量中，才會(huì)考慮地球的曲率。It will be appreciated that the curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys of large areas.7. 如果被測(cè)距離大于尺長，我們可以把其分成幾段，把各段距離加起來就得到總長。If the distan

31、ce is longer than the length of tape, then we can divide the long distance into several segments and get the total distance by plus each segment together.8. 多年以來，測(cè)量員一直使用光學(xué)經(jīng)緯儀測(cè)量角度。For many years, the optical transit was the surveyors tool of choice to measure angles.9. 根據(jù)大地測(cè)量之父之一赫爾默特的經(jīng)典定義：大地測(cè)量學(xué)是一門量測(cè)和

32、描繪地球表面的科學(xué)。The classical definition, according to one of the “fathers of geodesy” reads: “Geodesy is the science of measuring and portraying the earths surface”10. 現(xiàn)在，在市場(chǎng)上可以買到各種各樣的測(cè)量儀器。 A great variety of surveying instruments is available on the market today.11. 參考橢球是一個(gè)數(shù)學(xué)表面，可以為地球的形狀和大小提供方便的模型。The el

33、lipsoid is a mathematical surface which provides a convenient model of the size and shape of the Earth.五、段落翻譯（英譯漢）1. A total station is the most commonly used instrument now in geomatics engineering, which is fully integrated instrument that captures all the spatial data necessary for a 3-dimensiona

34、l positional information. A total station integrates the functions of an electronic theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder. All total stations have similar constructional features regardless of their age or level of technology, and all perfo

35、rm basically the same function.全站儀是當(dāng)前測(cè)繪工程中最常用的儀器，它是一種高度集成的儀器，可以采集三維定位所需要的全部空間數(shù)據(jù)。全站儀集成了電子經(jīng)緯儀的測(cè)角功能，電子測(cè)距儀的測(cè)距功能以及數(shù)據(jù)采集和記錄裝置。不管生產(chǎn)的年代和采用的技術(shù)如何，所有的全站儀具有類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，基本上實(shí)現(xiàn)了相同的功能。After the instrument has been set up on a control station, centered, leveled and properly oriented, and the prism target has been set up ov

36、er another point whose position is to be measured, the surveyor may focus the target and depress a button. Then output from the horizontal and vertical circular encoders and from the EDM can be displayed at the instrument and stored in a data collector and enters into a built-in microprocessor. The

37、microprocessor can convert the measured slope distance to the horizontal distance using the measured vertical or zenith angle. The microprocessor also computes the difference in elevation between the instrument center and the prism target. If the elevation of the instrument center (the HI) and the h

38、eight of the reflector target (the HT) above the ground are entered, the microprocessor computes the elevation of the target station taking into account the effect of curvature and refraction.當(dāng)儀器安置在控制點(diǎn)上，對(duì)中，整平，正確定向，棱鏡安置在待測(cè)點(diǎn)上后，測(cè)量員就可以瞄準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)，按下測(cè)量按鈕。這時(shí)水平度盤、豎直度盤以及距離測(cè)量的結(jié)果可以在儀器上顯示出來，并且存貯到數(shù)據(jù)采集器和內(nèi)置的微處理器當(dāng)中。利用垂直角

39、或者天頂距，微處理器可以把測(cè)量的斜距轉(zhuǎn)化為平距。微處理器也計(jì)算出儀器中心和目標(biāo)棱鏡之間的高程差異。如果輸入儀器高和目標(biāo)反射鏡高，微處理器將會(huì)計(jì)算出目標(biāo)站點(diǎn)的高程，并且考慮了地球曲率和大氣折光的影響。2. In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data. This has created and will continue to c

40、reate new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. As a result, the role of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity. In addition, recent advances in the technology of data col

41、lection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high acade

42、mic standard.在過去十年中，用于獲?。y(cè)量）與處理空間數(shù)據(jù)的硬件和軟件得到了巨大的發(fā)展。這已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造并將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，以及與之相關(guān)的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。這已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造并將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，并為合適的畢業(yè)生提供了相關(guān)的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。這也使測(cè)量員突破了上述的傳統(tǒng)測(cè)量領(lǐng)域，不斷從事新的應(yīng)用。此外，數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理技術(shù)的最新進(jìn)展，使得原本不同的相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的界限變得模糊。預(yù)計(jì)這些發(fā)展將繼續(xù)為教育和培訓(xùn)基礎(chǔ)廣泛，學(xué)術(shù)優(yōu)異的畢業(yè)生創(chuàng)造新的職業(yè)途徑。As we know, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic surveying an

43、d plane surveying. Geodetic surveying takes into account the true shape of the earth whereas plane surveying treats the earth as a flat surface. The subject of this text aims at the study of the size and shape of the earth which refers to Geodesy. The expression “the size and shape of the earth” has

44、 various meanings in geodesy according to the way it is used and the precision with which the earths size and shape is to be defined. The actual topographic surface is most apparent with its variety of landforms and water areas. This is, in fact, the surface on which actual earth measurements are ma

45、de. It is not suitable, however, for exact mathematical computations because the formulas which would be required to take the irregularities into account would necessitate a prohibitive amount of computations.眾所周知，測(cè)量被分為兩大主要類別：大地測(cè)量和平面測(cè)量。大地測(cè)量考慮了地球的真實(shí)形狀，而平面測(cè)量把地球表面當(dāng)做平面。本文的主題旨在探討大地測(cè)量中相關(guān)地球的形狀與大小。短語“地球的形狀與

46、大小” 根據(jù)其使用的方式和被定義的精度，在大地測(cè)量中有各種不同的含義。真實(shí)地表最顯著的特征是有各種各樣的地貌和水域。實(shí)際上，大地測(cè)量就是在這樣的表面上進(jìn)行的。然而，它并不適合精確的數(shù)學(xué)計(jì)算，因?yàn)榭紤]這些不規(guī)則因素的公式需要大量的計(jì)算。Geomatic測(cè)繪學(xué)Geosciences地球科學(xué)Geodesy大地測(cè)量學(xué)Cadastral surveying地籍測(cè)量Geodetic surveying 大地測(cè)量Marine survey 海洋測(cè)量Geological survey 地質(zhì)測(cè)量Control survey 控制測(cè)量Horizontal survey 水平測(cè)量Vertical survey 高程

47、測(cè)量Topographic survey 地形測(cè)量Tacheometry 視距測(cè)量Contour等高線Chart圖表Fieldwork外業(yè)Officework內(nèi)業(yè)Elevation高程Basic point 基準(zhǔn)點(diǎn)Benchmark 水準(zhǔn)基點(diǎn)Stations 測(cè)站Geoid 水準(zhǔn)面Vertical垂直Theodolite經(jīng)緯儀Monumentation埋石Latitude緯度Longitude經(jīng)度Prime meridian 本初子午線Gravity field 重力場(chǎng)Curvature 曲率Fixed error 固定誤差Proportionnal error 比例誤差Multiplication