測繪工程專業(yè)英語考試重點(包括單詞)

1、精選優(yōu)質(zhì)文檔-傾情為你奉上第一單元 微小世界8、地球自轉(zhuǎn)一周的時間是一天；地球公轉(zhuǎn)一周的時間是一年；月球公轉(zhuǎn)一周的時間是農(nóng)歷一個月。8、地球自轉(zhuǎn)一周的時間是一天；地球公轉(zhuǎn)一周的時間是一年；月球公轉(zhuǎn)一周的時間是農(nóng)歷一個月。答：無色無味，比空氣重，不支持燃燒。4、舉例說明微生物對人類有益的方面是什么？3、你知道月食的形成過程嗎？13、以太陽為中心，包括圍繞它轉(zhuǎn)動的八大行星（包括圍繞行星轉(zhuǎn)動的衛(wèi)星）、矮行星、小天體（包括小行星、流星、彗星等）組成的天體系統(tǒng)叫做太陽系。14、大我數(shù)地區(qū)的自來水水源取自水庫、湖泊或河流。自來水是主要的飲用水，飲用水源受到污染，會直接影響我們的身體健康。10、由于煤、石油

2、等化石燃料消耗的急劇增加，產(chǎn)生了大量的二氧化碳，使空氣中的二氧化碳含量不斷增加，導(dǎo)致全球氣候變暖、土壤沙漠化、大陸和兩極冰川融化，給全球環(huán)境造成了巨大的壓力。答：燃燒的蠟燭變得越來越短，發(fā)光發(fā)熱并伴有氣體生成。測繪工程專業(yè)英語考試重點Geomatic測繪學(xué)Geosciences地球科學(xué)Geodesy大地測量學(xué)Cadastral surveying地籍測量Geodetic surveying 大地測量Marine survey 海洋測量Geological survey 地質(zhì)測量Control survey 控制測量Horizontal survey 水平測量Vertical survey 高程

3、測量Topographic survey 地形測量Tacheometry 視距測量Contour等高線Chart圖表Fieldwork外業(yè)Officework內(nèi)業(yè)Elevation高程Basic point 基準(zhǔn)點Benchmark 水準(zhǔn)基點Stations 測站Geoid 水準(zhǔn)面Vertical垂直Theodolite經(jīng)緯儀Monumentation埋石Latitude緯度Longitude經(jīng)度Prime meridian 本初子午線Gravity field 重力場Curvature 曲率Fixed error 固定誤差Proportionnal error 比例誤差Multiplicat

4、ion constant 乘常數(shù)Angle 角度Zenith distance 天頂距Circle 度盤Azimuth方位角Triangulation 三角測量Traversing 導(dǎo)線測量Triangulateration 邊角測量Control network 控制網(wǎng)Forward intersection 前方交會 Resection 后方交會Side intersection 側(cè)方交會Traverse angle 導(dǎo)線折角Open traverse 支導(dǎo)線Close traverse 閉合導(dǎo)線Close loop traverse閉合環(huán)導(dǎo)線Connecting traverse 符合導(dǎo)

5、線Coordinate increment坐標(biāo)增量Trigonometric leveling 三高程測量Horizontal 水平距Rod plate 尺墊Coordinates 坐標(biāo)系Geodetic 大地基準(zhǔn)Origin 原點Parameter 參數(shù)Map projection 地圖投影Equidistant projection等距投影Equivalent projection 等積投影Orthographic projection 正射投影Differential correction 差分改正Real time kinematicRTK實動定位Cartograph制圖學(xué)Raster

6、 柵格 光柵Embed 嵌入Resolution 分辨率Data classification 數(shù)據(jù)分類Topological relationship 拓?fù)潢P(guān)系aerial photogrammetry 航空攝測量Remote sensing 遙感InSAR干涉合成孔徑雷達Prism 棱鏡Blunder/gross error 粗差I(lǐng)ndex error 指標(biāo)差Standard deviation 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差Mean square error中誤差Calibrate 校準(zhǔn)Normal equation 法方程Space segment 空間部分-settlement observation 沉陷

7、觀測deflection observation 撓度觀測property line survey 建筑紅線放樣cross-section survey 橫斷面測量geoid undulation 大地水準(zhǔn)面差距orthometric height 正高very long baseline interferometry 甚長基線干涉測量connecting traverse 附合導(dǎo)線zenith distance 天頂距hydrographic survey 水道測量工程測量 engineering survey施工放樣 construction layout or setting-out s

8、urvey竣工測量 as-built survey參考橢球 reference ellipsoid 參考衛(wèi)星激光測距 satellite laser ranging(SLR)重力場 gravity field測量平差 adjustment of observation or survey adjustment多余觀測 redundant observation點位中誤差 mean square error of a point粗差檢驗 gross error detection自動目標(biāo)識別 automatic target recognition(ATR 水準(zhǔn)尺 level lod平面控制網(wǎng)

9、horizontal control network地籍測量 cadastral surveying or property survey專心-專注-專業(yè)1. Surveying is the art of making such measurements of the relative positions of points on the surface of the earth that, on drawing them to scale, natural and artificial features may be exhibited in their correct horizonta

10、l or vertical relationships.測量是測定地面上各點的相對位置，以便根據(jù)它們之間正確的水平或豎直關(guān)系，按比例展示出天然地物和人工地物的一種技術(shù)。2. The ordinary procedure in determining elevations, such as balancing backsight and foresight distance in differential leveling, automatically takes into account the curvature of the earth and compensates for earth

11、curvature and refraction, and elevations referred to the curved surface of reference are secured without extra effort by the surveyor.在進行高程測量的一般程序中，比如水準(zhǔn)測量中保持前后視距相等，自動考慮和補償了地球曲率和大氣折光的影響，基于曲面得到的高程仍然是可靠的，不需要測量員對數(shù)據(jù)進行進一步的處理。3. The type of surveying that takes that takes into account the true shape of the

12、 earth is called geodetic surveying. This type of survey of survey is suited for large areas and long lines and is used to find the precise location of basic points needed for establishing control for other surveys. In geodetic surveying，the stations are normally long distances apart, and more preci

13、se instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for plane surveying.這種類型的測量考慮到地球曲率的影響，被稱為大地測量。這種類型的測量的特點是區(qū)域廣、基線長，用來測定控制點的精確位置。在大地測量中，測站之間距離長，需要使用比平面測量中更精密的儀器和測量方法。4. Distance between two points can be horizontal, slope, or vertical. 兩點之間距離可以是水平的，傾斜的或垂直的。orizontal an

14、d slope distances can be measured with lots of techniques of measurement depending on the desired quality of the result. 水平距離和傾斜距離測量有多種方法，取決于測量的精度要求。5. The advent of EDM instrument has completely revolutionized all surveying procedures, resulting in a change of emphasis and techniques. Distance can

15、now be measured easily, quickly and with great accuracy, regardless of terrain conditions.電子測距儀的問世給測量程序帶來一場深刻的革命，導(dǎo)致了重點與技術(shù)的改變。不管地形情況如何，距離測量現(xiàn)在都變得簡單、迅速，而且有很高的精度。5. More complete EDM instruments also have the capacity of measuring horizontal and vertical or zenith angles as well as the slope distance. T

16、hese instruments referred to as total station instruments.更集成的電子測距儀除測量斜距外，同時還具備測量水平角、豎直角和天頂距的功能。這類儀器一般稱之為全站儀。6. Control networks range from small, simple and inexpensive to large and complex and very expensive to establish.控制網(wǎng)的類型從小區(qū)域的、簡單的、便宜的到大范圍的、復(fù)雜的、價格昂貴的不等。7. The method of surveying called triang

17、ulation is based on the trigonometric proposition that if one side and three angles of a triangle are known, the remaining sides can be computed by the law of sines.這種測量方法稱為三角測量，是基于如下三角形定理：如果三角形的一條邊長和三個內(nèi)角已知，那么其余的邊長可以根據(jù)正弦定理計算得到。Furthermore, if the direction of one side is known, the direction of the

18、remaining sides can be determined. And the coordinates of unknown points can be computed by application of trigonometry.此外，如果其中一條邊的方向已知，其余邊的方向就可以確定。故未知點的坐標(biāo)可以由三角公式計算得到。8. Since the advent of EDM equipment, traversing has emerged as the most popular method to establish control networks such as basic a

19、rea control, mapping, control of hydrographic surveys and construction projects.自從電子測距儀問世，導(dǎo)線測量已成為建立控制網(wǎng)最常用的方法，比如基本的區(qū)域控制，制圖，水文測量和建筑工程的控制等。9. In engineering surveying, it is ideal way to surveys and dimensional control of route-type projects such as highway, railroad, and pipeline construction.在工程測量中，導(dǎo)

20、線測量是線狀工程的測量和尺寸控制的理想方法，比如公路、鐵路、管線施工等。10. An indirect measurement requires calculation and can be determined from its mathematical relationships to direct measurements when it is not possible or practical to make direct measurements. For example, station coordinates can be mathematically computed by m

21、easuring angles and lengths of lines between points directly.當(dāng)進行直接測量不可能或不實際時，間接測量值需要通過它與直接測量值之間的關(guān)系計算得到。例如，測站坐標(biāo)可通過直接測量的角度和邊長計算得到。11. Whenever the surveyor conducts a field survey, no matter how simple or complex, he invariably makes more measurements than are absolutely necessary to locate the points

22、 in the survey.不管測量員什么時候進行野外測量，無論簡單還是復(fù)雜，他都不可避免的要進行比確定點的位置所必須的觀測次數(shù)要多余的觀測。12. In a least-squares adjustment, the following condition of mathematical probability is enforced: The sum of the square of the errors times their respective weights are minimized.在最小二乘平差中，遵守以下數(shù)學(xué)概率條件：誤差與各自權(quán)重乘積的平方和最小。In surveyin

23、g, errors in measurements conform to the laws of probability, and they follow the normal distribution theory.在測量中，測量誤差遵循概率定律，服從正態(tài)分布。13. Students are tempted to scribble notes on scrap sheets of paper for later transfer in neater form to the regular field book.學(xué)生喜歡現(xiàn)在草紙上潦草地記錄，然后再以比較工整的形式轉(zhuǎn)抄到正規(guī)的野外手簿上。14

24、. This demonstration should make the student conscious of the need for care of these screws, which can become bound or even stripped if too pressure is applied.這項示范應(yīng)該使學(xué)生意識到小心使用這些螺旋的必要性，因為如果用力過大，就會使這些螺旋變得太緊甚至脫扣。15. It can be seen that for short distances up to several hundred feet EDM equipment may n

25、ot provide measurements as precise as those obtained by taping.我們可以看到在幾百英尺的距離上用EDM儀器測量的結(jié)果不如鋼尺測量的準(zhǔn)確。16. Due to factors such as changes of ground water level, tidal phenomena, tectonic phenomena, etc, engineering structures (such as dams, bridges, high rise buildings, etc.) are subject to deformation.

26、由于地下水位變化、潮汐現(xiàn)象、地質(zhì)構(gòu)造等因素的影響，工程建筑物（例如大壩，橋梁，高大建筑物等）會發(fā)生形變。四、句子翻譯（漢譯英）1. 閉合導(dǎo)線能對所測得角和距離進行檢核Closed traverses provide checks on the measured angles and distances.2. GPS由于其高精度、全天候、經(jīng)濟等獨特的特點，目前已在大地測量、工程測量等領(lǐng)域獲得了廣泛的應(yīng)用。Due to the advantages such as high-accuracy, all-weather, cost-saving and so on, GPS has widely a

27、pplied to the field of geodetic survey, engineering survey, etc. at present.3. 這種測量應(yīng)用了大地測量原理，因此它具有較高的精度，而且通常可延續(xù)較大的區(qū)域。Surveys employing the principles of geodesy are of high precision and generally extend over large areas.4. Geomatics是一個現(xiàn)代科學(xué)術(shù)語，用以表示量測、分析、管理、存儲和顯示基于地球數(shù)據(jù)(即通常說的空間數(shù)據(jù))的描述和位置的集成方法。 Geomatics

28、 is the modern scientific term referring to the integrated approach of measurement, analysis, management, storage and display of the descriptions and location of Earth-based data, often termed spatial data. 5. 測量的類型有多種，比如土地測量、線路測量、城市測量、施工測量、水道測量等， 但一般而言，測量被分為兩大類：大地測量與平面測量。測量中要么考慮地球的曲率（大地測量），要么把地球當(dāng)作平

29、面（平面測量）。There are many different types of surveys such as land surveys, route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys, hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally speaking, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic and plane surveying. Surveys will either take into account the true

30、shape of the Earth (Geodetic surveys) or treat the earth as a flat surface (Plane surveys).6. 一般認(rèn)為只有在大區(qū)域的精密測量中，才會考慮地球的曲率。It will be appreciated that the curvature of the earth must be taken into consideration only in precise surveys of large areas.7. 如果被測距離大于尺長，我們可以把其分成幾段，把各段距離加起來就得到總長。If the distan

31、ce is longer than the length of tape, then we can divide the long distance into several segments and get the total distance by plus each segment together.8. 多年以來，測量員一直使用光學(xué)經(jīng)緯儀測量角度。For many years, the optical transit was the surveyors tool of choice to measure angles.9. 根據(jù)大地測量之父之一赫爾默特的經(jīng)典定義：大地測量學(xué)是一門量測和

32、描繪地球表面的科學(xué)。The classical definition, according to one of the “fathers of geodesy” reads: “Geodesy is the science of measuring and portraying the earths surface”10. 現(xiàn)在，在市場上可以買到各種各樣的測量儀器。 A great variety of surveying instruments is available on the market today.11. 參考橢球是一個數(shù)學(xué)表面，可以為地球的形狀和大小提供方便的模型。The el

33、lipsoid is a mathematical surface which provides a convenient model of the size and shape of the Earth.五、段落翻譯（英譯漢）1. A total station is the most commonly used instrument now in geomatics engineering, which is fully integrated instrument that captures all the spatial data necessary for a 3-dimensiona

34、l positional information. A total station integrates the functions of an electronic theodolite for measuring angles, an EDM for measuring distances, digital data and a data recorder. All total stations have similar constructional features regardless of their age or level of technology, and all perfo

35、rm basically the same function.全站儀是當(dāng)前測繪工程中最常用的儀器，它是一種高度集成的儀器，可以采集三維定位所需要的全部空間數(shù)據(jù)。全站儀集成了電子經(jīng)緯儀的測角功能，電子測距儀的測距功能以及數(shù)據(jù)采集和記錄裝置。不管生產(chǎn)的年代和采用的技術(shù)如何，所有的全站儀具有類似的結(jié)構(gòu)，基本上實現(xiàn)了相同的功能。After the instrument has been set up on a control station, centered, leveled and properly oriented, and the prism target has been set up ov

36、er another point whose position is to be measured, the surveyor may focus the target and depress a button. Then output from the horizontal and vertical circular encoders and from the EDM can be displayed at the instrument and stored in a data collector and enters into a built-in microprocessor. The

37、microprocessor can convert the measured slope distance to the horizontal distance using the measured vertical or zenith angle. The microprocessor also computes the difference in elevation between the instrument center and the prism target. If the elevation of the instrument center (the HI) and the h

38、eight of the reflector target (the HT) above the ground are entered, the microprocessor computes the elevation of the target station taking into account the effect of curvature and refraction.當(dāng)儀器安置在控制點上，對中，整平，正確定向，棱鏡安置在待測點上后，測量員就可以瞄準(zhǔn)目標(biāo)，按下測量按鈕。這時水平度盤、豎直度盤以及距離測量的結(jié)果可以在儀器上顯示出來，并且存貯到數(shù)據(jù)采集器和內(nèi)置的微處理器當(dāng)中。利用垂直角

39、或者天頂距，微處理器可以把測量的斜距轉(zhuǎn)化為平距。微處理器也計算出儀器中心和目標(biāo)棱鏡之間的高程差異。如果輸入儀器高和目標(biāo)反射鏡高，微處理器將會計算出目標(biāo)站點的高程，并且考慮了地球曲率和大氣折光的影響。2. In the last decade, there has been dramatic development and growth in the use of hardware and software solutions to both measure and process geo-spatial data. This has created and will continue to c

40、reate new areas of application, with associated job opportunities for suitably qualified graduates. As a result, the role of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond traditional areas of practice, as described above, into new areas of opportunity. In addition, recent advances in the technology of data col

41、lection and processing have blurred the boundaries of practice and activity between what were previously regarded as related but separate areas. Such developments are forecast to continue and will create new career paths for graduates whose education and training is broadly based and of a high acade

42、mic standard.在過去十年中，用于獲?。y量）與處理空間數(shù)據(jù)的硬件和軟件得到了巨大的發(fā)展。這已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造并將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，以及與之相關(guān)的就業(yè)機會。這已經(jīng)創(chuàng)造并將繼續(xù)創(chuàng)造新的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，并為合適的畢業(yè)生提供了相關(guān)的就業(yè)機會。這也使測量員突破了上述的傳統(tǒng)測量領(lǐng)域，不斷從事新的應(yīng)用。此外，數(shù)據(jù)采集和處理技術(shù)的最新進展，使得原本不同的相關(guān)領(lǐng)域的界限變得模糊。預(yù)計這些發(fā)展將繼續(xù)為教育和培訓(xùn)基礎(chǔ)廣泛，學(xué)術(shù)優(yōu)異的畢業(yè)生創(chuàng)造新的職業(yè)途徑。As we know, surveying is divided into two major categories: geodetic surveying an

43、d plane surveying. Geodetic surveying takes into account the true shape of the earth whereas plane surveying treats the earth as a flat surface. The subject of this text aims at the study of the size and shape of the earth which refers to Geodesy. The expression “the size and shape of the earth” has

44、 various meanings in geodesy according to the way it is used and the precision with which the earths size and shape is to be defined. The actual topographic surface is most apparent with its variety of landforms and water areas. This is, in fact, the surface on which actual earth measurements are ma

45、de. It is not suitable, however, for exact mathematical computations because the formulas which would be required to take the irregularities into account would necessitate a prohibitive amount of computations.眾所周知，測量被分為兩大主要類別：大地測量和平面測量。大地測量考慮了地球的真實形狀，而平面測量把地球表面當(dāng)做平面。本文的主題旨在探討大地測量中相關(guān)地球的形狀與大小。短語“地球的形狀與

46、大小” 根據(jù)其使用的方式和被定義的精度，在大地測量中有各種不同的含義。真實地表最顯著的特征是有各種各樣的地貌和水域。實際上，大地測量就是在這樣的表面上進行的。然而，它并不適合精確的數(shù)學(xué)計算，因為考慮這些不規(guī)則因素的公式需要大量的計算。Geomatic測繪學(xué)Geosciences地球科學(xué)Geodesy大地測量學(xué)Cadastral surveying地籍測量Geodetic surveying 大地測量Marine survey 海洋測量Geological survey 地質(zhì)測量Control survey 控制測量Horizontal survey 水平測量Vertical survey 高程

47、測量Topographic survey 地形測量Tacheometry 視距測量Contour等高線Chart圖表Fieldwork外業(yè)Officework內(nèi)業(yè)Elevation高程Basic point 基準(zhǔn)點Benchmark 水準(zhǔn)基點Stations 測站Geoid 水準(zhǔn)面Vertical垂直Theodolite經(jīng)緯儀Monumentation埋石Latitude緯度Longitude經(jīng)度Prime meridian 本初子午線Gravity field 重力場Curvature 曲率Fixed error 固定誤差Proportionnal error 比例誤差Multiplication