自考國際商務(wù)英語學(xué)科考試復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)演示教學(xué)

1、國際商務(wù)英語學(xué)科考試復(fù)習(xí)要點(diǎn)Lesson 1 International Business商務(wù)術(shù)語：FDI GDP BOT patent copyright value chain franchising （紫色書 10-11 頁）考點(diǎn)：國際商務(wù)貿(mào)易的主要類型 （major types of international business ）A. Trade （貿(mào)易）：a. commodity trade （商品貿(mào)易，也叫有形貿(mào)易 visible trade ）b. service trade （服務(wù)貿(mào)易，也叫無形貿(mào)易 invisible trade）B. Investment （投資）：a.

2、foreign direct investment （FDI 外國直接投資）b. portfolio investment （證券投資 ）C. Other types （其他類型）：a. licensing and franchising （國際許可與特許經(jīng)營 ）b. management contract and contract manufacturing （管理 合同和承包生產(chǎn)）翻譯練習(xí)：1 .隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的發(fā)展，無形貿(mào)易即使在發(fā)展中國家的國際貿(mào)易中所占的比例也逐漸增大With the development of economic globalization, invisible t

3、rade accounts for an increasing proportion of the world trade even in the developing countries2 . BOT是 交鑰匙”工程的一種流行的變通形式BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey projectLesson 2 Income Level and the World Market商務(wù)術(shù)語：GNP PPP （ purchasing power parity 購買力平價）Staple goods （大路貨）creditor country （債權(quán)國）（紫色書25頁

4、）考點(diǎn)：國民生產(chǎn)總值和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值（GNP和GDP）GNP: refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor ownedby the residents of an economyGDP: refers to the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area ofan economy.Per capita income （ 人均收入）:It is calculated

5、by dividing its national income by its population Triad and Quad （三方組合和四方組合 ）：A. United States8. Western EuropeC.JapanD. Canada翻譯練習(xí)1 .國民生產(chǎn)總值和國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值體現(xiàn)了一個國家的全部收入，在衡量國民收入方面可以互換使用。GNP and GDP indicate a country's total income. They can be used interchangeably to measure the level of its national inc

6、ome.2 .歐盟作為三方組合的一個分支，在使我們的市場多元化方面起著相當(dāng)重要的作用 EU, as one leg of Triad, plays an important role in the respect of diversifying our marketLesson 3 Regional Economic Integration商務(wù)術(shù)語：tariff rates（關(guān)稅率） settlement （協(xié)議） cartel （卡特爾）free trade area NAFTA（North American Free Trade Agreement 北美自由貿(mào)易協(xié)定）紫色書 41 頁考點(diǎn)：

7、1 . 地區(qū)一體化的主要目標(biāo)（Major objectives of regional integration）To better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, at the same time possibly put up barriers to economic activities with non-members2 .地區(qū)經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的四個層次（Four levels of regional economic integration）A. Fr

8、ee trade area （自由貿(mào)易區(qū)）-經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化程度低，內(nèi)部團(tuán)結(jié)，但各成員對外采用各自 的貿(mào)易政策B. Customs Union （關(guān)稅同盟）-所有成員對外都實(shí)行相同的貿(mào)易政策C. Common market （共同市場）-共同的對外政策，生產(chǎn)要素也在各成員國間流動D. Economic union（經(jīng)濟(jì)聯(lián)盟）-經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化程度最高，共同的對外政策，生產(chǎn)要素也.在各成員國間流動，統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)各國在經(jīng)濟(jì)金融領(lǐng)域的國內(nèi)政策，統(tǒng)一貨幣3 .掌握EU （歐洲聯(lián)盟），APEC（亞太經(jīng)濟(jì)合作組織）.OPEC （石油輸出國組織）翻譯練習(xí)：1 .共同市場具有使商品，服務(wù)，勞動力甚至資本，技術(shù)在各成員國之間自

9、由流通的特點(diǎn) .The common market is characterized by the free flow of capital and technology besides goods, services and labor.2 .歐盟是一個機(jī)構(gòu)齊全的實(shí)體，其歷史可以追溯到1952年.The European Union is a full-fledged entity, whose history dates back to 1952.Lesson 4 Economic Globalization商務(wù)術(shù)語：Shareholders （股東）, board of director

10、s （董事會）, parent company （母公司）, affiliate （子公司）, day-to-day running （日常管理）,multinational corporation （跨國公司）,homecountry （母公司所在國），host country （東道國）紫色書 63-64頁考點(diǎn)：1 .經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化的基本特征和優(yōu)劣勢：A. Basic feature： a. free flow of commodity , capital, technology, service and information b. optimized allocation of resou

11、rces （資源優(yōu)化配置）B. Advantages and negative impacts:Advantages: a. new impetus and opportunities to world economic developmentb. mutual benefits from economic boomsNegative impacts: a. make countries more vulnerable to the adverse events across the global b. not balanced benefits3.跨國公司（multinational cor

12、porations）A. organization-parent and affiliates （組織-母公司與子公司 ）B. features: a. enormous size b. wide geographical spread （廣闊的地域分布 ）c. needs ,goals and roles 耐要,目標(biāo)和作用 ）：profits, securityC. four types: a. multi-domestic corporationb. global corporationc. transnational corporation d. world company4.翻譯：a.

13、經(jīng)濟(jì)全球化使得各國經(jīng)濟(jì)更容易受到全球各地不利事件的傷害。Economic globalization is making the various economies more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.b.安全對任何一個跨國企業(yè)而言都極為重要，因?yàn)闆]有安全，跨國企業(yè)組織的生存便無法保證。Security is extremely important to any MNE because without it, an MNE's survival can neverbe assured.Lesson 5-6 Int

14、ernational Trade （1） （2）商務(wù)術(shù)語：services（勞務(wù)）, primary commodities（初級產(chǎn) 品）， absolute advantage（絕 對 禾 1 益）, comparative advantage（比較禾U益）, quota（配額）, customs union（關(guān)稅同盟）, ad valorem duty（從價稅），specific duties（從量稅），drawback（退稅），MFN（最惠國待遇）,non-tariff barrier（非關(guān)稅壁壘）.紫色書:90頁110頁考點(diǎn)：1 .國際貿(mào)易的定義（definition）:It refe

15、rs to the exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another2 .國際貿(mào)易的兩個緣由 （Two reasons for international trade）a. the uneven distribution of natural resources among countriesb. international specialization（國際專業(yè)化）3 . 國際專門化的兩個理論（Two theories for international speciali

16、zation）a. The theory of absolute advantage（絕對禾U益理論 ）：a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms of resources （capital, land, and labour）b. The theory of comparative advantage（相對對禾U益理論 ）：Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of producing bot

17、h commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.4 . 關(guān)稅壁壘和非關(guān)稅壁壘（tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers）a. tariff barriers: export duty（ 進(jìn)口稅），import duty（出口稅），-specific duties從量稅ad valorem duty.從價稅 Compound duty 混合稅b. non-tariff barriers: quotas-the most common form of non-tariff

18、barriers5 .翻譯練習(xí)a.比較優(yōu)勢理論已成為現(xiàn)代國際貿(mào)易思想的基石Comparative advantage has become the cornerstone of modern thinking on international tradeb.關(guān)稅壁壘是限制貿(mào)易最常見的形式Tariff barriers are the most common forms of trade restriction.Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000商務(wù)術(shù)語：EDI （電子數(shù)據(jù)交換）,customers clearance （結(jié)關(guān)），dispatch （發(fā)運(yùn)），ICC （國際商會） Ro

19、ll-on-roll-off（滾裝滾卸），incoterms （國際貿(mào)易通則），F(xiàn)OB（起運(yùn)港船上交貨價）,CFR （成 本加運(yùn)費(fèi)價）,CIF （成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)加保險費(fèi)價）紫色書132-133頁考點(diǎn)：1 .國際貿(mào)易術(shù)語解釋通則的必要性和目的The necessity and purpose of having IncotermsThe purpose of INCOTERMS is to provide a set of international rules for the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade and avoid unc

20、ertainties of different interpretations of such terms in different countries.3. 三個最常用術(shù)語（The three most commonly used terms）FOB: Free on Board裝運(yùn)港船上交貨CFR: Cost and Freight 成本加運(yùn)費(fèi)CIR: Cost, Insurance and Freight 成本，保險費(fèi)，加運(yùn)費(fèi)翻譯練習(xí)：a.折扣是指賣方按照商品的原價給買方以一定比率的價格減讓Discount means that sellers offer to buyers a cer

21、tain percentage of reduction on the original price.b.買賣雙方在制定合同時，如果有理解一致的具體規(guī)則可供參照，他們就肯定能簡單可靠地確定各自的責(zé)任If, when drawing up their contract, buyer and seller have some commonly understood rules to specifically refer to, they can be sure of defining their respective responsibilities simply and safely.Lesso

22、n 8 Business Contract商務(wù)術(shù)語：Inquiry（詢盤，詢價）,quotation（報價單）,validity period（有效期）,offer（發(fā)盤）,counter-offer（還盤）, offeree（收盤人）,sales confirmation 銷售確認(rèn)書），Consignment 寄售）,fore majeure（不可抗力）, business line（業(yè)務(wù)范圍）,contract proper（合同正文）,article number（貨號）.紫書 150-151 頁考點(diǎn)：1 .合同的定義（definition）A contract is an agreem

23、ent which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties2 .談判過程及簽定合同 （the process of negotiation and the conclusion of the contract） inquiry- quotation-offer and acceptance- counter-offer3 .合同的種類（The types of contracts）a. sales contractb.purchase contract c.sales confirmation4. 合同的構(gòu)成 （the se

24、tting up of a contract）a. the title （合同名稱）b. the contract proper（合同正文）c. The signature of the contracting parties（締約雙方簽字 ）d. The stipulations on the back of the contract（合同背面的規(guī)定）翻譯練習(xí)：a.在實(shí)盤#況下，我們通常保留有效期三天In case of 萬rm offers, we usually keep our offers open for three daysLesson 9 Modes of Trade商務(wù)術(shù)語：

25、Counter trade（對銷貿(mào)易）,hyperinflation（極度通貨膨脹）,Reichstock （德國國家銀行）， protectionism （貿(mào)易保護(hù)主義），Clearing system（票據(jù)交換制度）,net positions（凈頭寸）,compensation trade（補(bǔ)償貿(mào)易）,barter（易貨貿(mào)易）,counter purchase（互購貿(mào)易）Buyback（回購貿(mào)易）,centrally planned economies（中央計劃經(jīng)濟(jì)國家）,processing trade（力口工貿(mào) 易），consignment（寄售貿(mào)易），leasing trade（租

26、賃貿(mào)易），aution（競賣/拍賣），agency（代理） 174-175 頁考點(diǎn)：1 .對銷貿(mào)易的主要優(yōu)點(diǎn) （major advantages of counter trade）a. helping to deal with foreign exchange shortagesb. promoting exportsc. reducing uncertainty regarding export receipts d.bypassing international price agreemente. helping countries with debt problems to import

27、 goods3. 對銷貿(mào)易的缺點(diǎn)（the drawbacks of counter trade）a. very risky business （conceal the real prices and costs of transactions）b. Companies may suffer losses because they could not get rid of products of poor qualityc. a form of proctectionism翻譯練習(xí)a.互相捆綁”是易貨貿(mào)易，回購貿(mào)易和互惠貿(mào)易的共同特征“Bundling is'the feature co

28、mmon to barter, counter purchase and buyback.b.作為一種捆綁貿(mào)易，對銷貿(mào)易一般是在成熟市場經(jīng)濟(jì)國家和市場機(jī)制不完善的國家間發(fā) 生的貿(mào)易As a type of bundled trade, counter trade generally takes place between mature market economies and economies with imperfect market institution.Lesson10 International Payment商務(wù)詞匯：debtor（債務(wù)人），debit（收方 /借方），finan

29、cial standing（財務(wù)狀況），credit worthiness（信譽(yù)）, periodic payment（分期付款）,cash in advance（預(yù)付現(xiàn)金）,usance draft（遠(yuǎn)期匯票）,documentary draft（跟單匯票）,clean draft（光票），documentary collection（跟單托收），D/P（付款交單）,D/A（承 兌交單）.194-195頁考點(diǎn)：1 . 國際貿(mào)易支付的復(fù)雜性 （the complexity of payment in international trade）:Mutual trust is hard to bu

30、ild. Both the exporter and the importer face various political risks, commercial risks etc.2 .在一定條件下的兩種支付方法：a. cash in advance or partial cash in advance （預(yù)付現(xiàn)金和分預(yù)付現(xiàn)金）b.open account（記賬交易）3 .匯票（the draft/ bill of exchange）a. definition: an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of mo

31、ney to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the futureb. sign draft and usance draft （即期匯票和遠(yuǎn)期匯票 ）c. clean draft （光票：匯票不附單據(jù)）and documentary draft （跟單匯票：隨同匯票一起的有相關(guān) 的單據(jù)，如提單，發(fā)票保險單）4 .跟單拖收（documentary collection）a. D/P: 付款交單：documents will not be released to the importer until payment is effectedb. D/

32、A: 承兌交單：documents handed over to the importer upon his acceptance of the bill of exchange drawn by the exporter翻譯練習(xí)：a.許多國際交易是通過匯票支付的，匯票是對銀行或顧客的支付命令A(yù) lot of international transactions are paid for by means of the draft that is an order to a bank or a customer to payb.即期匯票要求受票人見到匯票后立即付款A(yù) sight draft c

33、alls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Lesson11-12 Credit （1）,（2）商務(wù)術(shù)語：Applicant （申請人）， opening bank（開證行）， corresponding bank（關(guān)系行）， advising bank（通 知行），confirming bank（保兌行）.Reimburse（付款），unit price（單價），partial shipment（分 批裝運(yùn)）.Clean credit（光票信用證）,revocable credit（可撤消彳t用證）,irrevocable

34、 credit（不可 撤消信用證）.Maturity（到期日，償還日）,capital turnover（資金周轉(zhuǎn)率 ）,face value（面彳K ）, discount（貼現(xiàn)），deferred payment（延期付款），revolving credit（循環(huán)信用證）.紫色書 220 頁 345頁考點(diǎn)：1 .信用證獨(dú)特的具有代表性的特征The bilateral security -雙邊保證2 .信用證的相關(guān)當(dāng)事人及其在信用證業(yè)務(wù)中的作用一聯(lián)系淘寶的例子A. the applicant （開證）B. the opening bank（開證行）C. the advising bank（通

35、知行）D. the negotiating bank（議付行）E. the confirming bank（保兌行）4.信用證的局限性（limitation） a. inability to provide absolute security b. being more expensive than other forms of payment翻譯練習(xí)1 .信用證的目的是通過銀行信譽(yù)為國際支付提供便利The objective of an L/C is to facilitate international payment by means of the creditworthness of

36、the bank.2 .信用證極大地方便并促進(jìn)了國際貿(mào)易，然而它并不能給締約雙方提供絕對安全The letter of credit has greatly facilitated and promoted international trade. However, it can not provide absolute security for the contracting parties.Lesson13 Major Documents Required in World Trade商務(wù)術(shù)語：Documents（單據(jù)），take delivery of （提貨），bill of ladi

37、ng（提單）.Consignee（收獲人），air bill（空運(yùn)提單）,cargo receipt（鐵路運(yùn)單）,commercial invoice（商業(yè)發(fā)票）,certificate of quality（ 品 質(zhì)證書）.Insurance policy（保險單）紫色書上269頁考點(diǎn)：1,主要單據(jù) （major types of documents）a. commercial invoice 商業(yè)發(fā)票b. packing list 裝相單c. the bill of lading 提單d.insurance policy and insurance certificate保險單和保險證書e

38、.various certificate 其它各種證書翻譯練習(xí)：1 .提單的簽發(fā)日期絕不能晚于信用證所規(guī)定的時間The date when the bill of lading is issued can by no means be later than that stipulated in the credit2 .貨物一裝上船，請即電告收發(fā)人You are requested to notify the consignee by cable as soon as the goods are shipped.Lesson14 International Transportation商務(wù)術(shù)語

39、：Finished products （制成品），deregulation（撤消管制規(guī)定），productivity（生產(chǎn)率），cost economies（成本節(jié)約）,intermediate products（中間產(chǎn)品）,natural product provinces（產(chǎn)品自然領(lǐng) 域），Inventory（存貨，庫存）,freight transportation 貨物運(yùn)輸）紫色書 292 頁考點(diǎn)：1 .五種主要運(yùn)輸方式The five major modes of transportationWater ,rail, truck, pipeline, and air2 .改變運(yùn)輸業(yè)的

40、四大因素The four factors that are substantially changing transportationa. transportation deregulationb. just-in-time inventory systemsc. competition based on high level of customer serviced. globalization of business翻譯練習(xí)：a.在當(dāng)前市場競爭十分激烈的情況下，出口商必須加快貨運(yùn)，以快取勝At a time when competition is fierce, exporters can

41、 beat their competitors by speeding up shipment.b.運(yùn)輸對工業(yè)社會的發(fā)展和運(yùn)行起著至關(guān)重要的作用Transportation is fundamental to the development and operation of an industrial society.Lesson15-16 Insurance （1）, （2）商務(wù)術(shù)語：Insured（保戶）,Insurer（承保人）,margin（保險金）,underwriter（保險商）,pool（共同款項）,cargo insurance（運(yùn)輸保險）,marine insurance（海

42、上保險）,indemnity（貝音償）,ruin（損失）,insurable interests（可保險權(quán)），principle of utmost faith（ 最大誠彳t原則）,forwarding charge（遠(yuǎn)期費(fèi)用）紫 色書307,322頁考點(diǎn)：1 .保險的定義（definition）,It can be defined as a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all me

43、mbers who transferred risk2 .保險的三個主要原貝 U （Three main principles of insurance） a. insurable interestb. utmost good faith c. indemnity兩個輔助原貝U （two sub-principle of insurance）a. contributionb. suborgation翻譯練習(xí)：a.貨物保險通常有火險，海上保險和意外事故保險Cargo insurance includes fire, marine and accident insurance.b.沒有可保利益的保

44、險合同是無效的。而任何根據(jù)這類合同提出的所賠都不會受理An insurance contract without an insurable interest to support it is invalid and any claim made upon it will not be entertainedLesson 17 The International Monetary System and Exchange Rate 商務(wù)術(shù)語：Change of rate （匯率）,gold standard （金本位）,reserve currency （儲備貨幣）, clean float （自

45、由浮動），dirty float （有干預(yù)浮動），discount （貼現(xiàn)），medial rate （中間價）考點(diǎn)：1 匯率（ exchange rate ）A fixed exchange rateB flexible exchange rateC major factors influencing exchange rate ： a international balance of payment b.inflation erest rateD. Common measures for intervention in exchange ratea. buying or sell

46、ing foreign currency b. raising or lowering discount rate c. foreign exchange control翻譯練習(xí):盡管國際收支賬面平衡,但在有錯誤與遺漏項目時,差額是非常龐大的,每一項都會有盈余或赤字,如果在3 年或 5 年期間盈余抵消了虧損.則仍然認(rèn)為國際收支是平衡的。While the balance of payment is always in accounting balance ， the odds are astronomical that it would be so without the statistica

47、l discrepancy item. There would be a surplus or a deficit in almost every case, but the balance of payment would nevertheless be considered in equilibrium if over three-to-five year period the surpluses more or less canceled out the deficits.從 18-20 課 ,商務(wù)術(shù)語請參照紫色書上每課后面的商務(wù)詞匯復(fù)習(xí),記一些常見的Lesson 18 International Financial Organiza