高考英語(yǔ)個(gè)語(yǔ)法之非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞完整版

1、高考英語(yǔ)個(gè)語(yǔ)法之非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞HUA system office room HUA 16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688十二、非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞動(dòng)詞不定式1不定式的構(gòu)成及變形 動(dòng)詞不定式是由不定式符號(hào)9+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成，在某些情況下to也可省略。1 .不定式的一般式不定式的一般式表示的動(dòng)作通常與謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生，或是在它之后發(fā) 生。如：He appears to be very happy.（同時(shí)發(fā)生）To catch the train, we'd better hurry to the station by taxi, （to catch the train 發(fā)生在

2、 hurry to the station 之后）2 .不定式的進(jìn)行式不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的或與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如 ：It happened to be raining when I got there.3 .不定式的完成式不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生。如 ：I'm sorry to have lost your key.4 .不定式的完成進(jìn)行式不定式的完成進(jìn)行式表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)之前發(fā)生并且一直進(jìn)行著。如 ：He was said to have been living in London for twenty years.不定式的時(shí)態(tài)意義：如：He

3、is said to be studying abroad.（不定式的進(jìn)行式表示動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行）He is said to have studied abroad.（不定式的完成式表示動(dòng)作已經(jīng)結(jié)束）5 .不定式的被動(dòng)形式當(dāng)不定式邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是這個(gè)不定式表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí)，不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式。不定式的被動(dòng)形式根據(jù)其與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)作發(fā)生的先后關(guān)系，有一般式和完成時(shí)兩種。1 一般式 to be done如 ：These are the books to be given out to the students.完成式 to have been done如 ：The novel is said to h

4、ave been translated into many languages.6.不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成c如：We decided not to go out because of the bad weather.由于天氣不好，我們決定不出去。注意：謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的否定和不定式的否定不同的意義如：I did not promise to wake him up.我沒(méi)有答應(yīng)叫醒他。I promised not to wake him up.我答應(yīng)了不叫醒他。2不定式句法功能不定式可以作句子的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等成分。1 .作主語(yǔ)如：To

5、 hear from you is nice.To be a good teacher is not easy.不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，為了保持句子的平衡，往往以it作形式主語(yǔ)，而不定式置于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后。如 ：It's nice to hear from you.Ifs not easy to be a good teacher.2 .作賓語(yǔ)通常用于 afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask. attempt, choose, continue, dare, decide, demand,desire, determine, expect, fail, hate, hel

6、p, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, love, manage, mean, need, offer, plan, prefer, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, refuse, seek, threaten, trouble, wait, want, wish等動(dòng)詞后面。如：I forgot to lock the door.Please remember to write to me.記憶口訣：三個(gè)希望兩答應(yīng)(hope, wish, want, agree, promise)一個(gè)要求莫拒絕(demand,refu

7、se)設(shè)法學(xué)會(huì)做決定(manage,decide)不要假裝在選擇(pretend,choose)3 ,作表語(yǔ) 如：My job is to pick up letters.He seemed to have heard nothing.4 .作定語(yǔ)在the first, the second, the third, the last等之后通常接不定式作定語(yǔ)。作定語(yǔ)時(shí)須放在被修飾的名詞之后：如 ：He is always the first one to get up.I have a few words to say on this question.主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)含義：如：I have a

8、book to read.It is easy to read.Have you anything to send?比較：Have you anything to be sent?She is the last to come.He is looking for a room to live in.There is nothing to worry about.5 .作賓補(bǔ)通常用于 advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, convince, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, instruct, in

9、vite, order, permit, persuade, recommend, remind, request, require, teach, tell, train, urge, want, warn 等詞后。如 ：He ordered her to leave at once.He was forced to obey his mother's order.6 .作狀語(yǔ)不定式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)通常表示目的，不定式用作目的狀語(yǔ)有兩個(gè)可能的位置，一是在句首，二是在句末。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，用于句首屬于強(qiáng)調(diào)性用法，即強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)詞的目的。也可用于“beadj. to do”結(jié)構(gòu)中作原因狀語(yǔ)。如：He got

10、 up early to catch the first bus.To finish the task on time, we have to work hard.Fm happy to hear the news.Fm surprised to see him here.only to往往表示“意想不到”的結(jié)果；never to可以接后續(xù)的結(jié)果。soas to，suchasto., enough to., only to以及tooto等結(jié)構(gòu)中的不定式也表結(jié)果：如 ：Her father disappeared, never to be heard again.I went to the ba

11、nk only to find it was closed.3不定式和現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)的區(qū)別1 .作目的狀語(yǔ)。不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)，帶有很強(qiáng)的目的性，有時(shí)可以把(in order) t。do置于句首。而現(xiàn)在分詞作目的狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，目的和伴隨兼而有之。多放于句末，與主句用逗號(hào) 隔開(kāi)。 如 ：（In order） to ensure success, we must make a complete and through plan.You should keep it a secret, trying to protect the plan.2 .作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)。不定式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)表示意外的結(jié)果?，F(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)表示

12、自然的結(jié)果。如：He returned home many years later, only to find that everything had changed.（意夕卜的結(jié)果）It rained heavily last night, causing the river to rise.（自然的結(jié)果）3 .作獨(dú)立成分to be honest, to begin with, to start with, to tell you the truth, to make a long story short 如：To tell you the truth, I told a lie.To be

13、gin/start with, let's sing a song.To make a long story short, he succeeded in passing the exam.4不定式特殊用法1 .用it作形式主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果主語(yǔ)太長(zhǎng)，通常用it作形式主語(yǔ)，將真正的主語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式后置。如 ：For us to learn English well is necessary.-It is necessary for us to learn English well.動(dòng)詞不定式作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果將句子變?yōu)橐蓡?wèn)句，應(yīng)使用it作形式主語(yǔ)。To walk to the st

14、ation takes twenty minutes.Does it take twenty minutes to walk to the station?2 .用it作形式賓語(yǔ)某些不能修飾人的形容詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用表示人的詞作賓語(yǔ)，應(yīng)用it作形式賓 語(yǔ)，再用動(dòng)詞不定式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作真正的賓語(yǔ)；這類(lèi)形容詞常用的有necessary, easy, hard, common, possible 及 impossible 等。如：父親的猝死，使得他必須輟學(xué)。誤：His father's sudden death made him necessary to leave school.7F

15、： His father's sudden death made it necessary for him to leave school.3 .動(dòng)詞不定式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)是否要介詞動(dòng)詞不定式與被修飾的名詞或代詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)賓關(guān)系時(shí)，如果動(dòng)詞不定式的動(dòng)詞及不及物動(dòng) 詞，或者該動(dòng)詞不定式本身有賓語(yǔ)，其后面應(yīng)加上與之用法相應(yīng)的介詞。如 ： We are looking for a room to live in.但被修飾的名詞為place, time, way等時(shí)，則往往省略介詞。如：That's a nice place to work （in）.4 .不定式主動(dòng)式和被動(dòng)式作定語(yǔ)區(qū)別動(dòng)詞不定式

16、作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果其表示的動(dòng)作為句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出時(shí)，該動(dòng)詞不定式一般用主 動(dòng)式；如果動(dòng)詞不定式表示的動(dòng)作不是句子的主語(yǔ)發(fā)出的，該動(dòng)詞不定式應(yīng)用被動(dòng)式。如：I am going to the shop because I have something to buy. （"buy"這個(gè)動(dòng)作是句子的主語(yǔ) T發(fā)出的,故用主動(dòng)式to buy）I am going to the shop. Do you have anything to be bought （"buy"這個(gè)動(dòng)作不是句子的主語(yǔ) “you”發(fā)出的，故用被動(dòng)式to be bought）5 , "too

17、.to."結(jié)構(gòu)“。+形容詞或副詞+tod。,中的動(dòng)詞不定式表示結(jié)果，含有否定的意義，意思是 "太以致不能” 如 ：The problem was too complicated for us to solve.但下列結(jié)構(gòu)表示肯定含義。當(dāng)t。前或t。前有否定詞構(gòu)成雙重否定時(shí)：如：English is not too difficult to learn.（英語(yǔ)并不太難學(xué)。）He is too wise not to see that.（他很聰明，不會(huì)不懂這一點(diǎn)。）（2）當(dāng) too 后是 glad, pleased, happy, delighted, satisfied, r

18、eady, willing, kind, apt, good, true, easy, near, careful, well, early, delicious, eager, anxious 等形容詞或副詞時(shí)；與這些詞連用 時(shí)，to。前還常加上only, all* but, just, simply等副詞，意思不變，因?yàn)檫@些詞加上too后 與very同義。JO ： They are too anxious to leave.（他們急于離開(kāi)。）He is too ready to help others.（他總是樂(lè)于助人。）I'm only too glad to see you.（

19、見(jiàn)到你非常高興）They are but too pleased to hear the news.（他們聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息，非常高興。）與cannot連用：如 ：You cannot be too careful （=You can never be careful enough） to do your homework.你做作業(yè)越仔細(xì)越好（二無(wú)論怎樣仔細(xì)也不過(guò)分）.不定式在句中作定語(yǔ)或真正的主語(yǔ)時(shí)：There are too many problems to be solved.（有很多問(wèn)題有待解決。）6 . in order to 與 so as to動(dòng)詞不定式作目的狀語(yǔ)位于句首時(shí)，前面可加i

20、n order,但不能加so as ；動(dòng)詞不定式位 于句末，則加in order或so as均可。如 ：In order to make money, they did anything.They set out early in order to/ so as to get to the village before 9.7疑問(wèn)詞+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)“疑問(wèn)詞+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中的疑問(wèn)詞，包括疑問(wèn)代詞who, what, which和疑問(wèn)副詞how, when, where等。這些疑問(wèn)詞和不定式一起構(gòu)成了不定式短語(yǔ)，這種結(jié)構(gòu)可在句子中作 主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如：How to do it is a ques

21、tion.（作主語(yǔ)）I really donft know what to write about.（作動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)）We must first solve the problem of whom to serve.（作介詞賓語(yǔ)）The question is where to put it.（作表語(yǔ)）I asked him how to learn English.（作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)）8.不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)不定式可以與其邏輯主語(yǔ)一起構(gòu)成不定式復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)，其形式出計(jì)名詞/人稱(chēng)代詞賓格+ 帶to的不定式”。其中的名詞或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格與不定式構(gòu)成邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系。如：It is important for us

22、to learn English well.但當(dāng)表語(yǔ)表示不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)的特征屬性時(shí)要用of,如：good, kind, nice, wise, clever, silly, stupid, foolish, right, wrong, rude, impolite, careless如：It is very kind of you to help me. = you are kind to help me.5不定式符號(hào)to省略1. watch, see, notice, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, make, let, have 后接不定

23、式做賓補(bǔ) 時(shí)，省略to ；但get sb to do中的to不能省略。注意：主動(dòng)省to的這些句子，變成被動(dòng)形式時(shí)必須加t。如：I saw him play basketball.I noticed him come in.They made me repeat the story.I was made to repeat the story.2 .當(dāng)介詞but, except, besides之前有一個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞do (助動(dòng)詞do及其變化形式除外)時(shí)，后面的動(dòng)詞不定式不帶 to。此夕卜,在 can not but/except, can not choose but/except, can no

24、thelp but/except這三個(gè)固定用法中，but/except之后的不定式也不帶to0如 ：The enemy could not choose but surrender.I could do nothing except agree to his terms.Can you do nothing but sell the wedding ring3 .介詞instead of前后的兩個(gè)成分要相等。如果前面的成分是不定式，則后面的不定式不帶to。如：He went to play football instead of see a film.would (had) as soon,

25、had better, had best (不常用)等之后，不定式省略 to。You had better not smoke.I'd just as soon come tomorrow.4,某些慣用法中，than之后的不定式不帶to,如do nothing else than, do more (less) than,do no more than, would (had) sooner than, would rather than 等。如 ：I would rather not see him.The old worker often does more than fulfil

26、l his quota.5 . why引導(dǎo)的省略問(wèn)句中?？谡Z(yǔ)中，不帶t。的不定式常在why引導(dǎo)的省略句中作謂語(yǔ)。表示不同意或反駁的意見(jiàn)。如 ： Why not give her another chanceWhy botherWhy not do it yourself6 . make, hear, let, go構(gòu)成慣用語(yǔ)時(shí)，常用省略to不定式。如：Cant you make do with 10 pounds 10英磅不可以湊合著用嗎？They let ship the good chance,他們錯(cuò)過(guò)了那次好機(jī)會(huì)。The children made believe that they w

27、ere generals.孩子們假扮成將軍。7 .動(dòng)詞go和come之后作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)省略to ：不定式在動(dòng)詞g。和come之后作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，在某些情況下總是不帶to。這種用法在祈使句 的go和come之后最常見(jiàn)。在陳述句中也會(huì)出現(xiàn)這種用法，但一般在go和come不發(fā)生 形態(tài)變化的情況下才出現(xiàn)。如：Go chase yourself! !(走開(kāi),別來(lái)?yè)v亂!)Come sit beside me.You should go thank him.8 .兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的不定式并列在一起時(shí)，第一個(gè)不定式帶3后面的不定式往往把t。省去；但表對(duì)照時(shí)不能省to ：如：I wish to finish my task

28、and (to) get away.It is better to laugh than to cry.6省略動(dòng)詞部分1 .為避免重復(fù)，口語(yǔ)中常可省去與前邊動(dòng)詞重復(fù)的動(dòng)詞原形而留下t。如：一Would you like to go to the films with me?一I'd like to.2 .如果不定式to后的結(jié)構(gòu)中含有be, have或have been,通常要保留be, have或have been,但隨后的成分仍可省略。如：Is your mother a teacher?No, but she used to be.He hasn't finished ye

29、t.Well, he ought to have.動(dòng)詞的-ing形式1如何區(qū)別動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞動(dòng)名詞和現(xiàn)在分詞的構(gòu)成相同，即動(dòng)詞原形ing。那么，在使用的過(guò)程中如何區(qū)別它們呢？1 .用法不同動(dòng)詞除具有動(dòng)詞的特征外，還有名詞的特征，在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ) 等；而現(xiàn)在分詞除具有動(dòng)動(dòng)詞的特征外，還具有形容詞的特征，在句子中可以作定語(yǔ)、 表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)語(yǔ)等。2 .區(qū)分方法：如果-ing形式在句子中作狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)，那么它一定是現(xiàn)在分詞。如 ：She saw Jim playing with the cat.Having finished his homework,he went out to

30、 play.如果-ing形式在句子中作主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)，那么它一定是動(dòng)名詞。如 ：Smoking is harm to your body.I like swimming.His aim,going to college,will come true.作定語(yǔ)的區(qū)分方法：如果被修飾的名詞與-ing形式有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即都表示所 修飾的人或物所發(fā)出的動(dòng)作，那么它就是現(xiàn)在分詞；如果沒(méi)有，那么它就是動(dòng)名詞。如：Do you like sleeping cars（動(dòng)名詞）The sleeping girl is my little sister.（現(xiàn)在分詞）作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)分方法：如果-ing形式相當(dāng)于

31、一個(gè)形容詞，表示主語(yǔ)的性質(zhì)或特征，和主 語(yǔ)的位置不能互換，那么ing形式就是現(xiàn)在分詞；如果-ing形式相當(dāng)于一個(gè)名詞，與主 語(yǔ)處于同等地位，可以與主語(yǔ)互換位置，那么ing形式就是動(dòng)名詞。 如：Her job is feeding these animals.(這句話(huà)可以改為：Feeding these animals is her job. 0 此，feeding是動(dòng)名詞。)The book is interesting(這句話(huà)不可以改為：Interesting is the boo 所以，interesting 是現(xiàn)在分詞。)2動(dòng)詞ing形式作主語(yǔ)1 .動(dòng)詞ing形式作主語(yǔ)往往表示經(jīng)常性、習(xí)

32、慣性的動(dòng)作，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。如：Swimming is my favorite sport.2 .在 It is no use/no good/useless/ worthwhile/dangerous/a waste of time 箱廟需用動(dòng)名詞作 真正的主語(yǔ)。如 ：It is no use waiting for him any longer.It is a waste of time arguing about it.3當(dāng)句型“There is na."表示"不允許、禁止某種行為的發(fā)生或存在”時(shí)，需用動(dòng)名詞作主 語(yǔ)。如：There is no joking abou

33、t such matter.這種事開(kāi)不得玩笑。There is no point (in)doing sth.干. .沒(méi)意義。There is no sense(in)doing sth.干沒(méi)道理/意義【注意】當(dāng)動(dòng)名詞做主語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)由形容詞性物主代詞或名詞所有格構(gòu)成。如：My sisters being ill made us worried.3動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)1 .作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)?？山觿?dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的常見(jiàn)動(dòng)詞可用下面的口語(yǔ)記住：避免錯(cuò)過(guò)少延期(avoidjniss.postpone) 建議完成多練習(xí)(advice,finish,practise) 喜歡想象禁不住(enjoy,imag

34、ine,cart help)承認(rèn)否認(rèn)與嫉妒(admit,deny,envy)逃避冒險(xiǎn)莫原諒(escapejisk.excuse)2 .英語(yǔ)中有一些動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)也常跟v-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)。常見(jiàn)的跟v-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞 短語(yǔ)有 insist on,object to,be good at,lead to,put off,give up,look forward to,feel like,devote to,get used to,pay attention to,be worth,busy 等。如：He insisted on doing it in his own w堅(jiān)持要按自己的方法去做。I

35、 have never dreamed of visiting that place我從未夢(mèng)想過(guò)要參觀那個(gè)地方。3 .有些動(dòng)詞或詞組后跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式或不定式都可以，但意思不同。Stop to do st停下來(lái)去做某事/Stop doing sth停止做某事Remember doing sth記得做了某事/Remember to do sth記住要去做某事Forget doing sth忘記做了某事/Forget to do sth忘記要去做某事Regret doing sth后悔做了某事/Regret to do st遺憾要去做某事Mean to do sth想要做某事/Mean doin

36、g sth意味著做某事Try to do st努力(企圖)做某事/Try doing sth試著做某事4 .下列動(dòng)詞可接動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義，相當(dāng)于不定式的被動(dòng)形式。 need/want/require/deserve doing=need/want/require/desenre to be done動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式通常是在其前加not,帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)時(shí)not應(yīng)放在動(dòng)詞ing形式 、-XX.N刖。如 ：Excuse me for my not coming on time.I'm sorry for not having kept

37、my promise.動(dòng)詞-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)動(dòng)詞Eg形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)由物主代詞或人稱(chēng)代詞賓格，名詞所有格或普通格加動(dòng)名詞，即“sb./sbs+doing”構(gòu)成。動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)實(shí)際上是給動(dòng)名詞加了一個(gè)邏輯主語(yǔ)。動(dòng)詞-ing形式的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)有四種形式：a.形容詞性物主代詞+動(dòng)名詞b.名詞's動(dòng)名詞c.代詞賓格+動(dòng)名詞d.名詞+動(dòng)名詞【注意】動(dòng)名詞的復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)可在句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)。作主語(yǔ)時(shí)，不能用cd兩種形式。如：Tom's winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot.湯姆去年得了 一等獎(jiǎng)使我印象 深刻。4動(dòng)詞-ing形式

38、作表語(yǔ)1 .動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)表示抽象的、一般的行為，現(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)表示主語(yǔ)的特征、性質(zhì)和狀 態(tài)。我們最大的幸福是為人民服務(wù)。Our greatest happiness is serving the people.（動(dòng)名詞）我們的任務(wù)是建設(shè)社會(huì)主義。Our task is building socialism.（動(dòng)名詞）2 .表示主語(yǔ)的具體內(nèi)容時(shí)候，主語(yǔ)和表語(yǔ)可以相互替換.如 ：His job is painting.=Painting is his job.我們昨晚看的電影十分動(dòng)人。The film we saw last night is quite moving.（現(xiàn)在分詞）他的話(huà)很鼓舞人。

39、His words are encouraging.（現(xiàn)在分詞）3 .常用來(lái)作表語(yǔ)的現(xiàn)在分詞有astonishing5amusing,confusing,disappointing,boringxncouraginganspiringjnoving,tiring Jntere sting,surprising等；常譯為”令人如何的”動(dòng)名詞作表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)是等值關(guān)系，兩者有時(shí)可以互換，句子意思不變；動(dòng)名詞后面可 以接賓語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞作表語(yǔ)和主語(yǔ)不是對(duì)等關(guān)系，現(xiàn)在分詞后面不能接賓語(yǔ)，但它前面可以有修 飾性的副詞,如very,rather等。5動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語(yǔ)1 .動(dòng)名詞作定語(yǔ)用來(lái)說(shuō)明該名詞的

40、用途，不表示名詞本身的動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞作定語(yǔ)與所 修飾的名詞具有邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系，即現(xiàn)在分詞相當(dāng)于所修飾名詞的謂語(yǔ)。如：我們必須改進(jìn)工作方法。We must improve outworking method（動(dòng)名詞）他們將手術(shù)臺(tái)架設(shè)在一座小廟里。They set up anperating table in a small temple.（動(dòng)名詞）中國(guó)是發(fā)展中國(guó)家。China is adeveloping country.（現(xiàn)在分詞）正在做實(shí)驗(yàn)的那個(gè)學(xué)生是我們的班長(zhǎng)。The studentmaking the experiment is ourmonitor.（現(xiàn)在分詞）2 .動(dòng)名詞短語(yǔ)不能作

41、定語(yǔ)，單個(gè)的動(dòng)名詞可以用作定語(yǔ)，但僅作前置定語(yǔ)。如：working method=method for working 工作方法3,單個(gè)分詞和分詞短語(yǔ)都可作定語(yǔ)，單個(gè)分詞一般作前置定語(yǔ)，分詞短語(yǔ)則作后置定語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)定語(yǔ)從句。如：the man visiting Japan=the man who is visiting Jad 的那個(gè)人。6動(dòng)詞ing形式作賓補(bǔ)1 .動(dòng)名詞不能作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)?，F(xiàn)在分詞作賓補(bǔ)表示的是正在發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：我看見(jiàn)他正在上樓。I saw himgoing upstairs.我們看著她在過(guò)大街。We watched herrossing the street.我們聽(tīng)見(jiàn)她

42、在房間里唱歌。We heard hesinging in her room2,表示感覺(jué)的詞（感觀動(dòng)詞）和表示狀態(tài)動(dòng)詞：see look at/notice/watch/observe/catch/feel/find /smell/ hear/ listen eo.+doing如：Can you smell anything burning?3,表指使的詞（使役動(dòng)詞）：have,set keep,catch,leave如 ：I m sorry to have kept you waiting long.4.接現(xiàn)在分析作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有feeLhear,listen to,see,lookat,

43、watch,obsenejioticejind.smell,setjiave,keep,startJeave,get,catch 等7動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)可以修飾謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞或整個(gè)句子，表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨或補(bǔ)充。1 .表示時(shí)間：動(dòng)詞-ing形式作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句。常置于句首或句末。如 ：Turning around,she saw a car driving up.=When she turned around.she saw a car driving up,她轉(zhuǎn)過(guò)身，看見(jiàn)一輛車(chē)朝她開(kāi)來(lái)。2 .表不原因：表示原因的動(dòng)詞-ing形式一般置于句首，相當(dāng)于一

44、個(gè)原因狀語(yǔ)從句。常置于句首句中或句末。如：Being ill,he could not walk any further.=As he was ilLhe could not walk any further.因?yàn)槠＞?，他不能再往前走了? .表不結(jié)果：動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)表示一種必然的結(jié)果，可擴(kuò)展為一個(gè)含有并列謂語(yǔ)的簡(jiǎn)單句。常置 于句末。如 ：The fire lasted nearly a month,leaving nothing valuable.=The fire lasted nearly a month,and left nothing valuable.大火持續(xù)了近一個(gè)月，幾

45、乎沒(méi)剩下什么值錢(qián)的東西。4 .表示條件：動(dòng)詞-ing形式作條件狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。常置于句首。如：Being more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.=If you are more careful,you can make fewer mistakes.更細(xì)心點(diǎn),你就會(huì)少犯錯(cuò)誤。5 .表不讓步動(dòng)詞-ing形式作讓步狀語(yǔ)，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句。常置于句首。如 ：Knowing all this,they made me pay for the damage.=Although they knew all this,they made me

46、pay for the damage.盡管知道了一切情況，他們還是要我賠償損失。6 .表示方式、伴隨或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示行為方式、伴隨情況或補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，可以擴(kuò)展成為一個(gè)并列成分。常置 于句末。如 ：I stood by the door,not daring to say a word.=1 stood by the door,and did not dare to say a word.我站在門(mén)旁，不敢說(shuō)一句話(huà)。He was walking along the street,looking this way and that.=He was walking along the str

47、eet,and looked this way and that.他在街上走著，左顧右盼。8特別提醒1從屬連詞+動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)為了使動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的時(shí)間、條件、讓步等意思更加明確，可在動(dòng)詞-ing 形式前加上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞（when,while,if,though,unless,even if 等）o如：Don't talk while having dinner.吃飯時(shí)不要說(shuō)話(huà)。Once losing this chance,you can*t easily find it 一旦失去這次機(jī)會(huì)你就很難找回。2 .要避免無(wú)依著（無(wú)邏輯主語(yǔ)）動(dòng)詞-ing形式動(dòng)詞-ing形

48、式作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)，其邏輯主語(yǔ)必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一致.如果狀語(yǔ)與主語(yǔ)不一致，可給從句加上主語(yǔ)，變成主從復(fù)合句。如：【錯(cuò)誤】While reading the book,the telephone rang.【正確】While she was reading the book,the telephone rang.她看書(shū)的時(shí)候，電話(huà)鈴響了。（reading的動(dòng)作不是the telephone發(fā)出）【錯(cuò)誤】 Looking out through the window the garden was beautiful.【正確】Looking out through the window we found a

49、 beautiful garden,從窗戶(hù)里，我們看見(jiàn)一個(gè)漂亮的花園。（looking的動(dòng)作不是garden發(fā)出）3 .獨(dú)立動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中有些動(dòng)詞-ing 形式，如：generally （frankly,honestly） speaking,supposing （假設(shè)）,judging from （從判斷）,talking of （談到）,speaking of （談到）等，它們作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)的邏輯主語(yǔ)可以和句子的主語(yǔ)不一致。這種形式已經(jīng)成為固定的用法。如：Generally speaking,girls are more careful than boys.Supposing you

50、 lose.what will you do?Judging fromhis accent,he must be from the north.Talking oftravel,have you ever been to Beijing?Supposing he is ill,who will do the work?假如他病了，誰(shuí)來(lái)做這工作呢？Generally speaking,boys are more interested in science than girls.一般來(lái)說(shuō)，男孩比女孩對(duì)科學(xué)更感興趣。9動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)考點(diǎn)聚焦1 .動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)，當(dāng)句子的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和動(dòng)詞

51、-ing形式的動(dòng)詞所表動(dòng)作在時(shí)間上幾 乎同時(shí)發(fā)生時(shí)，用doing作狀語(yǔ)；若動(dòng)詞-ing形式動(dòng)作發(fā)生在句子謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng) 作之前，用其完成時(shí)having done作狀語(yǔ)；動(dòng)詞-ing形式的否定形式為：not doing或者 not having doneo2 .有一些固定的動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)，這就是獨(dú)立成分。3 .當(dāng)句子主語(yǔ)和動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主語(yǔ)不一致時(shí)，則不可省略動(dòng)詞-ing形式的主語(yǔ)。這時(shí) 可用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，即：帶有邏輯主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞-ing形式作狀語(yǔ)；或者用with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)作 伴隨狀語(yǔ)。若分詞的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞以前，則分詞使用完成式：having done。如 ：Having fi

52、nished his homework,he went home.Having been bitten by a snake,she was frightened.復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)和獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別：動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)名詞復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)是由物主代詞或名詞所有格加上動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成，它們?cè)谶壿嬌洗嬖谥髦^關(guān) 系，在句子中可以作主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)等等。而在口語(yǔ)或非正式文體中，這種結(jié)構(gòu)如不 置于句首作主語(yǔ)，則可用人稱(chēng)代詞的賓格代替物主代詞，用名詞的普通格代替所有格形 式。如：I cant imagine his/him marrying her.我無(wú)法想象他與她結(jié)婚。There is no question of Mas

53、Marry being able to do it well.瑪麗能做好此事，這是毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)的。The students kowing English well helped him in learning French.這個(gè)學(xué)生良好的英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)有 助于他學(xué)習(xí)法語(yǔ)。Her being ill made us worried.她生病了使我們很擔(dān)心。Do you mind my/me opening the door?你介意我打開(kāi)門(mén)嗎?獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)是由邏輯主語(yǔ)（名詞或代詞主格）加上分詞（包括現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分 詞）、形容詞、副詞、不定式、介詞短語(yǔ)、名詞等構(gòu)成的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)。在句子中一般作狀 語(yǔ)

54、，表示時(shí)間、原因、條件、行為方式或伴隨等。獨(dú)立主格可置于句首、句尾，用逗號(hào) 與主句隔開(kāi)。如：Time pemiitting,we will hold a sports meet.時(shí)間允許的話(huà)，我們將進(jìn)行運(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)。There being no bus,we had to walk home.沒(méi)有車(chē)，我們只好步行回家。動(dòng)詞的-ed形式動(dòng)詞的-ed形式也是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一種，它具有動(dòng)詞的一些特點(diǎn)，同時(shí)也具有形容詞、 副詞的句法功能，在句中可用作表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等。1動(dòng)詞的-ed形式的特征1 .動(dòng)詞的-ed形式是由動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞的-ed形式只有一種形式，即傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法中的過(guò)去分詞。絕大部分

55、的動(dòng)詞的-ed形式由 動(dòng)詞原形加-ed構(gòu)成，也有一些動(dòng)詞的-ed形式是不規(guī)則的。規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的-ed形式不規(guī)則動(dòng)詞的-ed形式少數(shù)動(dòng)詞的-ed形式作定語(yǔ)時(shí)，讀音與一般過(guò)去分詞不同learned a learned professor 一位知識(shí)淵博的教授aged an aged man 老人be loved his beloved computer 他心愛(ài)的計(jì)算機(jī)動(dòng)詞的-ed形式的否定形式動(dòng)詞的-ed形式的否定形式是由not或never加動(dòng)詞的-ed形式構(gòu)成。如：Not allowed to go inJie had to wait outside.不允許他進(jìn)去，他只好在外面等著。Never inv

56、ited to his party,she got angry with him從未被邀請(qǐng)過(guò)去他的聚會(huì)，她很生氣。2 .動(dòng)詞的-ed形式的特征動(dòng)詞的-ed形式有被動(dòng)的意思，有時(shí)也可表示完成的動(dòng)作。動(dòng)詞的-ed形式表示已完成的動(dòng)作。除了作形容詞用的-ed形式外，動(dòng)詞的-ed形式可帶有完成的意義，有的同時(shí)也帶有被動(dòng) 的意義。如：Born and brought up in the countryside,he was interested in biology.由于在農(nóng)村出生并長(zhǎng)大，他對(duì)生物很感興趣。One of the glasses was found broken.有人發(fā)現(xiàn)其中一個(gè)杯子破了。

57、The books,written by Lu Xun.are popular with many Chinese people.魯迅寫(xiě)的這些書(shū)，受到了許多中國(guó)人的喜愛(ài)。及物動(dòng)詞的-ed形式一般表示被動(dòng)的意思。如：Given more timej could have solved that riddle.要是有充足的時(shí)間，我就能猜出那個(gè)謎語(yǔ)。（句子的主語(yǔ)I和動(dòng)詞give之間是被動(dòng)關(guān)系。）When you speak English,be sure to make yourself understood.你說(shuō)英語(yǔ)的時(shí)候，一定要讓人懂得你的意思。（動(dòng)詞make的賓語(yǔ)yourself和賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)understand之間是被動(dòng)關(guān) 系。） The experience gained in the army was of great value to ou