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1、高考英語個語法之非謂語動詞HUA system office room HUA 16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688十二、非謂語動詞動詞不定式1不定式的構(gòu)成及變形 動詞不定式是由不定式符號9+動詞原形構(gòu)成,在某些情況下to也可省略。1 .不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的動作通常與謂語的動作同時或幾乎同時發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā) 生。如:He appears to be very happy.(同時發(fā)生)To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi, (to catch the train 發(fā)生在
2、 hurry to the station 之后)2 .不定式的進行式不定式的進行式表示正在進行的或與謂語動詞同時發(fā)生的動作。如 :It happened to be raining when I got there.3 .不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的動作在謂語表示的動作之前發(fā)生。如 :I'm sorry to have lost your key.4 .不定式的完成進行式不定式的完成進行式表示的動作在謂語之前發(fā)生并且一直進行著。如 :He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.不定式的時態(tài)意義:如:He
3、is said to be studying abroad.(不定式的進行式表示動作正在進行)He is said to have studied abroad.(不定式的完成式表示動作已經(jīng)結(jié)束)5 .不定式的被動形式當不定式邏輯上的主語是這個不定式表示的動作的承受者時,不定式一般要用被動形式。不定式的被動形式根據(jù)其與謂語動作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系,有一般式和完成時兩種。1 一般式 to be done如 :These are the books to be given out to the students.完成式 to have been done如 :The novel is said to h
4、ave been translated into many languages.6.不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成c如:We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.由于天氣不好,我們決定不出去。注意:謂語動詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義如:I did not promise to wake him up.我沒有答應(yīng)叫醒他。I promised not to wake him up.我答應(yīng)了不叫醒他。2不定式句法功能不定式可以作句子的主語、賓語、賓語補足語、表語、定語、狀語等成分。1 .作主語如:To
5、 hear from you is nice.To be a good teacher is not easy.不定式作主語時,為了保持句子的平衡,往往以it作形式主語,而不定式置于謂語動詞后。如 :It's nice to hear from you.Ifs not easy to be a good teacher.2 .作賓語通常用于 afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask. attempt, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand,desire, determine, expect, fail, hate, hel
6、p, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seek, threaten, trouble, wait, want, wish等動詞后面。如:I forgot to lock the door.Please remember to write to me.記憶口訣:三個希望兩答應(yīng)(hope, wish, want, agree, promise)一個要求莫拒絕(demand,refu
7、se)設(shè)法學會做決定(manage,decide)不要假裝在選擇(pretend,choose)3 ,作表語 如:My job is to pick up letters.He seemed to have heard nothing.4 .作定語在the first, the second, the third, the last等之后通常接不定式作定語。作定語時須放在被修飾的名詞之后:如 :He is always the first one to get up.I have a few words to say on this question.主動形式表被動含義:如:I have a
8、book to read.It is easy to read.Have you anything to send?比較:Have you anything to be sent?She is the last to come.He is looking for a room to live in.There is nothing to worry about.5 .作賓補通常用于 advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, in
9、vite, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn 等詞后。如 :He ordered her to leave at once.He was forced to obey his mother's order.6 .作狀語不定式作狀語時通常表示目的,不定式用作目的狀語有兩個可能的位置,一是在句首,二是在句末。一般說來,用于句首屬于強調(diào)性用法,即強調(diào)動詞的目的。也可用于“beadj. to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中作原因狀語。如:He got
10、 up early to catch the first bus.To finish the task on time, we have to work hard.Fm happy to hear the news.Fm surprised to see him here.only to往往表示“意想不到”的結(jié)果;never to可以接后續(xù)的結(jié)果。soas to,suchasto., enough to., only to以及tooto等結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式也表結(jié)果:如 :Her father disappeared, never to be heard again.I went to the ba
11、nk only to find it was closed.3不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語的區(qū)別1 .作目的狀語。不定式作目的狀語,帶有很強的目的性,有時可以把(in order) t。do置于句首。而現(xiàn)在分詞作目的狀語時,目的和伴隨兼而有之。多放于句末,與主句用逗號 隔開。 如 :(In order) to ensure success, we must make a complete and through plan.You should keep it a secret, trying to protect the plan.2 .作結(jié)果狀語。不定式作結(jié)果狀語表示意外的結(jié)果?,F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語表示
12、自然的結(jié)果。如:He returned home many years later, only to find that everything had changed.(意夕卜的結(jié)果)It rained heavily last night, causing the river to rise.(自然的結(jié)果)3 .作獨立成分to be honest, to begin with, to start with, to tell you the truth, to make a long story short 如:To tell you the truth, I told a lie.To be
13、gin/start with, let's sing a song.To make a long story short, he succeeded in passing the exam.4不定式特殊用法1 .用it作形式主語動詞不定式作主語時,如果主語太長,通常用it作形式主語,將真正的主語動詞不定式后置。如 :For us to learn English well is necessary.-It is necessary for us to learn English well.動詞不定式作主語時,如果將句子變?yōu)橐蓡柧?,?yīng)使用it作形式主語。To walk to the st
14、ation takes twenty minutes.Does it take twenty minutes to walk to the station?2 .用it作形式賓語某些不能修飾人的形容詞作賓語補足語時,不能用表示人的詞作賓語,應(yīng)用it作形式賓 語,再用動詞不定式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)作真正的賓語;這類形容詞常用的有necessary, easy, hard, common, possible 及 impossible 等。如:父親的猝死,使得他必須輟學。誤:His father's sudden death made him necessary to leave school.7F
15、: His father's sudden death made it necessary for him to leave school.3 .動詞不定式作定語時是否要介詞動詞不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成動賓關(guān)系時,如果動詞不定式的動詞及不及物動 詞,或者該動詞不定式本身有賓語,其后面應(yīng)加上與之用法相應(yīng)的介詞。如 : We are looking for a room to live in.但被修飾的名詞為place, time, way等時,則往往省略介詞。如:That's a nice place to work (in).4 .不定式主動式和被動式作定語區(qū)別動詞不定式
16、作定語時,如果其表示的動作為句子的主語發(fā)出時,該動詞不定式一般用主 動式;如果動詞不定式表示的動作不是句子的主語發(fā)出的,該動詞不定式應(yīng)用被動式。如:I am going to the shop because I have something to buy. ("buy"這個動作是句子的主語 T發(fā)出的,故用主動式to buy)I am going to the shop. Do you have anything to be bought ("buy"這個動作不是句子的主語 “you”發(fā)出的,故用被動式to be bought)5 , "too
17、.to."結(jié)構(gòu)“。+形容詞或副詞+tod。,中的動詞不定式表示結(jié)果,含有否定的意義,意思是 "太以致不能” 如 :The problem was too complicated for us to solve.但下列結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義。當t。前或t。前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定時:如:English is not too difficult to learn.(英語并不太難學。)He is too wise not to see that.(他很聰明,不會不懂這一點。)(2)當 too 后是 glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, r
18、eady, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious 等形容詞或副詞時;與這些詞連用 時,to。前還常加上only, all* but, just, simply等副詞,意思不變,因為這些詞加上too后 與very同義。JO : They are too anxious to leave.(他們急于離開。)He is too ready to help others.(他總是樂于助人。)I'm only too glad to see you.(
19、見到你非常高興)They are but too pleased to hear the news.(他們聽到這個消息,非常高興。)與cannot連用:如 :You cannot be too careful (=You can never be careful enough) to do your homework.你做作業(yè)越仔細越好(二無論怎樣仔細也不過分).不定式在句中作定語或真正的主語時:There are too many problems to be solved.(有很多問題有待解決。)6 . in order to 與 so as to動詞不定式作目的狀語位于句首時,前面可加i
20、n order,但不能加so as ;動詞不定式位 于句末,則加in order或so as均可。如 :In order to make money, they did anything.They set out early in order to/ so as to get to the village before 9.7疑問詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)“疑問詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中的疑問詞,包括疑問代詞who, what, which和疑問副詞how, when, where等。這些疑問詞和不定式一起構(gòu)成了不定式短語,這種結(jié)構(gòu)可在句子中作 主語、賓語、表語等。如:How to do it is a ques
21、tion.(作主語)I really donft know what to write about.(作動詞賓語)We must first solve the problem of whom to serve.(作介詞賓語)The question is where to put it.(作表語)I asked him how to learn English.(作賓語補足語)8.不定式復合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式可以與其邏輯主語一起構(gòu)成不定式復合結(jié)構(gòu),其形式出計名詞/人稱代詞賓格+ 帶to的不定式”。其中的名詞或人稱代詞賓格與不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如:It is important for us
22、to learn English well.但當表語表示不定式的邏輯主語的特征屬性時要用of,如:good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, rude, impolite, careless如:It is very kind of you to help me. = you are kind to help me.5不定式符號to省略1. watch, see, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, have 后接不定
23、式做賓補 時,省略to ;但get sb to do中的to不能省略。注意:主動省to的這些句子,變成被動形式時必須加t。如:I saw him play basketball.I noticed him come in.They made me repeat the story.I was made to repeat the story.2 .當介詞but, except, besides之前有一個實義動詞do (助動詞do及其變化形式除外)時,后面的動詞不定式不帶 to。此夕卜,在 can not but/except, can not choose but/except, can no
24、thelp but/except這三個固定用法中,but/except之后的不定式也不帶to0如 :The enemy could not choose but surrender.I could do nothing except agree to his terms.Can you do nothing but sell the wedding ring3 .介詞instead of前后的兩個成分要相等。如果前面的成分是不定式,則后面的不定式不帶to。如:He went to play football instead of see a film.would (had) as soon,
25、had better, had best (不常用)等之后,不定式省略 to。You had better not smoke.I'd just as soon come tomorrow.4,某些慣用法中,than之后的不定式不帶to,如do nothing else than, do more (less) than,do no more than, would (had) sooner than, would rather than 等。如 :I would rather not see him.The old worker often does more than fulfil
26、l his quota.5 . why引導的省略問句中??谡Z中,不帶t。的不定式常在why引導的省略句中作謂語。表示不同意或反駁的意見。如 : Why not give her another chanceWhy botherWhy not do it yourself6 . make, hear, let, go構(gòu)成慣用語時,常用省略to不定式。如:Cant you make do with 10 pounds 10英磅不可以湊合著用嗎?They let ship the good chance,他們錯過了那次好機會。The children made believe that they w
27、ere generals.孩子們假扮成將軍。7 .動詞go和come之后作狀語時省略to :不定式在動詞g。和come之后作狀語時,在某些情況下總是不帶to。這種用法在祈使句 的go和come之后最常見。在陳述句中也會出現(xiàn)這種用法,但一般在go和come不發(fā)生 形態(tài)變化的情況下才出現(xiàn)。如:Go chase yourself! !(走開,別來搗亂!)Come sit beside me.You should go thank him.8 .兩個或兩個以上的不定式并列在一起時,第一個不定式帶3后面的不定式往往把t。省去;但表對照時不能省to :如:I wish to finish my task
28、and (to) get away.It is better to laugh than to cry.6省略動詞部分1 .為避免重復,口語中??墒∪ヅc前邊動詞重復的動詞原形而留下t。如:一Would you like to go to the films with me?一I'd like to.2 .如果不定式to后的結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be, have或have been,通常要保留be, have或have been,但隨后的成分仍可省略。如:Is your mother a teacher?No, but she used to be.He hasn't finished ye
29、t.Well, he ought to have.動詞的-ing形式1如何區(qū)別動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞動名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成相同,即動詞原形ing。那么,在使用的過程中如何區(qū)別它們呢?1 .用法不同動詞除具有動詞的特征外,還有名詞的特征,在句子中可以作主語、表語、賓語、定語 等;而現(xiàn)在分詞除具有動動詞的特征外,還具有形容詞的特征,在句子中可以作定語、 表語、狀語、補語等。2 .區(qū)分方法:如果-ing形式在句子中作狀語和補語,那么它一定是現(xiàn)在分詞。如 :She saw Jim playing with the cat.Having finished his homework,he went out to
30、 play.如果-ing形式在句子中作主語、賓語和同位語,那么它一定是動名詞。如 :Smoking is harm to your body.I like swimming.His aim,going to college,will come true.作定語的區(qū)分方法:如果被修飾的名詞與-ing形式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,即都表示所 修飾的人或物所發(fā)出的動作,那么它就是現(xiàn)在分詞;如果沒有,那么它就是動名詞。如:Do you like sleeping cars(動名詞)The sleeping girl is my little sister.(現(xiàn)在分詞)作表語的區(qū)分方法:如果-ing形式相當于
31、一個形容詞,表示主語的性質(zhì)或特征,和主 語的位置不能互換,那么ing形式就是現(xiàn)在分詞;如果-ing形式相當于一個名詞,與主 語處于同等地位,可以與主語互換位置,那么ing形式就是動名詞。 如:Her job is feeding these animals.(這句話可以改為:Feeding these animals is her job. 0 此,feeding是動名詞。)The book is interesting(這句話不可以改為:Interesting is the boo 所以,interesting 是現(xiàn)在分詞。)2動詞ing形式作主語1 .動詞ing形式作主語往往表示經(jīng)常性、習
32、慣性的動作,謂語動詞用單數(shù)。如:Swimming is my favorite sport.2 .在 It is no use/no good/useless/ worthwhile/dangerous/a waste of time 箱廟需用動名詞作 真正的主語。如 :It is no use waiting for him any longer.It is a waste of time arguing about it.3當句型“There is na."表示"不允許、禁止某種行為的發(fā)生或存在”時,需用動名詞作主 語。如:There is no joking abou
33、t such matter.這種事開不得玩笑。There is no point (in)doing sth.干. .沒意義。There is no sense(in)doing sth.干沒道理/意義【注意】當動名詞做主語時,其邏輯主語由形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格構(gòu)成。如:My sisters being ill made us worried.3動詞-ing形式作賓語1 .作動詞的賓語。可接動名詞作賓語的常見動詞可用下面的口語記?。罕苊忮e過少延期(avoidjniss.postpone) 建議完成多練習(advice,finish,practise) 喜歡想象禁不住(enjoy,imag
34、ine,cart help)承認否認與嫉妒(admit,deny,envy)逃避冒險莫原諒(escapejisk.excuse)2 .英語中有一些動詞短語也常跟v-ing形式作賓語。常見的跟v-ing形式作賓語的動詞 短語有 insist on,object to,be good at,lead to,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be worth,busy 等。如:He insisted on doing it in his own w堅持要按自己的方法去做。I
35、 have never dreamed of visiting that place我從未夢想過要參觀那個地方。3 .有些動詞或詞組后跟動詞-ing形式或不定式都可以,但意思不同。Stop to do st停下來去做某事/Stop doing sth停止做某事Remember doing sth記得做了某事/Remember to do sth記住要去做某事Forget doing sth忘記做了某事/Forget to do sth忘記要去做某事Regret doing sth后悔做了某事/Regret to do st遺憾要去做某事Mean to do sth想要做某事/Mean doin
36、g sth意味著做某事Try to do st努力(企圖)做某事/Try doing sth試著做某事4 .下列動詞可接動詞-ing形式的主動形式表示被動意義,相當于不定式的被動形式。 need/want/require/deserve doing=need/want/require/desenre to be done動詞-ing形式的否定形式動詞-ing形式的否定形式通常是在其前加not,帶有邏輯主語時not應(yīng)放在動詞ing形式 、-XX.N刖。如 :Excuse me for my not coming on time.I'm sorry for not having kept
37、my promise.動詞-ing形式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)動詞Eg形式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或人稱代詞賓格,名詞所有格或普通格加動名詞,即“sb./sbs+doing”構(gòu)成。動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)實際上是給動名詞加了一個邏輯主語。動詞-ing形式的復合結(jié)構(gòu)有四種形式:a.形容詞性物主代詞+動名詞b.名詞's動名詞c.代詞賓格+動名詞d.名詞+動名詞【注意】動名詞的復合結(jié)構(gòu)可在句中作主語或賓語。作主語時,不能用cd兩種形式。如:Tom's winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot.湯姆去年得了 一等獎使我印象 深刻。4動詞-ing形式
38、作表語1 .動名詞作表語表示抽象的、一般的行為,現(xiàn)在分詞作表語表示主語的特征、性質(zhì)和狀 態(tài)。我們最大的幸福是為人民服務(wù)。Our greatest happiness is serving the people.(動名詞)我們的任務(wù)是建設(shè)社會主義。Our task is building socialism.(動名詞)2 .表示主語的具體內(nèi)容時候,主語和表語可以相互替換.如 :His job is painting.=Painting is his job.我們昨晚看的電影十分動人。The film we saw last night is quite moving.(現(xiàn)在分詞)他的話很鼓舞人。
39、His words are encouraging.(現(xiàn)在分詞)3 .常用來作表語的現(xiàn)在分詞有astonishing5amusing,confusing,disappointing,boringxncouraginganspiringjnoving,tiring Jntere sting,surprising等;常譯為”令人如何的”動名詞作表語和主語是等值關(guān)系,兩者有時可以互換,句子意思不變;動名詞后面可 以接賓語、狀語?,F(xiàn)在分詞作表語和主語不是對等關(guān)系,現(xiàn)在分詞后面不能接賓語,但它前面可以有修 飾性的副詞,如very,rather等。5動詞-ing形式作定語1 .動名詞作定語用來說明該名詞的
40、用途,不表示名詞本身的動作;現(xiàn)在分詞作定語與所 修飾的名詞具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系,即現(xiàn)在分詞相當于所修飾名詞的謂語。如:我們必須改進工作方法。We must improve outworking method(動名詞)他們將手術(shù)臺架設(shè)在一座小廟里。They set up anperating table in a small temple.(動名詞)中國是發(fā)展中國家。China is adeveloping country.(現(xiàn)在分詞)正在做實驗的那個學生是我們的班長。The studentmaking the experiment is ourmonitor.(現(xiàn)在分詞)2 .動名詞短語不能作
41、定語,單個的動名詞可以用作定語,但僅作前置定語。如:working method=method for working 工作方法3,單個分詞和分詞短語都可作定語,單個分詞一般作前置定語,分詞短語則作后置定語,相當于一個定語從句。如:the man visiting Japan=the man who is visiting Jad 的那個人。6動詞ing形式作賓補1 .動名詞不能作賓語補足語?,F(xiàn)在分詞作賓補表示的是正在發(fā)生的動作。如:我看見他正在上樓。I saw himgoing upstairs.我們看著她在過大街。We watched herrossing the street.我們聽見她
42、在房間里唱歌。We heard hesinging in her room2,表示感覺的詞(感觀動詞)和表示狀態(tài)動詞:see look at/notice/watch/observe/catch/feel/find /smell/ hear/ listen eo.+doing如:Can you smell anything burning?3,表指使的詞(使役動詞):have,set keep,catch,leave如 :I m sorry to have kept you waiting long.4.接現(xiàn)在分析作賓語補足語的動詞有feeLhear,listen to,see,lookat,
43、watch,obsenejioticejind.smell,setjiave,keep,startJeave,get,catch 等7動詞-ing形式作狀語可以修飾謂語動詞或整個句子,表示時間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨或補充。1 .表示時間:動詞-ing形式作時間狀語,相當于一個時間狀語從句。常置于句首或句末。如 :Turning around,she saw a car driving up.=When she turned around.she saw a car driving up,她轉(zhuǎn)過身,看見一輛車朝她開來。2 .表不原因:表示原因的動詞-ing形式一般置于句首,相當于一
44、個原因狀語從句。常置于句首句中或句末。如:Being ill,he could not walk any further.=As he was ilLhe could not walk any further.因為疲倦,他不能再往前走了。3 .表不結(jié)果:動詞-ing形式作狀語表示一種必然的結(jié)果,可擴展為一個含有并列謂語的簡單句。常置 于句末。如 :The fire lasted nearly a month,leaving nothing valuable.=The fire lasted nearly a month,and left nothing valuable.大火持續(xù)了近一個月,幾
45、乎沒剩下什么值錢的東西。4 .表示條件:動詞-ing形式作條件狀語,相當于一個條件狀語從句。常置于句首。如:Being more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.=If you are more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.更細心點,你就會少犯錯誤。5 .表不讓步動詞-ing形式作讓步狀語,相當于一個讓步狀語從句。常置于句首。如 :Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.=Although they knew all this,they made me
46、pay for the damage.盡管知道了一切情況,他們還是要我賠償損失。6 .表示方式、伴隨或補充說明動詞-ing形式表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補充說明,可以擴展成為一個并列成分。常置 于句末。如 :I stood by the door,not daring to say a word.=1 stood by the door,and did not dare to say a word.我站在門旁,不敢說一句話。He was walking along the street,looking this way and that.=He was walking along the str
47、eet,and looked this way and that.他在街上走著,左顧右盼。8特別提醒1從屬連詞+動詞-ing形式作狀語為了使動詞-ing形式作狀語所表達的時間、條件、讓步等意思更加明確,可在動詞-ing 形式前加上適當?shù)倪B詞(when,while,if,though,unless,even if 等)o如:Don't talk while having dinner.吃飯時不要說話。Once losing this chance,you can*t easily find it 一旦失去這次機會你就很難找回。2 .要避免無依著(無邏輯主語)動詞-ing形式動詞-ing形
48、式作狀語時,其邏輯主語必須與句子的主語一致.如果狀語與主語不一致,可給從句加上主語,變成主從復合句。如:【錯誤】While reading the book,the telephone rang.【正確】While she was reading the book,the telephone rang.她看書的時候,電話鈴響了。(reading的動作不是the telephone發(fā)出)【錯誤】 Looking out through the window the garden was beautiful.【正確】Looking out through the window we found a
49、 beautiful garden,從窗戶里,我們看見一個漂亮的花園。(looking的動作不是garden發(fā)出)3 .獨立動詞-ing形式作狀語英語中有些動詞-ing 形式,如:generally (frankly,honestly) speaking,supposing (假設(shè)),judging from (從判斷),talking of (談到),speaking of (談到)等,它們作狀語時的邏輯主語可以和句子的主語不一致。這種形式已經(jīng)成為固定的用法。如:Generally speaking,girls are more careful than boys.Supposing you
50、 lose.what will you do?Judging fromhis accent,he must be from the north.Talking oftravel,have you ever been to Beijing?Supposing he is ill,who will do the work?假如他病了,誰來做這工作呢?Generally speaking,boys are more interested in science than girls.一般來說,男孩比女孩對科學更感興趣。9動詞-ing形式作狀語考點聚焦1 .動詞-ing形式作狀語,當句子的謂語動詞和動詞
51、-ing形式的動詞所表動作在時間上幾 乎同時發(fā)生時,用doing作狀語;若動詞-ing形式動作發(fā)生在句子謂語動詞所表示的動 作之前,用其完成時having done作狀語;動詞-ing形式的否定形式為:not doing或者 not having doneo2 .有一些固定的動詞-ing形式作狀語,這就是獨立成分。3 .當句子主語和動詞-ing形式的主語不一致時,則不可省略動詞-ing形式的主語。這時 可用獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu),即:帶有邏輯主語的動詞-ing形式作狀語;或者用with復合結(jié)構(gòu)作 伴隨狀語。若分詞的動作發(fā)生在謂語動詞以前,則分詞使用完成式:having done。如 :Having fi
52、nished his homework,he went home.Having been bitten by a snake,she was frightened.復合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別:動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu):動名詞復合結(jié)構(gòu)是由物主代詞或名詞所有格加上動名詞構(gòu)成,它們在邏輯上存在主謂關(guān) 系,在句子中可以作主語、表語、賓語等等。而在口語或非正式文體中,這種結(jié)構(gòu)如不 置于句首作主語,則可用人稱代詞的賓格代替物主代詞,用名詞的普通格代替所有格形 式。如:I cant imagine his/him marrying her.我無法想象他與她結(jié)婚。There is no question of Mas
53、Marry being able to do it well.瑪麗能做好此事,這是毫無疑問的。The students kowing English well helped him in learning French.這個學生良好的英語基礎(chǔ)有 助于他學習法語。Her being ill made us worried.她生病了使我們很擔心。Do you mind my/me opening the door?你介意我打開門嗎?獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu):獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由邏輯主語(名詞或代詞主格)加上分詞(包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分 詞)、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語、名詞等構(gòu)成的語法結(jié)構(gòu)。在句子中一般作狀 語
54、,表示時間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨等。獨立主格可置于句首、句尾,用逗號 與主句隔開。如:Time pemiitting,we will hold a sports meet.時間允許的話,我們將進行運動會。There being no bus,we had to walk home.沒有車,我們只好步行回家。動詞的-ed形式動詞的-ed形式也是非謂語動詞的一種,它具有動詞的一些特點,同時也具有形容詞、 副詞的句法功能,在句中可用作表語、定語、狀語和賓語補足語等。1動詞的-ed形式的特征1 .動詞的-ed形式是由動詞的過去分詞構(gòu)成動詞的-ed形式只有一種形式,即傳統(tǒng)語法中的過去分詞。絕大部分
55、的動詞的-ed形式由 動詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成,也有一些動詞的-ed形式是不規(guī)則的。規(guī)則動詞的-ed形式不規(guī)則動詞的-ed形式少數(shù)動詞的-ed形式作定語時,讀音與一般過去分詞不同learned a learned professor 一位知識淵博的教授aged an aged man 老人be loved his beloved computer 他心愛的計算機動詞的-ed形式的否定形式動詞的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加動詞的-ed形式構(gòu)成。如:Not allowed to go inJie had to wait outside.不允許他進去,他只好在外面等著。Never inv
56、ited to his party,she got angry with him從未被邀請過去他的聚會,她很生氣。2 .動詞的-ed形式的特征動詞的-ed形式有被動的意思,有時也可表示完成的動作。動詞的-ed形式表示已完成的動作。除了作形容詞用的-ed形式外,動詞的-ed形式可帶有完成的意義,有的同時也帶有被動 的意義。如:Born and brought up in the countryside,he was interested in biology.由于在農(nóng)村出生并長大,他對生物很感興趣。One of the glasses was found broken.有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個杯子破了。
57、The books,written by Lu Xun.are popular with many Chinese people.魯迅寫的這些書,受到了許多中國人的喜愛。及物動詞的-ed形式一般表示被動的意思。如:Given more timej could have solved that riddle.要是有充足的時間,我就能猜出那個謎語。(句子的主語I和動詞give之間是被動關(guān)系。)When you speak English,be sure to make yourself understood.你說英語的時候,一定要讓人懂得你的意思。(動詞make的賓語yourself和賓語補足語understand之間是被動關(guān) 系。) The experience gained in the army was of great value to ou
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